Misplaced Pages

#212787

71-460: The Blackburn B.26 Botha was a four-seat reconnaissance and torpedo bomber . It was produced by the British aviation company Blackburn Aircraft at its factories at Brough and Dumbarton . The Botha was developed during the mid 1930s in response to Air Ministry Specification M.15/35 , and was ordered straight off the drawing board alongside the competing Bristol Beaufort . On 28 December 1938,

142-414: A pontoon bridge for crossing water obstacles. Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance implies collection and transfer of all data available on sanitary and epidemiological situation of the area of possible deployment and action of armed forces , the same data for the neighboring and enemy armed forces. The aim for the reconnaissance is to clear up the reasons of the specific disease origin- sources of

213-405: A relatively short battle that lasted only 9 days. When referring to reconnaissance, a commander's full intention is to have a vivid picture of his battlespace . The commander organizes the reconnaissance platoon based on: This analysis determines whether the platoon uses single or multiple elements to conduct the reconnaissance, whether it pertains to area , zone , or route reconnaissance ,

284-530: A target tug , before being fully withdrawn in September 1944. During September 1935, the British Air Ministry issued specification M.15/35 , which called for a new reconnaissance/ torpedo bomber to reequip RAF Coastal Command . Among the stipulations set out were a twin-engined arrangement, a crew of three, and the provision of internal stowage to accommodate a single torpedo. Blackburn opted to produce

355-538: A cantilever, but the completed structure does not act as a cantilever. This is very helpful when temporary supports, or falsework , cannot be used to support the structure while it is being built (e.g., over a busy roadway or river, or in a deep valley). Therefore, some truss arch bridges (see Navajo Bridge ) are built from each side as cantilevers until the spans reach each other and are then jacked apart to stress them in compression before finally joining. Nearly all cable-stayed bridges are built using cantilevers as this

426-496: A cantilever-winged sesquiplane built instead with wooden materials, the Fokker V.1 . In the cantilever wing, one or more strong beams, called spars , run along the span of the wing. The end fixed rigidly to the central fuselage is known as the root and the far end as the tip. In flight, the wings generate lift and the spars carry this load through to the fuselage. To resist horizontal shear stress from either drag or engine thrust,

497-514: A design to meet this requirement. During early 1936, two submissions that fulfilled this requirement were accepted, one being Blackburn's and the other being the Type 152 from Bristol . The Blackburn design would receive the name Botha after General Botha , while the rival Type 152 would be named Beaufort after the Duke of Beaufort . Both of the proposed aircraft were originally intended to be powered by

568-611: A dozen years after the Wright Brothers ' initial flights, Junkers endeavored to eliminate virtually all major external bracing members in order to decrease airframe drag in flight. The result of this endeavor was the Junkers J 1 pioneering all-metal monoplane of late 1915, designed from the start with all-metal cantilever wing panels. About a year after the initial success of the Junkers J 1, Reinhold Platz of Fokker also achieved success with

639-569: A flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a cantilever can be formed as a beam , plate, truss , or slab . When subjected to a structural load at its far, unsupported end, the cantilever carries the load to the support where it applies a shear stress and a bending moment . Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without additional support. Cantilevers are widely found in construction, notably in cantilever bridges and balconies (see corbel ). In cantilever bridges,

710-456: A fuel starvation problem could not be cured in flight, when flown by a single ferry pilot . Hydraulically -actuated split flaps were present on the central section of the wing's trailing edge , while balanced ailerons were fitted on the sharply- tapered outer wing panels. The fin and tailplane were unbraced cantilevers with stressed-skin construction. The undercarriage consisted of two oleo - pneumatic legs that retracted rearwards into

781-431: A rule. They expect and are prepared to fight to obtain the desired information. Often they assign supplementary tasks to their reconnaissance units, such as sabotage behind enemy lines, harassment, or counter-reconnaissance. Only enough reconnaissance troops are sent on a mission to assure superiority in the area to be reconnoitred. Reserves are kept on hand to be committed when the reconnaissance must be intensified, when

SECTION 10

#1732851809213

852-453: A socio-cultural backdrop. It is information developed from data related to civil areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events, within the civil component of the commander's operational environment that can be processed to increase situational awareness and understanding. The type of civil information that is needed in order to support military operations varies based on the environment and situation. Route reconnaissance

923-414: A specified area; the military commander may utilize his reconnaissance assets to conduct an area reconnaissance to avoid being surprised by unsuitable terrain conditions, or most importantly, unexpected enemy forces. The area could be a town, ridge-line, woods, or another feature that friendly forces intend to occupy, pass through, or avoid. Within an area of operation (AO), area reconnaissance can focus

994-503: A variation in this parameter indicates the concentration of the analyte . Recently, microcantilevers have been fabricated that are porous, allowing for a much larger surface area for analyte to bind to, increasing sensitivity by raising the ratio of the analyte mass to the device mass. Surface stress on microcantilever, due to receptor-target binding, which produces cantilever deflection can be analyzed using optical methods like laser interferometry. Zhao et al., also showed that by changing

1065-458: A wire-braced design. However, as the speed of the aircraft increases, the drag of the bracing increases sharply, while the wing structure must be strengthened, typically by increasing the strength of the spars and the thickness of the skinning. At speeds of around 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) the drag of the bracing becomes excessive and the wing strong enough to be made a cantilever without excess weight penalty. Increases in engine power through

1136-605: Is a mission to obtain information by visual observation or other detection methods, about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or about the meteorologic, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. Reconnaissance (US Army FM 7-92; Chap. 4) The word is derived from the Middle French word reconoissance . Reconnaissance conducted by ground forces includes special reconnaissance , armored reconnaissance , amphibious reconnaissance and civil reconnaissance. Aerial reconnaissance

1207-428: Is assigned to gain detailed information about enemy forces within the zone, or when the enemy situation is vague by which the information concerning cross-country traffic-ability is desired. The reconnaissance provides the commander with a detailed picture of how the enemy has occupied the zone, enabling him to choose the appropriate course-of-action. As the platoon conducts this type of zone reconnaissance, its emphasis

1278-455: Is force and w {\displaystyle w} is the cantilever width. The spring constant is related to the cantilever resonance frequency ω 0 {\displaystyle \omega _{0}} by the usual harmonic oscillator formula ω 0 = k / m equivalent {\displaystyle \omega _{0}={\sqrt {k/m_{\text{equivalent}}}}} . A change in

1349-402: Is imperative that a scout should know the history, tradition, religion, social customs, and superstitions of whatever country or people he is called on to work in or among. This is almost as necessary as to know the physical character of the country, its climate and products. Certain people will do certain things almost without fail. Certain other things, perfectly feasible, they will not do. There

1420-405: Is no danger of knowing too much of the mental habits of an enemy. One should neither underestimate the enemy nor credit him with superhuman powers. Fear and courage are latent in every human being, though roused into activity by very diverse means. Cantilever A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is unsupported at one end. Typically it extends from

1491-528: Is on determining the enemy's locations, strengths, and weaknesses. This is the most thorough and complete reconnaissance mission and therefore is very time-intensive. A tracker needs to pay close attention to both the environment and the psychology of their enemy. Knowledge of human psychology, sociology, and cultural backgrounds is necessary to know the actions of the enemy and what they will do or where they will go next. Chief of Scouts Frederick Russell Burnham commented on reconnaissance and scouts, saying: It

SECTION 20

#1732851809213

1562-578: Is one of their chief advantages. Many box girder bridges are built segmentally , or in short pieces. This type of construction lends itself well to balanced cantilever construction where the bridge is built in both directions from a single support. These structures rely heavily on torque and rotational equilibrium for their stability. In an architectural application, Frank Lloyd Wright 's Fallingwater used cantilevers to project large balconies. The East Stand at Elland Road Stadium in Leeds was, when completed,

1633-448: Is oriented on a given route (e.g., a road, a railway, a waterway; i.e., a narrow axis or a general direction of attack) to provide information on route conditions or activities along the route. A military commander relies on information about locations along his determined route: which of those that would provide best cover and concealment; bridge by construction type, dimensions, and classification; or for landing zones or pickup zones, if

1704-743: Is reconnaissance carried out by aircraft (of all types including balloons and uncrewed aircraft). The purpose is to survey weather conditions, map terrain, and may include military purposes such as observing tangible structures, particular areas, and movement of enemy forces. Naval forces use aerial and satellite reconnaissance to observe enemy forces. Navies also undertake hydrographic surveys and intelligence gathering . Reconnaissance satellites provide military commanders with photographs of enemy forces and other intelligence. Military forces also use geographical and meteorological information from Earth observation satellites . Types of reconnaissance: The techniques and objectives are not mutually exclusive; it

1775-401: Is the cantilever thickness. Very sensitive optical and capacitive methods have been developed to measure changes in the static deflection of cantilever beams used in dc-coupled sensors. The second is the formula relating the cantilever spring constant k {\displaystyle k} to the cantilever dimensions and material constants: where F {\displaystyle F}

1846-422: Is the immunosensor based on an antibody layer that interacts selectively with a particular immunogen and reports about its content in a specimen. In the static mode of operation, the sensor response is represented by the beam bending with respect to a reference microcantilever. Alternatively, microcantilever sensors can be operated in the dynamic mode. In this case, the beam vibrates at its resonance frequency and

1917-530: Is the process of gathering a broad spectrum of civil information about a specific population in support of military operations. It is related to and often performed in conjunction with infrastructure reconnaissance (assessment and survey). Normally the focus of collection in the operational area for civil reconnaissance is collecting civil information relating to the daily interaction between civilians and military forces. Civil information encompasses relational, temporal, geospatial and behavioral information captured in

1988-579: Is up to the commander whether they are carried out separately or by the same unit. Reconnaissance-in-force (RIF) is a type of military operation or military tactic used specifically to probe an enemy's combat ability. While typical reconnaissance forces are small and armed only for self-defense, RIF use considerable (but not decisive) force in order to elicit a strong reaction by the enemy that more accurately reveals its own strength, deployment, preparedness, determination, and other tactical data. The RIF units can then fall back and report this data, or expand

2059-475: The Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE). The first production aircraft was found to have inadequate elevator control; this was rectified on a second aircraft sent for trials by a slight increase in the tailplane area and a larger horn-balanced elevator. A total of 380 aircraft were produced at Brough, while another 200 Bothas were constructed at Dumbarton for a total of 580. Peak production

2130-609: The Avro Anson , rather than the torpedo bomber squadrons previously planned. During June 1940, the Botha entered squadron service with No. 608 Squadron and began conducting convoy escort duties two months later. This was the only squadron to fly the type operationally. While flying these patrols, the typical bomb load carried was three 100 lb (50 kg) anti-submarine bombs plus two 250 lb (110 kg) general-purpose bombs. According to Jackson, operational need for aircraft such as

2201-520: The Bristol Perseus radial engine , capable of producing 850 hp (634 kW). At a late stage, the Air Ministry decided to revise the specification and re-issue it as M.10/36; the principal change was that the aircraft was abruptly required to accommodate a crew of four, along with an enlarged fuselage that increased the aircraft's overall weight. It was also intended that this change would allow

Blackburn Botha - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-418: The infection in various extreme situations, including local wars and armed conflicts , the ways of the infection transfer and all factors promoting to the infestation . After the armed forces have become stationary during wartime and emergency of peacetime the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance turns into sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and medical control of vital and communal activity of

2343-469: The Blackburn Botha was a twin-engined cantilever monoplane; the high-mounted wing was a deliberate design decision, intended to provide the best possible downward view for its crew. The pilot, seated in a relatively spacious and well-instrumented cabin at the front of the aircraft, had an exceptionally unobstructed forward-facing field of view, although the rearwards view was restricted by the position of

2414-595: The Botha at its main factory at Brough and its new facility in Dumbarton , Scotland ; additional component manufacturing was performed at the Olympia works in Leeds . On 28 December 1938, the first flight of the Botha took place at Brough , piloted by H. Bailey. This was the first production aircraft, since there was no prototypes as such. On 25 March 1939 it was delivered to RAF Martlesham Heath for performance and handling trials by

2485-497: The Botha had greatly diminished following the Fall of France that year. Efforts aimed at addressing some of the aircraft's shortcomings led to both the airframe and engines being subject to further development work. However, the Air Staff decided to withdraw the Botha from frontline service and transfer the surviving aircraft to secondary duties. Accordingly, numerous training units received

2556-451: The Botha was fully retired from RAF service. [REDACTED]   Poland [REDACTED]   United Kingdom Data from Blackburn aircraft since 1909 , The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II General characteristics Performance Armament Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Reconnaissance The types of reconnaissance include patrolling

2627-546: The Taurus engine. Early on, Blackburn made several proposals to address the engine shortfall; the adoption of the large Bristol Hercules radial engine was the main element of the proposed Botha II , however, it was not pursued. During December 1936, the Air Ministry ordered 442 Bothas, it placed orders for the competing Beaufort as well. Immediately upon receipt of the order, Blackburn set about establishing two production lines for

2698-417: The armed forces. Area reconnaissance refers to the observation, and information obtained, about a specified location and the area around it; it may be terrain-oriented and/or force-oriented. Ideally, a reconnaissance platoon, or team, would use surveillance or vantage (static) points around the objective to observe, and the surrounding area. This methodology focuses mainly prior to moving forces into or near

2769-395: The behavior of MEMS cantilevers. The first is Stoney's formula , which relates cantilever end deflection δ to applied stress σ: where ν {\displaystyle \nu } is Poisson's ratio , E {\displaystyle E} is Young's modulus , L {\displaystyle L} is the beam length and t {\displaystyle t}

2840-518: The cantilever structure to release it, often with an anisotropic wet or dry etching technique. Without cantilever transducers, atomic force microscopy would not be possible. A large number of research groups are attempting to develop cantilever arrays as biosensors for medical diagnostic applications. MEMS cantilevers are also finding application as radio frequency filters and resonators . The MEMS cantilevers are commonly made as unimorphs or bimorphs . Two equations are key to understanding

2911-528: The cantilevers are usually built as pairs, with each cantilever used to support one end of a central section. The Forth Bridge in Scotland is an example of a cantilever truss bridge . A cantilever in a traditionally timber framed building is called a jetty or forebay . In the southern United States, a historic barn type is the cantilever barn of log construction . Temporary cantilevers are often used in construction. The partially constructed structure creates

Blackburn Botha - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-435: The conflict into a full engagement if enemy weaknesses are revealed. Other methods consist of hit-and-run tactics using rapid mobility, and in some cases light-armored vehicles for added fire superiority, as the need arises. Maintaining active RIF can be used to limit, or even deny, enemy reconnaissance. Nazi Germany's reconnaissance during World War II is described in the following way: The purpose of reconnaissance and

3053-459: The crew's view to the side or rearward was virtually non-existent owing to the positioning of the engines, the poor view making the aircraft "useless as a GR [General Reconnaissance] aircraft". Although the Botha passed torpedo and mine-dropping tests, the aircraft's poor general performance resulted in the decision in April 1940 to issue the Botha only to four general reconnaissance squadrons equipped with

3124-425: The enemy force to reveal their location by moving or by returning fire. Reconnaissance-pull is a tactic that is applied at the regiment to division level and defined as locating and rapidly exploiting enemy weaknesses. It is the ability to determine enemy positions and create exploitable gaps through which friendly forces can pass while avoiding obstacles and strong points. A textbook example of reconnaissance-pull

3195-412: The engines. The navigator and wireless operator's positions were within a separate central cabin reached via an entrance door with a built-in stepladder on the starboard side of the fuselage. Crew members could move between their positions via a narrow gangway; the observer had to use this passage to reach the prone bombing position in the aircraft's nose. The final crew member, the gunner, was positioned to

3266-483: The first production aircraft made the type's maiden flight ; almost exactly one year later, it entered service with the RAF. During official evaluation testing of the Botha, stability issues were revealed, as well as the fact that it was underpowered. It was only briefly used in frontline operations before being withdrawn to secondary roles during 1941. It continued to be flown in these roles, largely being used for training and as

3337-422: The following techniques may be used as long as the fundamentals of reconnaissance are applied. Scouts may also have different tasks to perform for their commanders of higher echelons, for example: the engineer reconnaissance detachments will try to identify difficult terrain in the path of their formation, and attempt to reduce the time it takes to transit the terrain using specialist engineering equipment such as

3408-581: The force applied to a cantilever can shift the resonance frequency. The frequency shift can be measured with exquisite accuracy using heterodyne techniques and is the basis of ac-coupled cantilever sensors. The principal advantage of MEMS cantilevers is their cheapness and ease of fabrication in large arrays. The challenge for their practical application lies in the square and cubic dependences of cantilever performance specifications on dimensions. These superlinear dependences mean that cantilevers are quite sensitive to variation in process parameters, particularly

3479-599: The force from becoming surprised. It is paramount to obtain information about the available space in which a force can maneuver without being forced to bunch up due to obstacles. Terrain-oriented route reconnaissance allows the commander to obtain information and capabilities about the adjacent terrain for maneuvering his forces, to include, any obstacles (minefields, barriers, steep ravines, marshy areas, or chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear contamination) that may obstruct vehicle movement—on routes to, and in, his assigned area of operations. This requirement includes

3550-448: The fuselage could accommodate a single torpedo, a single 500lb bomb, or two 250lb bombs; additional bombs could be carried on external bomb racks on the mainplane. Other armaments included the pilot's forward-firing .303-inch Vickers machine gun and the twin Lewis guns installed in the turret. Comprehensive marine gear, including a collapsible dinghy , was also provided. The RAF's first Botha

3621-680: The largest cantilever stand in the world holding 17,000 spectators. The roof built over the stands at Old Trafford uses a cantilever so that no supports will block views of the field. The old (now demolished) Miami Stadium had a similar roof over the spectator area. The largest cantilevered roof in Europe is located at St James' Park in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne , the home stadium of Newcastle United F.C. Less obvious examples of cantilevers are free-standing (vertical) radio towers without guy-wires , and chimneys , which resist being blown over by

SECTION 50

#1732851809213

3692-473: The late 1920s and early 1930s raised speeds through this zone and by the late 1930s cantilever wings had almost wholly superseded braced ones. Other changes such as enclosed cockpits, retractable undercarriage, landing flaps and stressed-skin construction furthered the design revolution, with the pivotal moment widely acknowledged to be the MacRobertson England-Australia air race of 1934, which

3763-538: The local area of operations and long-range reconnaissance patrols , which are tasks usually realized in the United States of America by U.S. Army Rangers , cavalry scouts , and military intelligence specialists, using navy ships and submarines , reconnaissance aircraft , satellites to collect raw intelligence; and establishing observation posts . Moreover, espionage is different from reconnaissance, because spies work as civilians in enemy territory. Reconnaissance

3834-422: The nacelles, which were fitted with spring-loaded doors; hand-operated hydraulic brakes were fitted. As built, the Botha I was powered by a pair of Bristol Perseus X radial engines , each driving a de Havilland Type 5/11 Hydromatic three-bladed constant-speed propeller . The engines, mounted on the central section of the wing in wide-chord cowlings, were fitted with controllable cooling grills. A special cell in

3905-429: The need arises. In many cases, the commander may act upon a force-oriented route reconnaissance by which the enemy could influence movement along that route. For the reconnaissance platoons, or squads, stealth and speed—in conjunction with detailed intelligence-reporting—are most important and crucial. The reconnaissance platoon must remain far enough ahead of the maneuver force to assist in early warning and to prevent

3976-423: The original force meets strong enemy opposition, or when the direction and area to be reconnoitred are changed. The Germans encourage aggressive action against enemy security forces. When their reconnaissance units meet superior enemy forces, they fight a delaying action while other units attempt to flank the enemy. Reconnaissance-by-fire (or speculative fire ) is the act of firing at likely enemy positions to cause

4047-469: The rear of the wing in an egg-shaped power-assisted turret on the upper fuselage. The forward fuselage was reminiscent of the Blackburn Skua , and had a flush- riveted Alclad plated covering, while the rear portion of the fuselage was a metal skin over a tubular metal structure. Flight surfaces such as the rudder , elevator , and ailerons had fabric coverings. The centre section of the wing housed

4118-455: The reconnaissance on the specific area that is critical to the commander. This technique of focusing the reconnaissance also permits the mission to be accomplished more quickly. Area reconnaissance can thus be a stand-alone mission or a task to a section or the platoon. The commander analyzes the mission to determine whether the platoon will conduct these types of reconnaissance separately or in conjunction with each other. Civil reconnaissance

4189-729: The size of trees and the density of forests due to their effects on vehicle movement. Route reconnaissance also allows the observation for fields of fire along the route and adjacent terrain. This information assists planners as a supplement to map information. Zone reconnaissance focuses on obtaining detailed information before maneuvering their forces through particular, designated locations. It can be terrain-oriented, force-oriented, or both, as it acquire this information by reconnoitering within—and by maintaining surveillance over—routes, obstacles (to include nuclear-radiological, biological, and chemical contamination), and resources within an assigned location. Also, force-oriented zone reconnaissance

4260-472: The south-west which were more favorable for an amphibious landing. American forces quickly changed their landing location to the northern beaches and planned a small and hasty " deception " operation off the southern beach, which resulted in a complete surprise for the Japanese forces. As a result, American forces were able to fight the Japanese force on land, where they had the advantage, leading to light losses and

4331-583: The successful design to be ordered straight from the drawing board. A consequence of the weight increase was that both designs suddenly required more power to be able to achieve their envisioned performance; however, while the Taurus , capable of producing up to 1,130 hp (840 kW), was provided for the Beaufort, the Botha only received the Perseus X, capable of up to 880 hp (660 kW), due to limited supplies of

SECTION 60

#1732851809213

4402-399: The thickness as this is generally difficult to accurately measure. However, it has been shown that microcantilever thicknesses can be precisely measured and that this variation can be quantified. Controlling residual stress can also be difficult. A chemical sensor can be obtained by coating a recognition receptor layer over the upper side of a microcantilever beam. A typical application

4473-409: The three main fuel tanks, with a normal combined maximum capacity of 435.75 gallons; this could be increased to 565.75 gallons for special operations. Fuel tank selection was by a panel behind the cockpit, out of reach of the pilot, and where it was possible to accidentally select all tanks off, leading to engine failure a few minutes into the flight. This panel could not be reached by the pilot, and such

4544-470: The type; at one point in 1941, one unit had over a hundred Bothas on its inventory. However, the combination of inexperienced pilots and its unfavourable flight characteristics resulted in further casualties. Some Bothas were converted to target tugs , these aircraft being redesignated as TT Mk.I . In August 1943, the type was officially declared obsolete, with many aircraft being broken up either on site or after their return to Blackburn. During September 1944,

4615-456: The types of units employed to obtain information are similar in the U.S. and the German Armies. German tactical principles of reconnaissance, however, diverge somewhat from those of the U.S. The Germans stress aggressiveness, attempt to obtain superiority in the area to be reconnoitered, and strive for continuous observation of the enemy. They believe in employing reconnaissance units in force as

4686-424: The wind through cantilever action at their base. The cantilever is commonly used in the wings of fixed-wing aircraft . Early aircraft had light structures which were braced with wires and struts . However, these introduced aerodynamic drag which limited performance. While it is heavier, the cantilever avoids this issue and allows the plane to fly faster. Hugo Junkers pioneered the cantilever wing in 1915. Only

4757-453: The wing must also form a stiff cantilever in the horizontal plane. A single-spar design will usually be fitted with a second smaller drag-spar nearer the trailing edge , braced to the main spar via additional internal members or a stressed skin. The wing must also resist twisting forces, achieved by cross-bracing or otherwise stiffening the main structure. Cantilever wings require much stronger and heavier spars than would otherwise be needed in

4828-487: Was attained in June 1940, during that month alone the two sites produced 58 aircraft. Limited modifications were implemented during the production run, such as the addition of a jettisonable main entrance door, non-retractable bulged navigator windows, new flap jacks, and an improved undercarriage retraction mechanism; several proposed changes, such as larger propellers and flame dampers, were not implemented. In basic configuration,

4899-513: Was delivered to No. 5 Maintenance Unit at RAF Kemble , Gloucestershire on 12 December 1939. Service testing of the Botha was marred by a series of accidents, although no common cause was ever discovered according to the aviation author Aubrey Joseph Jackson; nor did he consider the loss rate to be excessive for the era. However, the aircraft was commonly considered to be somewhat underpowered. According to aviation author Roger Haywood, concerns were raised regarding its poor lateral stability, while

4970-526: Was documented during the Tinian landings of World War II , utilized by the United States Marine Corps 's Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion , from V Amphibious Corps . Aerial photography and the confirmation by the amphibious reconnaissance platoons determined that the Japanese defenders had largely ignored the northern beaches of the island, focusing most of their defensive effort on beaches in

5041-671: Was won by a de Havilland DH.88 Comet . Currently, cantilever wings are almost universal with bracing only being used for some slower aircraft where a lighter weight is prioritized over speed, such as in the ultralight class. Cantilevered beams are the most ubiquitous structures in the field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). An early example of a MEMS cantilever is the Resonistor, an electromechanical monolithic resonator. MEMS cantilevers are commonly fabricated from silicon (Si), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), or polymers . The fabrication process typically involves undercutting

#212787