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54-473: The Billerica Mills Historic District is a historic district between the Concord River , Treble Cove Terrace, Kohlrausch Avenue, Indian Road, Holt Ruggles, and Rogers Streets in the village of North Billerica, Massachusetts (part of the town of Billerica ). The C.P. Talbot & Company mill building still stands in the center of the district. The buildings were planned and sited over decades, spanning from

108-499: A bleaching process, with the rinse water being discharged into the sewage system . Following this investigation, the company voluntarily ceased operations until it could install ion exchange equipment to comply with environmental regulations. In May 2007, Billerica faced legal action and was fined $ 250,000 for releasing pollutants into the Concord River. This action was taken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and

162-574: A commuter town for Wall Street . Streetcar suburbs spread through the county, and as elevated railways further extended its reach, the City of Brooklyn grew to fill the county. Areas along the river became industrialized and apartment buildings filled the places where factories did not replace the scattered houses. As a result, much of Brooklyn transformed into a suburban economy and later into an urban economy entirely. Many other suburbs have followed this same cycle. Post–World War II economic expansion in

216-473: A buffer between industrial areas and residential and retail spaces. This may avoid NIMBY sentiments and gentrification pressure from the local community due to residential and retail areas being adjacent to industrial spaces in an urban area. Suburban municipalities can offer tax breaks, specialized zoning , and regulatory incentives to attract industrial land users to their area, such as City of Industry, California . The overall effect of these developments

270-456: A dramatic housing backlog resulted in extensive peri-urban growth in Tirana ( Albania ), which during the 1990s doubled the size of the city whereas war refugees put pressure on cities of former Yugoslavia. Elsewhere processes of suburbanization seemed dominant, but their pace differed according to housing shortages, available finances, preferences, and the degree of 'permitted' informality. The process

324-528: A family. There have however, also been periods of urbanization . During the mid to late 20th century, most socialist countries in the Eastern Bloc were characterized by under-urbanization, which meant that industrial growth occurred well in advance of urban growth, which was sustained by rural-urban commuting. City growth, residential mobility, land, and housing development were under tight political control. Consequently, sub-urbanization in post-socialist Europe

378-419: A more stable population. A study based on data from 1974, however, found this not to be the case, finding that people living in the suburbs had neither greater satisfaction with their neighborhood nor greater satisfaction with the quality of their lives as compared to people living in urban areas. Pre-existing disparities in the demographic composition of suburbs pose problems in drug consumption and abuse. This

432-419: A quick courier distance of warehouses and ports. Urban areas often suffer from traffic congestion, which creates extra driver costs for the company that may have otherwise been reduced if they were located in a suburban area near a highway instead. Lower property taxes and low land prices encourage selling industrial land for profitable brownfield redevelopment. Suburban areas also offer more land to use as

486-492: A seven-day boat trip on the rivers with his brother John, who had since died. Thoreau recounted his exploration of the natural beauty of the river, and his accompanying thoughts on such eternal themes as truth, poetry, travel and friendship. Despite the development of suburbs near the river, it remains a popular canoeing destination today. The last mile of the river in Lowell is serious class 3+/4 whitewater . Dams were built along

540-458: A variety of fish, including bass , shad , alewife (river herring), pickerel , carp and American eel . Native Americans wove sticks in intricate designs to trap alewives and other migrating fish at the mouths of rivers throughout this region. By 1635, settlers from England began to arrive, giving the river its current name. On April 19, 1775, the Old North Bridge over the river in

594-401: Is a population shift from historic core cities or rural areas into suburbs . Most suburbs are built in a formation of (sub)urban sprawl . As a consequence of the movement of households and businesses away from city centers, low-density, peripheral urban areas grow. Proponents of curbing suburbanization argue that sprawl leads to urban decay and a concentration of lower-income residents in

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648-556: Is colloquially known as "drive until you qualify." Suburban lots are typically larger than urban lots. Thus, bigger lots often mean fewer lots and suburbanization can lead to less dense real estate development. Public deficits can often grow as a result of suburbanization, mainly because property taxes tend to be lower in less densely populated areas. Also, because of decentralization, lack of variety of housing types, and greater distances between homes, real estate development and public service costs tend to increase, which in turn increases

702-514: Is due to the disconnection created between drug addiction and the biased outward perception of suburban health and safety. The difference in drug mortality rates of suburban and urban spaces is sometimes fueled by the relationship between the general public, medical practitioners, and the pharmaceutical industry. These affluent individuals who are living in the suburbs often have increased means of obtaining otherwise expensive and potent drugs, such as opioids and narcotics through valid prescriptions. In

756-516: Is imprinted within the fish when it is born. When the route upstream became blocked, this cycle was broken and the fish were unable to survive without it. The Faulkner Dam in North Billerica is just one of many blockages that caused the alewife population to collapse on the Concord River. Water was later diverted north to Lowell and south to Charlestown to run the Middlesex Canal . During

810-684: Is not only a recent, but also a particular phenomenon. The creation of housing and land markets, together with state's withdrawal from housing provisions, have led to the development of privatized modes of housing production and consumption, with an increasing role for private actors, and particularly for households. Yet, the regulatory and institutional frameworks indispensable to a market-driven housing system – including housing finance – have remained underdeveloped, particularly in south-eastern Europe. This environment has undoubtedly stimulated housing self-provision. Clearly, different forces have shaped different outcomes. Long-suppressed urbanization and

864-503: Is that both businesses and individuals now see an advantage to relocating to the suburbs, where the cost of buying land, renting space, and running their operations is cheaper than in the city. This continuing dispersal from a single-city center has led to the advent of edge cities and exurbs , which arise out of clusters of office buildings built in suburban commercial areas , shopping malls, and other high-density developments. With more jobs for suburbanites in these areas rather than in

918-518: The Lowell -based Belvidere Company for 5 years, supplying water power while Belvidere gave the equipment and know-how. The exact date of the large brick building and clock tower is not known, but likely between 1865 and 1870. It was at this time that the Talbot brothers built the first tenement company housing for workers as well. The company operated and existed for 100 years until 1956. The Talbot brothers were

972-548: The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) due to the town exceeding allowable effluent limits for phosphorus , fecal coliform bacteria , pH , and ammonia nitrogen. Additionally, the town was charged with failing to submit discharge monitoring reports, complying with monitoring requirements, and failing to submit infiltration and inflow reporting. The EPA stated that Billerica's phosphorus discharges resulted in an excess of nutrients released in

1026-494: The inner city , in addition to environmental harm. Suburbanization can be a progressive process, as growing population pushes outward the zones of the concentric zone model that move outward to escape the increasing density of inward areas. For example, Kings County, New York served New York City as farmland in the 18th century, with boats carrying produce across the East River. The steam ferry later made Brooklyn Heights

1080-525: The 19th century, the Concord River was a hub of industrial activity during the US Industrial Revolution . This led to environmental challenges as industrial wastes, untreated sewage , and other organic waste were dumped into the river. Industrial development peaked in the 1920s, contributing to the pollution of the river. By the 1960s, the Merrimack River into which the Concord River empties,

1134-500: The Concord River to increase crop production and also to provide a source of power for operating mills . As a result, by the 19th century, the native fish populations of shad and alewife became extinct because the dams prevented the mature fish from returning upstream to spawn. Alewife and other anadromous fish are migratory. They hatch in freshwater, make their way to the sea to mature, then return as adults to freshwater to spawn , usually near where they had hatched. This instinct

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1188-552: The Concord as their new home river. The experiment did not succeed, as too few fish returned to the base of the first dam on the Concord River. A feasibility study published in 2016 is again exploring steps necessary for returning diadromous fish to the Concord River, and farther upstream, to the Sudbury and Assabet Rivers. Suburbanization Suburbanization ( American English ), also spelled suburbanisation ( British English ),

1242-782: The Talbots, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Concord River The river begins in Middlesex County , formed by the confluence of the Sudbury and Assabet Rivers at Egg Rock , near the Concord town center. It flows generally north, from eastern Concord (along the northwestern edge of the Boston metropolitan area ), joining the Merrimack River from the south on

1296-491: The United States included a sudden boom in housing construction as developers raced to address housing shortages across the country. As veterans returned from war, their GI Bill benefits made it especially easy to buy homes in these new, cost-efficient neighborhoods, populating them quickly with young couples and new families. Racially discriminatory housing policies in many areas prevented people of color from buying homes in

1350-438: The United States, the combination of demographic and economic features created as a result of suburbanization has increased the risk of drug abuse in suburban communities. Heroin in suburban communities has increased in incidence as new heroin users in the United States are predominantly white suburban men and women in their early twenties. Adolescents and young adults are at an increased risk of drug abuse in suburban spaces due to

1404-535: The advantage of treating a demographic of drug abuse patients that are better educated and equipped with resources to recover from addiction and overdose. The disparity of treatment and initiatives between suburban and urban environments in regard to drug abuse and overdose is a public health concern. Although suburban healthcare providers may have more resources to address drug addiction, abuse, and overdose, preconceived ideas about suburban lifestyles may prevent them from providing proper treatment to patients. Considering

1458-591: The banks of the Concord River: one in Concord and two in Billerica . These facilities played a crucial role in preventing further degradation of the river ecosystem by operating within federally mandated limits. Pollutants such as heavy metals and PCBs continue to be trapped in the sediment of the Sudbury River and downstream into the Concord River. As a result, fish consumption is prohibited in such areas, due to

1512-419: The children of Charles and Phoebe (White) Talbot (married in 1802) whose children were Charles P. (b. 1807) and Thomas (b. 1818) among six others. From Cambridge, New York , they moved to Vermont and then Northampton, Massachusetts , where the brothers learned the trades of the textile mills . The district, which encompasses the mill complex and worker housing along Wilson Street and Talbot Avenue built by

1566-490: The deficit of upper levels of government. Suburbanization often resulted in lower tax revenues for cities, leading to a reduction in the quality of public services due to the exodus of wealthier populations. As the trend of suburbanization took hold in the United States, many of the people who left the city for the suburbs were white. As a result, there was a rise in Black home ownership in central cities. As white households left for

1620-632: The eastern side of Lowell . It is a gently flowing stream with little variation in topography along most of its route. Its drainage basin stretches into Worcester County and includes 36 towns within Massachusetts. Native Americans called it the Musketaquid or "grass-grown" river because its sluggish waters abound in aquatic or semi-aquatic vegetation and its banks are fringed with wild grasses and sedges which stretch for miles along both sides of this placid stream. This creates an ideal environment for

1674-518: The elderly. Children affected by suburbanization or urban sprawl are occasionally referred to as "cul-de-sac kids." Because children living in suburbs typically cannot go anywhere without a parent, they are less able to practice independence. Teenagers without independence can experience boredom, isolation, and frustration. These feelings have even led to an increase in rates of teenage suicide and school shootings in suburban areas. The elderly in suburbia may also experience more social isolation after losing

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1728-591: The enclosed social and economic enclaves that surburbanization propagates. The New England Study of Suburban Youth found that the upper middle class suburban cohorts displayed an increased drug use when compared to the natural average. The shift in demographics and economic statuses related to suburbanization has increased the risk of drug abuse in affluent American communities and changed the approach to drug abuse public health initiatives. When addressing public health concerns of drug abuse with patients directly, suburban health care providers and medical practitioners have

1782-450: The flight of industrial development from major cities to surrounding suburban areas. As suburban industrial development becomes increasingly more profitable , it becomes less financially attractive to build in high-density areas. Another impact of industry leaving the city is the reduction of buffer zones separating metropolitan areas, industrial parks and surrounding suburban residential areas. As this land becomes more economically relevant,

1836-408: The government's money that is dedicated to improving infrastructure goes to paying for the new necessities in areas further out from the urban core. As a result, the government will often forego maintenance on previously built infrastructure. In the United States, prospective home buyers will often drive farther into the suburbs until they can find an area in which they can afford a home. This concept

1890-537: The increase in technology and consumptions of residents there is an increase in energy consumption by the amount of electricity used by residents. With these longer commutes, it's having a potential effect on their academic performance. I've seen it in the classroom especially with early morning classes. —Mike Smith-Cairns, a geography instructor at Langara College , author of 2017 college transportation survey Suburbanization has negative social impacts on many groups of people, including children, adolescents, and

1944-572: The increased use of vehicles to commute to and from the work place this causes increased use of oil and gas as well as an increase in emissions. With the increase in emissions from vehicles, this then can cause air pollution and degrades the air quality of an area. Suburbanization is growing which causes an increase in housing development, that then results in an increase in land consumption and available land. Suburbanization has also been linked to increases in natural resource use like water to meet residents' demands and to maintain suburban lawns. Also, with

1998-457: The increasing incidence of drug abuse in suburban environments, the contextual factors that affect certain demographics must also be considered to better understand the prevalence of drug abuse in suburbs; for example, adolescents and their relationship with social groups in school and other socializing forces that occur as a result of suburbanization impact drug abuse incidence. The economic impacts of suburbanization have become very evident since

2052-427: The land often obtained at no cost through restitution policies or illegal occupation, allowed a mix of low-/middle-income households within these developments. Historically, it was believed that living in highly urban areas resulted in social isolation , disorganization, and psychological problems, while living in the suburbs was supposed to overall improve happiness , due to lower population density, lower crime, and

2106-480: The main city core from which the suburbs grew, traffic patterns have become more complex, with the volume of intra-suburban traffic increasing. Historically, by the year 2000, nearly half of the US population had relocated to suburban areas. In many Eastern European countries, cities have the reputation of being dangerous or very expensive areas to live, while the suburbs are often viewed as safer and more conducive to raising

2160-471: The mid-19th century until the 1920s. The Talbot brothers were able to secure land bordering the Concord Falls from the defunct Middlesex Canal Company (MCC) in 1851. The dam, water power and 20 acres (8.1 ha) of MCC land were secured for $ 10,000. In 1857, CP Talbot secured additional property from neighbor Faulkner and an agreement with Faulkner over water power rights. Also in 1857 they partnered with

2214-462: The new suburbs, making them largely white-dominated spaces. The nationwide mass migration of white homeowners into the suburbs became known as " white flight ". Throughout the years, the desire to separate work life and home life has grown , causing an increase in suburban populations. Suburbs are often built around certain industries such as restaurants, shopping, and entertainment, which allows suburban residents to travel less and interact more within

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2268-557: The planning and revitalization of modern cities. The days of industry dominating the urban cores of cities are diminishing as population decentralization of urban centers increases. Companies increasingly look to build industrial parks in less populated areas, largely for more modern buildings and ample parking, as well as to appease the popular desire to work in less congested areas . Government economic policies that provide incentives for companies to build new structures and lack of incentives to build on Brownfield land , also contribute to

2322-585: The presence of mercury-laden sediment originating from the Nyanza Superfund site and other sources. In August 2004, perchlorate was detected in the Concord River. Initially, it was believed that explosives used in nearby road and building construction may have caused this contamination. However, an investigation by the town of Billerica eventually determined that the source was a local company that produced surgical and medical materials. The company had been using 220 gallons of perchloric acid per month in

2376-410: The rise of modern delivery logistics in postal services , which take advantage of computerization and the availability of efficient transportation networks, also eliminates some of the advantages that were once to be had from having a business located in the city. Industrial, warehousing, and factory land uses have also moved to suburban areas. This removes the need for company headquarters to be within

2430-606: The river, leading to harmful excessive growth of aquatic plants . In May 2000, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , the Massachusetts Riverways Program, and volunteers from the Sudbury Valley Trustees (SVT) released 7,000 adult alewives into the Concord River. They were transferred from the Nemasket River so that they could lay their eggs and spawn upstream. This imprinted the young alewives with

2484-428: The spread of people living outside the city can causes negative impacts on the environment. Suburbanization has been linked to the increase in vehicle mileage, increased land use, and an increase in residential energy consumption. From these factors of suburbanization, it has then caused a degradation of air quality, increase usage of natural resources like water and oil, as well as increased amounts of greenhouse gas. With

2538-470: The suburban area. In the early 21st century, the spread of communication services, such as broadband , e-mail , and practical home video conferencing , have enabled more people to work from home rather than commuting. Increased connectivity and digitization of office-based work, especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic , have improved the ability for suburban residents to work from home. Similarly,

2592-611: The suburbs, housing prices in transition neighborhoods fell, which often lowered the cost of home ownership for Black households. This trend was stronger in older and denser cities, especially in the Northeast and Midwest, because new construction was generally more difficult. As of the 2010 census, minorities such as African Americans, Asian Americans and Indo-Americans have become an increasing large factor in recent suburbanization. Many suburbs now have large minority communities in suburban and commuter cities. The growth of suburbanization and

2646-553: The town of Concord was the scene of the famous Battle of Concord (occurring on the same day when the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired at nearby Lexington ). The current version of the bridge (a reproduction) is preserved by the National Park Service . Henry David Thoreau wrote his first book, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers , in 1849 while living at nearby Walden Pond . His book recounted

2700-416: The trend began in the 1950s. Changes in infrastructure, industry, real estate development costs, fiscal policies, and diversity of cities have been easily apparent, as "making it to the suburbs", mainly in order to own a home and escape the chaos of urban centers, have become the goals of many American citizens. These impacts have many benefits as well as side effects and are becoming increasingly important in

2754-597: The unauthorized but later legalized developments in Romania . Suburban housing displayed a chaotic/unplanned character, especially in south-eastern Europe, where the state retains a degree of illegitimacy. Accepting scattered for-profit housing, much of the new detached suburban houses seem self-developed. Allegedly, owner-building has become a household strategy to adapt to recession, high and volatile inflation, to cut construction costs, and to bridge access to housing. The predominantly owner-built feature of most suburban housing, with

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2808-491: The value of such properties very often increases, causing many undeveloped landowners to sell their land. As America continues to sprawl, the cost of the required water lines, sewer lines, and roads could cost more than $ 21,000 per residential and non-residential development unit, costing the American government $ 1.12 trillion between 2005 and 2030. Along with the costs of infrastructure, existing infrastructure suffers, as most of

2862-511: Was considered one of the top 10 most polluted waterways in America. Following the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, the United States initiated efforts to enhance the quality of America's water bodies. This legislation imposed more stringent regulations on point source discharges into rivers and other navigable waters. As a result, three wastewater treatment plants were constructed along

2916-620: Was slow in Prague during the 1990s and more apparent after 2000, when housing affordability improved. Conversely, Slovenian and Romanian suburban developments visibly surrounded cities/towns during the 1990s. Nonetheless, socialist legacies of underdeveloped infrastructure and the affordability crisis of transition differentiate post-socialist suburbs from their Western counterparts. Various degrees of informality characterized suburban housing from illegal occupation of public land ( Tirana ), illegal construction on agricultural private land ( Belgrade ) to

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