Misplaced Pages

#510489

65-401: The term was coined on September 10, 1999 by Brad L. Graham, as a joke. It was re-coined in 2002 by William Quick , and was quickly adopted and propagated by the warblog community. The term resembles the older word logosphere (from Greek logos meaning word , and sphere , interpreted as world ), "the world of words", the universe of discourse . Despite the term's humorous intent, CNN ,

130-408: A meme spreads through the blogosphere, to determine which sites are the most important for gaining early recognition. Sites also exist to track specific blogospheres, such as those related by a certain genre, culture, subject matter, or geopolitical location. In 2007, following six weeks of observation, social media expert Matthew Hurst mapped the blogosphere, generating the plot to the left based on

195-426: A form of alternative media , presents a "radical challenge to the professionalized and institutionalized practices of the mainstream media". According to Flew, there have been three elements critical to the rise of citizen journalism: open publishing, collaborative editing, and distributed content. Mark Glaser said in 2006: …people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and

260-512: A former reporter for The Baltimore Sun and writer-producer of the television series The Wire , criticized the concept of citizen journalism, claiming that unpaid bloggers who write as a hobby cannot replace trained, professional, seasoned journalists. "I am offended to think that anyone, anywhere believes American institutions as insulated, self-preserving and self-justifying as police departments, school systems, legislatures and chief executives can be held to gathered facts by amateurs pursuing

325-705: A global scale. The circulation of information and news does not fully divulge the accurate perceptions of what is going on in the world. For instance, On Our Radar contains reporting mechanisms and trained residents that reveal their voices while questioning the reluctance journalism has when considering what voices are heard and are not, based in London. On Our Radar has undertaken in making the voices in Sierra Leone heard in regards to Ebola, revealing that it contained easy access to vital sources of  information and opened more opportunities for questions and reports. Depending on

390-485: A group blog. The word " blogosphere " is credited by some to Quick, who proposed it on Daily Pundit in 2001. In February 2008, Quick was among those involved (he describes himself as "the guy who dreamed up the damned name of the party, registered it, built your first web site, and gave you your first publicity") in the creation of a third party called the American Conservative Party as an alternative to

455-429: A higher entity. The various forms citizen journalism is formed has outdated many news and media sources as result of the authentic approach citizen journalists carry out. During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , fraudulent pictures encouraging people to pose as reporters and abuse freedom of press regulations to obstruct the police were widely circulated on social media with the aim to discredit citizen journalists. In

520-518: A huge tsunami in Banda Aceh Indonesia and across the Indian Ocean, a weblog-based virtual network of previously unrelated bloggers emerged that covered the news in real-time, and became a vital source for the traditional media for the first week after the tsunami. A large amount of news footage from many people who experienced the tsunami was widely broadcast, as well as a good deal of "on

585-480: A particular profession, Courtney C. Radsch argues that this term best describes this particular form of online and digital journalism conducted by amateurs because it underscores the link between the practice of journalism and its relation to the political and public sphere. Citizen journalism was made more feasible by the development of various online internet platforms. New media technology, such as social networking and media-sharing websites , in addition to

650-485: A simpler definition: "When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another." The underlying principle of citizen journalism is that ordinary people, not professional journalists, can be the main creators and distributors of news. Citizen journalism should not be confused with community journalism or civic journalism , both of which are practiced by professional journalists; collaborative journalism , which

715-465: A situation like that at all . ... The people formerly known as the audience are simply the public made realer, less fictional, more able, less predictable." Abraham Zapruder , who filmed the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy with a home-movie camera, is sometimes presented as an ancestor to citizen journalists. Egyptian citizen Wael Abbas was awarded several international reporting prizes for his blog Misr Digital (Digital Egypt) and

SECTION 10

#1733125949511

780-488: A study showed that there were over forty-two million bloggers contributing to the blogosphere. With less than 1 million blogs in existence at the start of 2003, the number of blogs had doubled in size every six months through 2006. In 2011, it was estimated that there were more than 153 million blogs, with nearly 1 million new posts being produced by the blogosphere each day. In a 2010 Technorati study, 36% of bloggers reported some sort of income from their blogs, most often in

845-472: A video he publicized of two policemen beating a bus driver helped lead to their conviction. During 9/11 many eyewitness accounts of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center came from citizen journalists. Images and stories from citizen journalists close to the World Trade Center offered content that played a major role in the story. In 2004, when the 9.1-magnitude underwater earthquake caused

910-456: Is an isolated sub-community of blogs dedicated to the world of pornography. Lastly, point 6 represents a collection of sports' lovers who largely segregate themselves but still manage to link back to the higher traffic blogs toward the center of the blogosphere. Over time, the blogosphere developed as its own network of interconnections. In this time, bloggers began to engage in other online communities, specifically social networking sites, melding

975-471: Is often politically neutral and unaffiliated, at least in the claim if not in the actuality". The idea that every citizen can engage in acts of journalism has a long history in the United States. "As early as the 1920s, journalist and political commentator Walter Lippman and American philosopher John Dewey debated the role of journalism in democracy, including the extent that the public should participate in

1040-602: Is the author of 28 novels, the most famous of which is Dreams of Flesh and Sand . He co-authored the six novel Quest for Tomorrow series with William Shatner . He has also written a series of prehistoric adventure novels under the pen name Margaret Allan , the best selling of which was The Last Mammoth . His 2014 novel, Lightning Fall , a disaster thriller, was featured in a USA Today column by Instapundit 's Glenn Reynolds . Quick's novel and Reynold's column were commented on by other libertarian sources. Quick started blogging at Daily Pundit in 2001. It continues as

1105-405: Is the base of the two theories of citizenship. The classical model is rooted in the ideology of informed citizens and places emphasis on the role of journalists rather than on citizens. The classical model has four main characteristics: The first characteristic upholds the theory that journalism is for citizens. One of the main issues with this is that there is a normative judgement surrounding

1170-461: Is the practice of professional and non-professional journalists working together; and social journalism , which denotes a digital publication with a hybrid of professional and non-professional journalism. Citizen journalism is a specific form of both citizen media and user-generated content (UGC). By juxtaposing the term "citizen", with its attendant qualities of civic-mindedness and social responsibility, with that of "journalism", which refers to

1235-491: Is used by citizens for citizenship and conversely, journalists serve citizens. The second theory considers journalism as citizenship. This theory focuses on the different aspects of citizen identity and activity and understands citizen journalism as directly constituting citizenship. The term "liquid citizenship" (coined by Zizi Papacharissi ) depicts how the lifestyles that individuals engage in allow them to interact with other individuals and organizations, which thus remaps

1300-516: Is very much controlled. The interconnection built from citizen journalism and mainstream journalism in China has allotted politically and socially charged information to be distributed to promote progressive changes and serves as national sentiments. In doing so, the mass public of China has the opportunities to move around the controlled and monitored online presence and the information it contains. Citizen journalists face many repercussions when unpackaging

1365-565: The 2008 Mumbai attacks is an example of citizen journalism in India. In 2004 Daylight Magazine sent a box of disposable cameras to be distributed to civilians living in Baghdad and Fallujah. These were published in May 2004 along with the work of seminal documentarians such as Susan Meiselas, Roger Hutchings, etc. In June 2004 Fred Ritchen and Pixel Press teamed up with Daylight to create a touring exhibition of

SECTION 20

#1733125949511

1430-534: The 2009 Iranian election protests , after foreign journalists had effectively been "barred from reporting". Twitter delayed scheduled maintenance during the protests that would have shut down coverage in Iran due to the role it played in public communication. Social media platforms such as blogs , YouTube , and Twitter encourage and facilitate engagement with other citizens who participate in creating content through commenting, liking, linking, and sharing. The majority of

1495-893: The 2010 Haiti earthquake , the Arab Spring , the Occupy Wall Street movement, the 2013 protests in Turkey , the Euromaidan events in Ukraine , and Syrian Civil War , the 2014 Ferguson unrest , the Black Lives Matter movement, and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Being that citizen journalism is yet to develop a conceptual framework and guiding principles, it can be heavily opinionated and subjective, making it more supplemental than primary in terms of forming public opinion . Critics of

1560-571: The BBC , and National Public Radio 's programs Morning Edition , Day To Day , and All Things Considered used it several times to discuss public opinion. A number of media outlets in the late 2000s started treating the blogosphere as a gauge of public opinion, and it has been cited in both academic and non-academic work as evidence of rising or falling resistance to globalization , voter fatigue , and many other phenomena, and also in reference to identifying influential bloggers and "familiar strangers" in

1625-451: The Democratic and Republican parties. He has since repudiated this organization repeatedly on his blog. Citizen journalism Citizen journalism , also known as collaborative media , participatory journalism , democratic journalism , guerrilla journalism , grassroots journalism , or street journalism , is based upon members of the community playing an active role in

1690-668: The Federal Trade Commission in the US and the Advertising Standards Authority in the UK). Sites such as Technorati , BlogPulse , and Tailrank track the interconnections between bloggers. Taking advantage of hypertext links which act as markers for the subjects the bloggers are discussing, these sites can follow a piece of conversation as it moves from blog to blog. These also can help information researchers study how fast

1755-492: The phenomenon , including professional journalists and news organizations, claim that citizen journalism is unregulated, amateur, and haphazard in quality and coverage. Furthermore, citizen journalists, due to their lack of professional affiliation, are thought to lack resources as well as focus on how best to serve the public. A research team of citizen journalists created an OER library that contains video interviews to provide access to reliable sources. Citizen journalism, as

1820-521: The Voice, rather than having everything filtered through the views of a small group of reporters and editors." According to Jay Rosen , citizen journalists are "the people formerly known as the audience," who " were on the receiving end of a media system that ran one way, in a broadcasting pattern, with high entry fees and a few firms competing to speak very loudly while the rest of the population listened in isolation from one another— and who today are not in

1885-517: The White House every day. There is either a fire line or police line, or security, or the Secret Service who allow them to pass upon displaying credentials vetted by the departments or agencies concerned. A citizen journalist, an amateur, will always be on the outside of those lines. Imagine the White House throwing open its gates to admit everybody with a camera phone to a presidential event." While

1950-713: The amount and nature of information that citizens should have as well as what the relationship between the two should be. One branch of journalism for citizens is the "monitorial citizen" (coined by Michael Schudson ). The "monitorial citizen" suggests that citizens appropriately and strategically select what news and information they consume. The "monitorial citizen" along with other forms of this ideology conceive individuals as those who do things with information to enact change and citizenship. However, this production of information does not equal to an act of citizenship, but instead an act of journalism. Therefore, citizens and journalists are portrayed as distinctive roles whereas journalism

2015-663: The article, the sites with the weakest editorial content were able to expand aggressively because they had stronger financial resources. Another article published on Pressthink examined Backfence, a citizen journalism site with three initial locations in the D.C. area, which reveals that the site has only attracted limited citizen contributions. The author concludes that, "in fact, clicking through Backfence's pages feels like frontier land – remote, often lonely, zoned for people but not home to any. The site recently launched for Arlington, Virginia . However, without more settlers, Backfence may wind up creating more ghost towns." David Simon ,

Blogosphere - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-424: The blogosphere. In 1999, Pyra Labs opened blogging to the masses by simplifying the process of creating and maintaining personal web spaces. Prior to the creation of Pyra's " Blogger ", the number of blogs in existence was thought to be less than one hundred. Blogger led to the birth of the wider blogosphere. In 2005, a Gallup poll showed that a third of Internet users read blogs at least on occasion, and in May 2006,

2145-421: The blogosphere. While points 1 and 2 represent influential individual blogs, point 3 is the perfect example of "blogging island", where individual blogs are highly connected within a sub-community but lack many connections to the larger blogosphere. Point 4 describes a sociopolitical blogging niche, in which links demonstrate the constant dialogue between bloggers who write about the same subject of interest. Point 5

2210-672: The capacity to communicate one's meaning around the world, are held by, or readily available to, at least many hundreds of millions of users around the globe." Professor Mary-Rose Papandrea, a constitutional law professor at UNC School of Law , notes in her article, "Citizen Journalism and the Reporter's Privilege", that: A 2004 trend of citizen journalism has been the emergence of what blogger Jeff Jarvis terms hyperlocal journalism , as online news sites invite contributions from local residents of their subscription areas, who often report on topics that conventional newspapers tend to ignore. "We are

2275-462: The communities they write about. This has drawn some criticism from traditional media institutions such as The New York Times , which have accused proponents of public journalism of abandoning the traditional goal of objectivity . Researchers have also criticized this practice as not having access to real time fact checking. Many traditional journalists view citizen journalism with some skepticism, believing that only trained journalists can understand

2340-734: The conceptual periphery of civic, political, and social. This "liquid citizenship" allows the interactions and experiences that individuals face to become citizen journalism where they create their own forms of journalism. An alternative approach of journalism as citizenship rests between the distinction between "dutiful" citizens and "actualizing" citizens. "Dutiful" citizens engage in traditional citizenship practices, while "actualizing" citizens engage in non-traditional citizenship practices. This alternative approach suggests that "actualizing" citizens are less likely to use traditional media and more likely to use online and social media as sources of information, discussion, and participation. Thus, journalism in

2405-543: The content produced by these amateur news bloggers was not original content, but curated information monitored and edited by these various bloggers. There has been a decline in the amateur news blogger due to social media platforms that are much easier to run and maintain, allowing individuals to easily share and create and content. Wikimedia Foundation hosts a participatory journalism web site, Wikinews . The 2021 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Special Citations and Awards

2470-406: The context of China and the national pandemic rooted from the coronavirus, many voices were censored and limited when it came to citizen journalists. This occurred in the process of visually and vocally documenting the social climate of China in regards to the coronavirus. For instance, a Chinese citizen journalist posted videos of Wuhan , China as the outbreak had been spreading globally. As a result

2535-508: The country one resides in, as societies evolve, grow, and depend more on online media outlets there is an increase of informed individuals, especially with topics regarding politics and government news. Through such evolution, citizen journalism has the capability to reach an audience that has not had the privilege of receiving higher education and still remain informed about what is surrounding them and their respective country. As demonstrated in light of demanding and distorted information given to

2600-474: The economy), and then they would recruit a cross-section of citizens and chronicle their points of view. Since not all reporters and editors bought into this form of public journalism, and some outright opposed it, reaching out to the people from the newsroom was never an easy task." By 2003, in fact, the movement seemed to be petering out, with the Pew Center for Civic Journalism closing its doors. Traditionally,

2665-688: The exactitude and ethics involved in reporting news. See, e.g., Nicholas Lemann , Vincent Maher, and Tom Grubisich. An academic paper by Vincent Maher, the head of the New Media Lab at Rhodes University, outlined several weaknesses in the claims made by citizen journalists, in terms of the "three deadly E's", referring to ethics, economics, and epistemology . An analysis by language and linguistics professor, Patricia Bou-Franch, found that some citizen journalists resorted to abuse-sustaining discourses naturalizing violence against women. She found that these discourses were then challenged by others who questioned

Blogosphere - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-429: The form of ad revenue. This shows a steady increase from their 2009 report, in which 28% of the blogging world reported their blog as a source of income, with the mean annual income from advertisements at $ 42,548. Other common sources of blog-related income are paid speaking engagements and paid postings. Paid postings may be subject to rules on clearly disclosing commercial advertisements as such (regulated by, for example,

2795-399: The form of online and social media practices become a form of citizenship for actualizing citizens. Criticisms have been made against citizen journalism, especially from among professionals in the field. Citizen journalists are often portrayed as unreliable, biased and untrained – as opposed to professionals who have "recognition, paid work, unionized labour and behaviour that

2860-468: The gendered ideologies of male violence against women. An article in 2005 by Tom Grubisich reviewed ten new citizen journalism sites and found many of them lacking in quality and content. Grubisich followed up a year later with, "Potemkin Village Redux." He found that the best sites had improved editorially and were even nearing profitability, but only by not expensing editorial costs. Also according to

2925-542: The global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others. In What is Participatory Journalism? (2003), J. D. Lasica classifies media for citizen journalism into the following types: The literature of citizen, alternative, and participatory journalism is most often situated in a democratic context and theorized as a response to corporate news media dominated by an economic logic. Some scholars have sought to extend

2990-476: The images and captions which went to various institutions around the United States including: The Council on Foreign Relations, The Center for Photography Woodstock, New York University, Union College, Michigan University, and Central Michigan University before being donated to the Archive of Documentary Art at Duke University. Citizen Journalism provides a platform for individuals to be considered and acknowledged on

3055-399: The increasing prevalence of cellular telephones, have made citizen journalism more accessible to people worldwide. Recent advances in new media have started to have a profound political impact. Due to the availability of technology, citizens often can report breaking news more quickly than traditional media reporters. Notable examples of citizen journalism reporting from major world events are,

3120-421: The interconnections between blogs. The most densely populated areas represent the most active portions of the blogosphere. White dots represent individual blogs. They are sized according to the number of links surrounding that particular blog. Links are plotted in both green and blue, with green representing one-way links and blue representing reciprocal links. DISCOVER Magazine described six major 'hot spots' of

3185-455: The issue with this alternative term is that it eliminates the potential civic virtues of citizen journalism and considers it to be stunted and proprietorial. With today's technology the citizen journalist movement has found new life as the average person can capture news and distribute it globally. As Yochai Benkler has noted, "the capacity to make meaning – to encode and decode humanly meaningful statements – and

3250-438: The journalist was stopped and detained by the police and was not released for two months. In sharing their experience being detained after being released the tone it was expressed in was marketed. This citizen journalist experience is one amongst more of who were similarly detained and censored. In 2023 after Mahsa Amini protests government criminalized Iranians filming police. Citizen journalists also may be activists within

3315-653: The mass public and cleared by strong demonstrations of the capabilities of citizen journalism. Citizen journalism is a platform that provides a solution to the mistrust the public has towards the government as discrepancies arise from governmental statements and actions. In 2020, a network of local Citizen Journalist publications, the Bylines Network, was founded, and has since spread to include 7 regional branches. Citizen journalism has created much change and influence within Chinese media and society in which its online activity

SECTION 50

#1733125949511

3380-592: The news-gathering and production processes." According to research conducted by Blaagaard (2018), citizen journalism in St. Croix, between 1915 and 1925, provided a platform for colonized communities. Helping them express their perspectives and address certain social injustices that were overlooked at the time by colonial authorities. Local publications, for example The Herald , became a pathway for unheard voices to challenge dominant narratives. The contemporary citizen journalist movement emerged after journalists began to question

3445-419: The predictability of their coverage of events such as the 1988 U.S. presidential election . Those journalists became part of the public, or civic, journalism movement, which sought to counter the erosion of trust in the news media and the widespread disillusionment with politics and civic affairs. Initially, discussions of public journalism focused on promoting journalism that was "for the people" by changing

3510-537: The process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information. Courtney C. Radsch defines citizen journalism "as an alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the professional journalistic field, that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism". Jay Rosen offers

3575-484: The pseudonym Margaret Allan , is a science fiction author and self-described libertarian conservative blogger . Quick is the author of 28 novels, the most famous of which is the cyberpunk Dreams of Flesh and Sand , and co-authored a six-novel series with William Shatner . He runs the conservative blog Daily Pundit . Originally from Indiana , he lives in Hunters Point , San Francisco, California . Quick

3640-561: The scene" citizen reporting and blogger analysis that was subsequently picked up by the major media outlets worldwide. Subsequent to the citizen journalism coverage of the disaster and aftermath, researchers have suggested that citizen journalists may, in fact, play a critical role in the disaster warning system itself, potentially with higher reliability than the networks of tsunami warning equipment based on technology alone which then require interpretation by disinterested third parties. The microblog Twitter played an important role during

3705-623: The study of citizen journalism beyond the developed Western world, including Sylvia Moretzsohn, Courtney C. Radsch , and Clemencia Rodríguez. Radsch, for example, wrote that "Throughout the Arab world, citizen journalists have emerged as the vanguard of new social movements dedicated to promoting human rights and democratic values." According to Vincent Campbell, theories of citizenship can be categorized into two core groups: those that consider journalism for citizenship, and those that consider journalism as citizenship. The classical model of citizenship

3770-415: The task without compensation, training or, for that matter, sufficient standing to make public officials even care to whom it is they are lying." An editorial published by The Digital Journalist web magazine expressed a similar position, advocating to abolish the term "citizen journalist" and replace it with "citizen news gatherer". "Professional journalists cover fires, floods, crime, the legislature, and

3835-435: The term "citizen journalism" has had a history of struggle with deliberating on a concise and mutually agreed upon definition. Even today, the term lacks a clear form of conceptualization. Although the term lacks conceptualization, alternative names of the term are unable to comprehensively capture the phenomenon. For example, one of the interchangeable names with "citizen journalism" is " user-generated content " (UGC). However,

3900-516: The traditional journalism model turned upside down," explains Mary Lou Fulton, the publisher of the Northwest Voice in Bakersfield, California . "Instead of being the gatekeeper, telling people that what's important to them 'isn't news,' we're just opening up the gates and letting people come on in. We are a better community newspaper for having thousands of readers who serve as the eyes and ears for

3965-478: The truth and reach domestic and global audiences. Most if not all of these repercussions result from government officials and law enforcement from the journalists respective countries. Citizen journalists are needed and depended on by the mass public but are viewed as an imminent threat to their governments. The public has had the resources to pursue this level of journalism from their surroundings and based on real life perspectives that lack censorship and influence from

SECTION 60

#1733125949511

4030-516: The two realms of social media together. According to Technorati's 2010 "State of the Blogosphere" report, 78% of bloggers were using the microblogging service Twitter, with much larger percentages of individuals who blogged as a part-time job (88%) or full-time for a specific company (88%). Almost half of all bloggers surveyed used Twitter to interact with the readers of their blog, while 72% of bloggers used it for blog promotion. For bloggers whose blog

4095-425: The way professional reporters did their work. According to Leonard Witt, however, early public journalism efforts were "often part of 'special projects' that were expensive, time-consuming, and episodic. Too often these projects dealt with an issue and moved on. Professional journalists were driving the discussion. They would have the goal of doing a story on welfare-to-work (or the environment, or traffic problems, or

4160-524: Was awarded to Darnella Frazier , who recorded the murder of George Floyd on her phone. I don't believe in citizen journalists. I say give me citizen doctors and citizen lawyers and I'll give you citizen journalists. India has a broad media landscape expanding at "double-digit growth rates" in comparison to the West. Issues surrounding human rights violations , violence against women and everyday witness accounts. Most notably, images shared on Twitter during

4225-549: Was their business (self-employed), 63% used Twitter to market their business. Additionally, according to the report, almost 9 out of 10 (87%) bloggers were using Facebook. News blogs have become popular, and have created competition for traditional print newspaper and news magazines. The Huffington Post was ranked the most powerful blog in the world by The Observer in 2008, and has come to dominate current event reporting. William Thomas Quick William Thomas " Bill " Quick (born May 1946), who sometimes writes under

#510489