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74-666: The Amur has formed Russia's border with China since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and the 1860 Treaty of Peking . The area north of the Amur belonged to the Manchu Qing dynasty by the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 until it was ceded to Russia by the Aigun Treaty in 1858. The early residents of both sides of the Amur in the region of today's Blagoveshchensk were the Daurs and Duchers . An early settlement in

148-480: A 15 metres (49 ft)-wide strip along the border (i.e. within 7.5 metres (25 ft) from the border line on each side of it) (Article 6). Civil navigation is allowed on the border rivers and lakes, provided the vessels of each country stay on the appropriate side of the dividing line (Article 9); similar rules apply to fishing in these waters (Article 10). Each country's authorities will carry out appropriate measures to prevent grazing livestock from crossing into

222-516: A bag containing salt, bread and a nail until the 40th day of giving a birth. Bread and salt are used for rain magic as well. When it rains heavily, parents give to their firstborn child bread in one hand and salt in the other hand. Then the child says "until this salt melts, let the rain stop". In Muş it is believed that a girl who eats salted bread during Hıdrellez and does not drink water before going to bed will dream of her soulmate. Salt and bread are used in love magic too. Arab culture also has

296-578: A buffer zone under control of the Russian SFSR . The city became the administrative center of Amur Oblast in 1932. During the Cultural Revolution in China, the city was subject to Maoist propaganda blasted from loudspeakers across the river 24 hours a day. Blagoveshchensk is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as

370-554: A concept of "bread and salt" ( خبز وملح or عيش وملح ), not in the context of welcoming, but as an expression of alliance by eating together, symbolizing the rapprochement between two persons. Eating bread and salt with a friend is considered to create a moral obligation which requires gratitude. This attitude is also expressed by Arab phrases such as "there are bread and salt between us" ( بيننا خبز وملح or بيننا عيش وملح ), and "salt between them" ( بينهما ملح ) which are terms of alliance. A similar practice also exists among Jews in

444-486: A custom expressing hospitality. A certain type of bread, similar to that in Bulgaria and also by the same name— pogača (from Latin : panis focacius ) is prepared. The notable Macedonian and ex- Yugoslav ethno-jazz-rock group of the world music guitarist Vlatko Stefanovski had the name " Leb i Sol ", which means "bread and salt" and speaks itself about this term of hospitality as something basic and traditional. As in

518-679: A difficult dirt road approaches from the Russian side to within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Kanas Pass. Until the Soviet authorities closed the border in 1936, Kazakh nomads would occasionally use these passes. Proposals exist for the construction of a cross-border highway and the Altai gas pipeline from China to Russia, which would cross the western section of the Sino-Russian border. Historical maps of

592-453: A hole on the top of the loaf. On official occasions, the "bread and salt" is usually presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik ). The tradition gave rise to the Russian word that expresses a person's hospitality: khlebosolny (literally: "bready-salty"). In general, the word "bread" is associated in Russian culture with hospitality, with bread being

666-507: A monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ), bordering on a monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate ( Dwb ) which it had before 1990. The climate is very strongly continental. The city features frigid, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high , and warm, wet summers, due to the East Asian monsoon . On 1 August 2011, it became

740-520: A newborn. According to some Turkic legends, the bread and salt were discovered by grandsons of Japheth , the Islamic ancestor of the Turks. In Turkish language sometimes salt is used as a synonym to the word sugar and flavor. Saying "they added salt to their words" had the meaning of "they say sweet words." Newborns were bathed in salt water so they wouldn't smell, salt was believed to remove bad eye and there

814-537: A public hearing was held at which citizens declared themselves to be in favor of a return to the direct election of the mayor. A meeting of deputies voted for rejection of the "two-headed" management. In September 2013, City Council voted for a return to the mayoral election of the mayor. The city is located at the confluence of the Amur and the Zeya Rivers, opposite to the Chinese city of Heihe. Blagoveschensk experiences

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888-645: A rouble), while before it had been possible to buy ten eggs for 10-15 kopecks. The massacre angered the Chinese, and had ramifications for the future: the Chinese Honghuzi fought a guerilla war against Russian occupation and assisted the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese War against the Russians in revenge. Louis Livingston Seaman mentioned the massacre as being the reason for the Chinese Honghuzi hatred towards

962-469: A sign of gratitude. In Poland, welcoming with bread and salt (" chlebem i solą ") is often associated with the traditional hospitality (" staropolska gościnność ") of the Polish nobility ( szlachta ), who prided themselves on their hospitality. A 17th-century Polish poet , Wespazjan Kochowski , wrote in 1674: "O good bread, when it is given to guests with salt and good will!" Another poet who mentioned

1036-595: A soľ , Slovene : Kruh in sol , Ukrainian : Хліб і сіль . It is shared with some of the neighbouring non-Slavic peoples—the Latvians and Lithuanians (both Baltic nations), Romanians (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like the Karelians —all of whom are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours: Karelian : leipä-šuola , Estonian : soolaleivapidu , Latvian : Sālsmaize , Lithuanian : Duona ir druska , Romanian : Pâine și sare . It

1110-515: A symbol of blessing for a new home. This tradition continues today and instead of white bread, dark fiber-rich rye bread is often used. The tradition is still kept alive in Eastern Karelia and in Ingria by the minor Baltic Finnic peoples . Bread and salt are given away for different reasons: In northern Germany and Bohemia (Czech Republic) bread and salt are traditionally put into the diaper of

1184-546: A traditional greeting remains common in Albania , Armenia , and among the Jewish diaspora . This tradition has been extended to spaceflight . Salt is an essential nutrient , and has long held an important place in religion and culture. For example, it is mentioned in the Bible dozens of times, including as a covenant of salt . Bread is a staple food , leavened or unleavened. It

1258-493: A white flag of truce. Rudyard Kipling referenced bread and salt in a number of works. In The Ballad of East and West , leavened bread and salt is mentioned as binding an oath of blood brothership . At the beginning of Puck of Pook's Hill Puck establishes his credentials with the child protagonists by asking them to sprinkle plenty of salt on their shared meal. ""That'll show you the sort of person I am." In Rosemary Sutcliff 's historical novel Outcast , bread and salt

1332-614: Is a salt saint in Turkish folklore called Tuz Baba . Bread is considered to be holy and is strongly respected. Together salt and bread create the concept of "tuz-ekmek hakkı" meaning "salt-bread right" in which if two people (or more) eat bread and salt together they become friends, there is an alliance between them. The concept was widely popular in Ottoman literature and Turkish folk literature . There are various folkloric beliefs related to salt and bread, most often affecting children; to make

1406-755: Is a symbol of family unity and goodness, and salt prosperity and security for the guest. It is part of the state protocol, in use since the Principality of Serbia , often used when welcoming foreign representatives. The long-tradition of the Slovakia and the Czech Republic as Slavic countries is to welcome important visits with bread and salt. An example is the welcome of Pope Francis in Bratislava 2021 by president Zuzana Čaputová . In Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bread and salt were traditionally given as

1480-442: Is a traditional Bulgarian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed. The bread and salt is commonly presented to guests by a woman. Bulgarians usually make a certain type of bread for this occasion called pogacha , which is flat, fancy, and decorated. Regular bread is not usually used, although it may have been historically, but pogacha is much more common in this custom. Usually, guests are presented with

1554-533: Is also common in Albania ( Albanian : bukë, kripë e zemër ), Armenia ( Armenian : աղ ու հաց , agh u hats ), Turkey ( Turkish : tuz-ekmek hakkı ), among the Jewish diaspora , and within parts of the Middle East under different names. Bread and salt as a traditional greeting is shared with some non-Slavic nations— Lithuanians , Latvians (both Baltic), Romanians (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like

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1628-403: Is based on giving the most expensive thing of that time which was salt to the awaited guest. Nowadays it is not commonly practiced in daily life. When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are presented with a loaf of bread (usually a korovai ) placed on a rushnyk ( embroidered ritual cloth). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in

1702-610: Is believed that more than 10,000 of these bandits, divided into companies of from 200 to 300 each and led by Japanese officers, are now in the pay of Japan. The city was also the site of conflict during the Russian Civil War , with Japanese troops occupying the city in support of the White Army . From 1920 until 1922, the city was declared part of the Far Eastern Republic , an area which was nominally independent, but in reality

1776-530: Is between Russia's Altai Republic and China's Xinjiang . It runs in the mostly snow-covered high elevation area of the Altai Mountains . Its western end point is the China– Kazakhstan –Russia tripoint, whose location is defined by the trilateral agreement as 49°06′54″N 87°17′12″E  /  49.11500°N 87.28667°E  / 49.11500; 87.28667 , elevation, 3327 m. Its eastern end

1850-430: Is over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in length. According to a joint estimate published in 1999, it measured at 4,195 kilometres (2,607 mi). It starts at the eastern China– Mongolia –Russia tripoint ( 49°50′42.3″N 116°42′46.8″E  /  49.845083°N 116.713000°E  / 49.845083; 116.713000 ), marked by the border monument called Tarbagan-Dakh (Ta'erbagan Dahu, Tarvagan Dakh). From

1924-455: Is referred to as a sign of belonging to a tribe: "You are my people, my own people, by hearth fire and bread and salt". In The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas , Chapter 72 is titled "Bread and Salt". The character Mercedes attempts to coax the main character into eating fruit, as part of an Arabian custom to ensure that those who have shared food and drink together under one roof would be eternal friends. Bread and salt are given as

1998-536: Is served by a branch highway and railway connecting it to Belogorsk on the Trans-Siberian Railway and Trans-Siberian Highway . It is also served by a river port. On the other side of the Amur River is Heihe , Heilongjiang Province , China, which is the starting point of China National Highway 202 that goes south to Harbin and Dalian . Ignatyevo Airport , located 20 kilometers (12 mi) northwest of

2072-518: Is the western China–Mongolia–Russia tripoint, at the top of the peak Tavan Bogd Uul (Mt Kuitun), at the coordinates 49°10′13.5″N 87°48′56.3″E  /  49.170417°N 87.815639°E  / 49.170417; 87.815639 . Today's Sino-Russian border line is mostly inherited by Russia (with minor adjustments) from the Soviet Union , while the Sino-Soviet border line was essentially

2146-601: Is thought by archaeologists to have been populated since ca. 1000 CE. As the Russians tried to assert their control over the region, the Ducher town was probably vacated when the Duchers were evacuated by the Qing to the Sungari or Hurka in the mid-1650s. Since 1673, the Chinese re-used the site for their fort ("Old Aigun", in modern literature), which served in 1683-1685 as a base for

2220-418: Is to be uttered by an arriving guest as an expression of good wish towards the host's household. It was often used by beggars as an implicit hint to be fed, therefore a mocking rhymed response is known: "Khleb da sol!" — "Yem da svoy!" ( Хлеб да соль — ем да свой! "Bread and salt!" — "I am eating and it is my own!"). In Russian weddings, it is a traditional custom for the bride and groom to be greeted after

2294-476: Is usually made of wheat, but other grains can be used. In many cultures, bread is a metaphor for basic necessities and living conditions in general. The tradition is known locally by its Slavic names, all literal variants of "bread and salt": Belarusian : Хлеб і соль , Bulgarian : Хляб и сол , Czech : Chléb a sůl , Macedonian : Леб и сол , Polish : Chleb i Sól , Russian : Хлеб-соль , Serbo-Croatian : Хлеб и со , Hlȅb i so , Slovak : Chlieb

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2368-471: The 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement , which was intended to start the process of resolving the border disputes held in abeyance since the 1960s. However, just a few months later the USSR was dissolved , and four former Soviet republics — Russia, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan — inherited various sections of the former Sino–Soviet border. It took more than a decade for Russia and China to fully resolve

2442-613: The Diaspora and in Israel. After the ceremony of kiddush , a piece of challah is dipped in salt and eaten. The challah is a staple food eaten on special occasions, like holidays and weddings, as well as every shabbat . Bread and salt were also used in the past at welcoming ceremonies, given to respected persons. In the Iranian culture when a guest is welcomed into the home, it is said that they have eaten bread and salt, and this leads to loyalty of

2516-450: The Karelians —all of which are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours. Bread, salt, and heart ( Albanian : bukë, kripë e zemër ) is a traditional Albanian way of honoring guests, it dates back from the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini , chapter 18 - para. 608: "The Guest shall be welcomed with Bread, salt and heart". Heart in the context is related with hospitality, the concept

2590-772: The Russian Revolution in 1917 and the later formation of the Soviet Union, there have been a number of issues along the border: Three countries bordered both China and the Soviet Union: Afghanistan , Mongolia and North Korea . Both the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and Mongolian People's Republic were pro-Soviet satellite states during the Cold War, while the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

2664-764: The Tumen River , which is the northern border of North Korea . The end point of the China–Russia border, and the China–North Korea–Russia tripoint , at ( 42°25′N 130°36′E  /  42.417°N 130.600°E  / 42.417; 130.600 ), is located only a few kilometers before the river flows into the Pacific Ocean , the other end of the North Korea–Russia border . The much shorter (less than 100 kilometres (62 mi)) western border section

2738-400: The administrative center of Blagoveshchensky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with six rural localities , incorporated separately as Blagoveshchensk Urban Okrug —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , this administrative unit also has urban okrug status. In July 2013,

2812-490: The pogacha , and the guest is supposed to take a small piece, dip into the salt and eat it. This custom is common for official visits regardless of whether the guest is foreign or Bulgarian. One notable example of this custom is when the Russians came to liberate Bulgaria from the Ottomans at the end of the 19th century. A common scene from that period was of a Bulgarian village woman welcoming Russian soldiers with bread and salt as

2886-484: The Chinese side. The rest drowned in the Amur, or were shot or axed by the police, Cossacks and local volunteers, when refusing to leave the bank. Local Chinese memory holds that a massacre that took place then, at the hand of Cossacks, which killed so many that the Amur River was choked. According to Chinese sources, about 5,000 people reportedly died during these events of 4–8 July 1900. There were 1,266 households in

2960-523: The Chinese sovereignty over both sides of the Amur by the Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689. As the balance of power in the region had changed by the mid-19th century, the Russian Empire was able to take over the left (generally northern, but around Blagoveshchensk, eastern) bank of the Amur from China. Since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and the 1860 Treaty of Peking , the river has remained the border between

3034-478: The Manchus' campaign against the Russian fort of Albazin further north. After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Chinese relocated their town, to a new site on the right (southwestern, i.e. presently Chinese) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles (4.8 km) downstream from the original site; it later became known as Aigun . The series of conflicts between Russians and China ended with Russia's recognition of

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3108-518: The Russian State Duma in 2005, thus ending the decades-long border dispute. The official transfer ceremony was held on-site on October 14, 2008. As with many other international borders, a bilateral treaty exists concerning the physical modalities of managing the China–Russia border. The currently valid agreement was signed in Beijing in 2006. The treaty requires the two states to clear trees in

3182-710: The Russians: The Chinaman, be he Hung-hutze or peasant, in his relation to the Russians in this conflict with Japan has not forgotten the terrible treatment accorded him since the Muscovite occupation of Manchuria. He still remembers the massacre at Blagovestchensk when nearly 8,000 unarmed men, women, and children were driven at the point of the bayonet into the raging Amur, until — as one of the Russian officers who participated in that brutal murder told me at Chin-Wang-Tao in 1900 — "the execution of my orders made me almost sick, for it seemed as though I could have walked across

3256-470: The area of today's Blagoveshchensk was the Ducher town whose name was reported by the Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov as Aytyun in 1652, as Aigun from 1683 to 1685, and as Aigun Old Town from 1685 until the massacre in 1900 , which known to Russian archaeologists as the Grodekovo site, after the nearby village of Grodekovo some 25–30 km (16–19  mi ) southeast of Blagoveshchensk. The Grodekovo site

3330-430: The birth easier, bread, salt and a knife are placed next to the mother. In Samsun , it is believed that if two mothers who have given birth 40 days ago meet on the street, their children will not be able to walk. To prevent this, one of the mothers must give salt and bread to another mother who has a daughter. In Turkish folklore, there is a demon called Albastı , which harms the mothers. In Adana mothers walk around with

3404-678: The border from west to east in the International Map of the World , mid-20th century: Bread and salt Bread and salt are offered to guests in a ceremony of welcome in cultures around the world. This pair of foods is particularly significant in Slavic countries, but is also notable in Nordic , Baltic , Balkan and other European cultures as well as in Middle Eastern cultures. Bread and salt as

3478-490: The border issues and to demarcate the border. On May 29, 1994, during Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin 's visit to Beijing, an "Agreement on the Sino-Russian Border Management System intended to facilitate border trade and hinder criminal activity" was signed. On September 3, a demarcation agreement was signed for the short (55 kilometres (34 mi)) western section of the binational border;

3552-482: The ceremony by family, usually the matriarch, with bread and salt in an embroidered cloth. This confers good health and fortune unto the newlyweds. In the Russian Orthodox Church , it is customary to greet the bishop at the steps of the church when he arrives for a pastoral visit to a church or monastery with bread and salt. Bread and salt ( Bulgarian : хляб и сол , romanized :  hlyab i sol )

3626-582: The city in July 1900. Chinese Honghuzi forces joined the attack against Blagoveshchensk. According to the Orthodox belief, the city was allegedly saved by a miraculous icon of Our Lady of Albazin, which was prayed to continuously during the shelling which lasted almost two weeks. On 3 July ( Old Style ), a decision was made by the city's Police Chief Batarevich and the Military Governor Gribsky to deport

3700-509: The city center, serves domestic destinations. The Blagoveshchensk–Heihe Bridge , completed at the end of 2019, includes a 2-lane highway bridge over the Amur to link Blagoveshchensk and Heihe. The world's first international cable car to Heihe has also been proposed to open in 2022. China%E2%80%93Russia border The Chinese–Russian border or the Sino-Russian border is the international border between China and Russia . After

3774-401: The city had some 8,000 residents, with merely 15 foreigners (presumably, Chinese) among them. The city was an important river port and trade center during the late 19th century, with growth further fueled by a gold rush early in the 20th century and by its position on the Chinese border opposite the city of Heihe . Local historians noted the pre-eminence of Blagoveshchensk in the economy of

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3848-468: The city's entire community of Qing subjects including ethnic Manchus , Daur people and Han, numbering 4,008), who were viewed as potential fifth columnists . As cross-river shipping was interrupted by the rebellion, the question arose how to get them from the Russian to the Chinese side of the Amur. Batarevich suggested that the deportees could be first taken east of the Zeya , where they should obtain boats from

3922-430: The city, including 900 Daurs and 4,500 Manchus until the massacre. Many Manchu villages were burned by Cossacks in the massacre according to Victor Zatsepine. This expulsion of the local Chinese caused some hardships for Blagoveshchensk consumers. For example, during the second half of 1900 it became almost impossible to buy any green vegetables in the town, and ten eggs would cost 30-50 kopecks (and in winter, as much as

3996-471: The countries, although the Qing subjects were allowed to continue to live in the so-called Sixty-Four Villages east of the Amur and the Zeya (i.e., within today's Blagoveshchensk's eastern suburbs). Although Russian settlers had lived in the area as early as 1644 and was known as Hailanpao ( Chinese : 海兰泡 ; simplified Chinese : 海兰泡 ; traditional Chinese : 海蘭泡 ; pinyin : Hǎilánpāo ),

4070-480: The custom was Wacław Potocki . The custom was, however, not limited to the nobility, as Polish people of all classes observed this tradition, reflected in old Polish proverbs . Nowadays, the tradition is mainly observed on wedding days, when newlyweds are greeted with bread and salt by their parents on returning from the church wedding . In the North Macedonia , this tradition still is practiced occasionally as

4144-496: The demarcation of this section was completed in 1998. In November 1997, at a meeting in Beijing , Russian President Boris Yeltsin and General Secretary and Chinese President Jiang Zemin signed an agreement for the demarcation of the much longer (over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi)) eastern section of the border, in accordance with the provisions of the 1991 Sino-Soviet agreement. The last unresolved territorial issue between

4218-659: The eastern section is provided by China Association of Port-of-entry: connects [REDACTED] G1211 (with indirectly [REDACTED] G202 , [REDACTED] G331 , [REDACTED] G603 and [REDACTED] G604 ), part of [REDACTED] AH31 According to Russian topographic maps, the lowest mountain passes on the western section of the border are the Betsu-Kanas Pass (перевал Бетсу-Канас), elevation 2,671.3 metres (8,764 ft) and Kanas (перевал Канас), elevation 2,650 metres (8,690 ft). No roads suitable for wheeled vehicles exist over these two passes, although

4292-503: The final demarcation carried out in the early 2000s, it measures 4,209.3 kilometres (2,615.5 mi), and is the world's sixth-longest international border. According to the Russian border agency , as of October 1, 2013, there are more than 160 land border crossings between Russia and China, all of which are open 24 hours. There are crossing points established by the treaty including railway crossings, highway crossings, river crossing, and mostly ferry crossings. The eastern border section

4366-541: The first city in the Russian Far East to be hit by a tornado. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the city's economic focus has turned to border trade with China. The town is now home to a large Chinese expatriate community. Blagoveshchensk is part of a free trade zone which includes the Chinese city of Heihe, located on the other side of the Amur River. Main industries in the town include metal and timber processing, as well as paper production. The city

4440-407: The guest right is widely considered among the highest moral crimes, an affront worthy of the worst damnation , rivaled only by kinslaying. Game of Thrones , the associated television series, prominently features the tradition in season three, episode 9, " The Rains of Castamere ". In Season 2, Episode 4 of Peaky Blinders , Alfie Solomons offers Charles Sabini bread and salt as Sabini offers

4514-613: The guest. With the advent of the Soviet space program , this tradition has spread into space, where appropriately small packages of bread and salt are used nowadays. It was observed at the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project and the Salyut programme , when crackers and salt tablets were used in the spaceship. Bread chunks and salt were used as a welcome at the Mir space station, a tradition that

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4588-480: The late 19th century Russian Far East , which was reflected when the heir to the Russian throne, Nicholas Alexandrovich (the future Tsar Nicholas II), visited in 1891 during his grand tour of Asiatic Russia , and the locals presented him with bread and salt on a gold tray, rather than on a silver one as in other cities of the region. In the course of the Boxer Rebellion , the Qing Imperial army (made out of Manchus and Han Chinese) and Boxer insurgents shelled

4662-399: The local Chinese villagers. The plan, however, was vetoed by the governor, and the decision was made instead to take the deportees to the stanitsa of Verkhneblagoveshchenskaya—the place where the Amur is at its narrowest—and make them leave Russia there. As the local ataman refused to provide boats to take them across the river (despite the orders of his superior), few of them made it to

4736-441: The most respected food, whereas salt is associated with long friendship, as expressed in a Russian saying "to eat a pood of salt (together with someone)". Also historically the Russian Empire had a high salt tax that made salt a very expensive and prized commodity (see also the Moscow uprising of 1648 ). There also is a traditional Russian greeting " Khleb da sol! " ( Хлеб да соль! , 'Bread and salt!'). The phrase

4810-465: The neighbouring Slavic countries, bread and salt is a traditional Romanian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed. In Transylvania bread and salt are served to protect against weather demons. Bread and salt ( Serbian : хлеб и со ) is a traditional welcoming of guests, being customary to offer it before anything else, with bread having an important place in Serbian tradition, used in rituals. The traditional bread, pogača ,

4884-516: The other country and will endeavor to apprehend and return any livestock that wanders onto their territory from across the border (Article 17). Hunting using firearms is prohibited within 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) from the borderline; hunters are prohibited from crossing the border in pursuit of a wounded animal (Article 19). Detained illegal border crossers are supposed to be normally returned to their country of origin within 7 days from their apprehension (Article 34). A list of ports-of-entry on

4958-455: The present-day city began in 1856 as the military outpost of Ust-Zeysky ; this name means settlement at the mouth of the Zeya River in Russian. Tsar Alexander II gave approval for the founding of the city in 1858 as the seat of government for the Amur region, to be named Blagoveshchensk (literally "the city of good news") after the parish church which was dedicated to the Annunciation . According to Blagoveshchensk authorities, by 1877

5032-439: The rate of cross-border trade continued to increase as the USSR's former republics became separate states. To accommodate increasing volume of travel and private trade, a number of border crossings were re-opened. In early 1992, China announced border trade incentives and the creation of special economic zones (SEZs) along the Sino-Russian border, the largest of these being in Hunchun , Jilin . In 1991, China and USSR signed

5106-403: The river on the bodies of the floating dead." Not a Chinaman escaped, except forty who were employed by a leading foreign merchant who ransomed their lives at a thousand roubles each. These, and many even worse, atrocities are remembered and now is their moment for revenge. So it was easy for Japan to enlist the sympathy of these men, especially when emphasized by liberal pay, as is now the case. It

5180-478: The same as the border between the Russian and Qing Empires, settled by a number of treaties from the 17th through to the 19th centuries. Border issues first became an issue following Russia's rapid expansion into Siberia in the 17th century, with intermittent skirmishes occurring between them and Qing China. Below is a list of important border treaties, along with the indication as to which section of today's Sino-Russian border were largely set by them: Following

5254-419: The tripoint, the border line runs north-east, until it reaches the Argun River . The border follows the Argun and Amur river to the confluence of the latter with the Ussuri River . It divides the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island at the confluence of the two rivers, and then runs south along the Ussuri. The border crosses Lake Khanka , and finally runs to the south-west. The China–Russia border ends when it reaches

5328-611: The two countries was settled by the 2004 Complementary Agreement between China and Russia on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary. Pursuant to that agreement, Russia transferred to China a part of Abagaitu Islet , the entire Yinlong (Tarabarov) Island , about half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island , and some adjacent river islets. The transfer was ratified by both the Chinese National People's Congress and

5402-632: Was extended on the International Space Station . Bread and salt are also used to welcome cosmonauts returning to Earth. The custom of serving bread and salt to guests is a recurring reference in George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire novels, where the welcome ritual serves not only as a Westerosi tradition of hospitality, but also a formal assurance of "guest right", a sacred bond of trust and honor guaranteeing that nobody in attendance, hosts and guests alike, shall be harmed. Violating

5476-488: Was neutral. The waning years of the Soviet Union saw a reduction of the tensions on the then heavily fortified Sino-Soviet border. In 1990–91, the two countries agreed to significantly reduce their military forces stationed along the border. To this day one can find numerous abandoned military facilities in Russia's border districts. Even though the Sino-Soviet border trade resumed as early as 1983–85, it accelerated in 1990–91;

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