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143-512: The Bibi-Heybat Mosque includes the tomb of Ukeyma Khanum (a descendant of The Islamic Prophet Muhammad ), and today is the spiritual center for the Muslims of the region and one of the major monuments of Islamic architecture in Azerbaijan. It is sometimes known as "the mosque of Fatima", which is what Alexandre Dumas called it when he described the mosque during his visit in the 1850s. The mosque

286-454: A hadith may have drifted from its original telling to when it was finally written down, even if the chain of transmission is authentic. Overall, some Western academics have cautiously viewed the hadith collections as accurate historical sources, while the "dominant paradigm" in Western scholarship is to consider their reliability suspect. Scholars such as Wilferd Madelung do not reject

429-470: A jinn , which made him no longer want to live. In desperation, Muhammad fled from the cave and began climbing up towards the top of the mountain to jump to his death. But when he reached the summit, he experienced another vision , this time seeing a mighty being that engulfed the horizon and stared back at Muhammad even when he turned to face a different direction. This was the spirit of revelation ( rūḥ ), which Muhammad later referred to as Gabriel ; it

572-462: A Prophet; otherwise, he would be a liar. When they returned to Mecca and asked Muhammad the questions, he told them he would provide the answers the next day. However, 15 days passed without a response from his God, leading to gossip among the Meccans and causing Muhammad distress. At some point later, the angel Gabriel came to Muhammad and provided him with the answers. In response to the first query,

715-579: A balance in the South Caucasus and strengthened Russia's position in the region. According to Isgandar bey Hajinsky, Fatali's goal for this agreement was to secure peace to his west and prepare for the conquest of Tabriz Khanate . During the negotiations, Prince Georgi Tsitsishvili and Gurgen bek Enikolopashvili were Georgian ambassadors to Quba, while Mirza Rahim, Fatali's envoy Haji, was sent to Tiflis. This arrangement made it possible for Heraclius not only to strengthen his rear but also to have an ally in

858-552: A battle near Old Shamakhi . Fatali, to consolidate his rule in the khanate, introduced several legal reforms. He abolished the system of naibate , who were in charge of taxation of districts of the khanate. Instead, he charged ketkhudas (stewards of villages) with this job, which would be overseen by yasauls , directly answering to khan himself. Soon after victory in Quba, Fatali started to expand his influence. According to Abbasgulu Bakikhanov , he besieged Derbent in 1759 when

1001-897: A breach of agreement between Russia, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire; besides which, Fatali was an Iranian subject. In September 1775, Catherine II ordered the President of the College of War Grigory Potemkin to give the keys of Derbent back following the Turkish pressure. Soon the Russian army was withdrawn from Dagestan to Kizlyar. Meanwhile Karim Khan Zand , the contender for the Iranian throne, approached Fatali and unsuccessfully asked for his allegiance. In summer of 1781, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 's army conquered Gilan Khanate and its ruler Hedayat-Allah Khan

1144-452: A cloak and tucked him in her arms until his fears dissipated. She had absolutely no doubts about his revelation; she insisted it was real and not a jinn. Muhammad was also reassured by Khadija's Christian cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal , who jubilantly exclaimed "Holy! Holy! If you have spoken the truth to me, O Khadijah, there has come to him the great divinity who came to Moses aforetime, and lo, he

1287-542: A continuing benevolence." Despite Fatali's repeated requests for official protection from the Russian government, the latter didn not want to complicate relations with Persia and the Ottoman Empire, nor to change the order of political forces in the South Caucasus. Count Panin , minister of foreign affairs, wrote to Fatali that the Empress "confers him to the goodwill of Russian Empire for his diligence", but could not accept him to citizenship, pointing out that doing so would be

1430-501: A difficult situation, Fatali sent his envoy Mirza Bey Bayat from Salyan to Petersburg with a letter in which he appealed to Empress Catherine II for help, offering vassalage to Russian Empire in return. The Empress sent 2,350 soldiers under the command of General Johann von Medem in 1775. The arrival of Russian army alarmed Muhammad of Gazikumukh, who evacuated Quba; it was then retaken by Fatali. The Khan met von Medem near Darvag and led them to Derbent. In response, Amir Hamza raised

1573-574: A few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam . The revelations ( waḥy ) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses ( āyah ) of the Quran, upon which Islam is based, are regarded by Muslims as the verbatim word of God and his final revelation. Besides

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1716-425: A greater emphasis on the hadith instead of the biographical literature, since hadith maintain a traditional chain of transmission ( isnad ); the lack of such a chain for the biographical literature makes it unverifiable in their eyes. The hadiths generally present an idealized view of Muhammad. Western scholars have expressed skepticism regarding the verifiability of these chains of transmission. It

1859-455: A job leading caravans on the northern segment of the route to Syria. The historical record of Mecca during Muhammad's early life is limited and fragmentary, making it difficult to distinguish between fact and legend. Several Islamic narratives relate that Muhammad, as a child, went on a trading trip to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib and met a monk named Bahira , who is said to have then foretold his prophethood. There are multiple versions of

2002-451: A major role in Muhammad sending them there. According to W. Montgomery Watt , the episodes were more complex than the traditional accounts suggest; he proposes that there were divisions within the embryonic Muslim community, and that they likely went there to trade in competition with the prominent merchant families of Mecca. In Urwa 's letter preserved by Tabari, these emigrants returned after

2145-566: A meeting in Darvag . A peace consensus was reached in the April meeting, according to which the Kaitags and Tabasarans were required to leave Derbent and Quba and not to interfere in trade between Russia and Quba. The Russian envoy at the meeting, Major Fromgold, reported that "there will never be a desired calmness here. Despite Utsmi [of Kaitags] and Qadi [of Tabasaran] agreed not to harm the [Fatali] Khan, it

2288-526: A message to Akhnas ibn Shariq , a member of his mother's clan, requesting his protection so that he could enter in safety. But Akhnas declined, saying that he was only a confederate of the house of Quraysh . Muhammad then sent a message to Suhayl ibn Amir , who similarly declined on the basis of tribal principle. Finally, Muhammad dispatched someone to ask Mut'im ibn 'Adiy , the chief of the Banu Nawfal . Mut'im agreed, and after equipping himself, he rode out in

2431-504: A message, rather than to strictly and accurately record history. Other important sources include the hadith collections, accounts of verbal and physical teachings and traditions attributed to Muhammad. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by Muslims including Muhammad al-Bukhari , Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj , Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi , Abd ar-Rahman al-Nasai , Abu Dawood , Ibn Majah , Malik ibn Anas , al-Daraqutni . Muslim scholars have typically placed

2574-474: A mission he accomplished successfully. His father died in 1758 at the age of 49, leaving the throne to his young son. Just seven days after his father's death, the brother of Aghasi Khan of Shirvan , Agharazi beg, invaded the Barmak Mahal of Quba and carried off 200 families. In response, Fatali Khan set out to Shirvan and captured about 400 families and settled them onto his possessions, killing Agharazi in

2717-527: A more illustrious suitor. When Muhammad was 25, his fortunes turned around; his business reputation caught the attention of his 40-year-old distant relative Khadija , a wealthy businesswoman who had staked out a successful career as a merchant in the caravan trade industry. She asked him to take one of her caravans into Syria, after which she was so impressed by his competence in the expedition that she proposed marriage to him; Muhammad accepted her offer and remained monogamous with her until her death. In 605,

2860-413: A mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, c.  610 , Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that 'God is One', that complete 'submission' ( Islām ) to God ( Allāh ) is the right way of life ( dīn ), and that he

3003-503: A place for the poor to gather to receive alms, food, and care. Christians and Jews were also allowed to participate in community worship at the mosque. Initially, Muhammad's religion had no organized way to call the community to prayer in a coordinated manner. To resolve this, Muhammad had considered using a ram's horn ( shofar ) like the Jews or a wooden clapper like the Christians, but one of

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3146-459: A regional rival. In 1767/8, in alliance with Muhammad Husayn Khan Mushtaq of Sheki , he invaded Shamakhi , which was ruled by Aghasi Khan and Muhammad Said Khan brothers. Several Dagestani rulers, including Akusha-Dargo Union and Principality of Tabasaran , also joined the march. After victory on the battlefield, the brothers wanted to negotiate. Muhammad Said khan himself went to Fatali Khan's court while Aghasi headed to Shaki. Aghasi khan

3289-476: A request he ignored. He also refused a request to let the Ottoman army pass through his territory, and advised other rulers not to collaborate with them. In 1768, Talysh Khan Gara Khan 's lands were invaded by Gilaki Hedayat-Allah Khan . Gara Khan's brother Kalb Ali (or Karbalai) Sultan appealed to Fatali for help. Seeing this as an opportunity to extend his influence, Fatali demanded the release of Gara Khan under

3432-676: A result, while Aghasi Khan re-established himself in Shirvan. Meanwhile, Amir Hamza attempted to capture Derbent, which was ruled by his sister Tuti Bike during the absence of her husband. Amir, accompanying body of perished Tishsiz Muhammad, approached the city and informed his sister that Fatali Khan had died and that he brought the body. Tuti, according to legend, ordered the city’s defenders to open fire, which forced Amir Hamza to retreat to Mushkur . Soon Amir Hamza gathering an army, raided Baku Khanate and besieged Derbent. Meanwhile, Fatali entered Derbent and started gathering adherents. While in

3575-422: A significant clandestine meeting was convened, again at Aqaba. In this gathering, seventy-five individuals from Medina (then Yathrib) attended, including two women, representing all the converts of the oases. Muhammad asked them to protect him as they would protect their wives and children. They concurred and gave him their oath, commonly referred to as the second pledge at al-Aqabah or the pledge of war. Paradise

3718-476: A violent man. The next day, a number of Quraysh approached him, asking if he had said what they had heard from their companions. He answered yes, and one of them seized him by his cloak. Abu Bakr intervened, tearfully saying, "Would you kill a man for saying God is my Lord?" And they left him. The Quraysh attempted to entice Muhammad to quit preaching by giving him admission to the merchants' inner circle as well as an advantageous marriage, but he refused both of

3861-405: Is a matter of time for them to only turn on him again". To further weaken his foes, Fatali drew Shikhmardan Bek, second son of Muhammad of Gazikumukh Khan, to his side. Fatali granted him a part of a Kura district which had earlier belonged to Derbent Khanate, and the revenues of Guney district that belonged Quba. He also granted Amir Hamza's nephew Muhammad beg 100 families from Quba and founded

4004-562: Is generally associated with Jerusalem. Over time, these different traditions merged to present the journey as one that began in Mecca, passed through Jerusalem, and then ascended to heaven. The dating of the events also differs from account to account. Ibn Sa'd recorded that Muhammad's Mi'raj took place first, from near the Kaaba to the heavens, on the 27th of Ramadan , 18 months before the Hijrah , while

4147-627: Is referred to as Muhammad in a number of verses. The Quranic text also describes the settlement of his followers in Yathrib after their expulsion by the Quraysh, and briefly mentions military encounters such as the Muslim victory at Badr . The Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammad's chronological biography; most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context and timeline. Almost none of Muhammad's companions are mentioned by name in

4290-449: Is the prophet of his people." Khadija instructed Muhammad to let her know if Gabriel returned. When he appeared during their private time, Khadija conducted tests by having Muhammad sit on her left thigh, right thigh, and lap, inquiring Muhammad if the being was still present each time. After Khadija removed her clothes with Muhammad on her lap, he reported that Gabriel left at that moment. Khadija thus told him to rejoice as she concluded it

4433-410: Is widely accepted as the starting point, but there is disagreement among Islamic traditions as to what constitutes "the farthest place of worship". Some modern scholars maintain that the earliest tradition saw this faraway site as a celestial twin of the Kaaba, so that Muhammad's journey took him directly from Mecca through the heavens. A later tradition, however, refers to it as Bayt al-Maqdis , which

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4576-450: Is widely believed by Western scholars that there was widespread fabrication of hadith during the early centuries of Islam to support certain theological and legal positions, and it has been suggested that it is "very likely that a considerable number of hadiths that can be found in the hadith collections did not actually originate with the Prophet". In addition, the meaning of

4719-566: The Hijrah , maintains that Muhammad penned the text and divulges its assumed content without supplying any isnad or corroboration. The appellation is generally deemed imprecise, as the text neither established a state nor enacted Quranic statutes, but rather addressed tribal matters. While scholars from both the West and the Muslim world agree on the text's authenticity, disagreements persist on whether it

4862-555: The hadith which have been compiled in later periods, but judge them in their historical context. Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim was born in Mecca c.  570 , and his birthday is believed to be in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal . He belonged to the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe, which was a dominant force in western Arabia. While his clan was one of

5005-579: The Abbasgulu Bakikhanov , Ilya Berezin, Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn , Nicholas Khanykov and Yevgeni Pakhomov . In 1911, the patron of Baku, Alasgar Agha Dadashov with architect Haji Najaf constructed a new building of the mosque. Also, the reconstruction of the tomb and the old mosque took a cubic form. After the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan in 1920, the Bolsheviks began lashing out against religion. Bibi-Heybat Mosque, along with

5148-499: The Black Stone and performing the ritual tawaf . As Muhammad passed by them, they reportedly said hurtful things to him. The same happened when he passed by them a second time. On his third pass, Muhammad stopped and said, "Will you listen to me, O Quraysh? By Him (God), who holds my life in His hand, I bring you slaughter." They fell silent and told him to go home, saying that he was not

5291-516: The Quran . But Muhammad asserted that the Quran, in the form he conveyed it, was already an extraordinary proof. According to Amr ibn al-As , several of the Quraysh gathered at Hijr and discussed how they had never faced such serious problems as they were facing from Muhammad. They said that he had derided their culture, denigrated their ancestors, scorned their faith, shattered their community, and cursed their gods. Sometime later, Muhammad came, kissing

5434-587: The Year of the Elephant , when Abraha , the Aksumite viceroy in the former Himyarite Kingdom , unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mecca. Recent studies, however, challenge this notion, as other evidence suggests that the expedition, if it had occurred, would have transpired substantially before Muhammad's birth. Later Muslim scholars presumably linked Abraha's renowned name to the narrative of Muhammad's birth to elucidate

5577-460: The 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Hijri era (mostly overlapping with the 8th and 9th centuries CE respectively). These include traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which provide additional information about his life. The earliest written sira (biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is Ibn Ishaq 's Life of God's Messenger written c.  767 (150 AH). Although

5720-638: The Abyssinian Kingdom of Aksum and found a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . Among those who departed were Umm Habiba , the daughter of one of the Quraysh chiefs, Abu Sufyan , and her husband. The Quraysh then sent two men to retrieve them. Because leatherwork at the time was highly prized in Abyssinia, they gathered a lot of skins and transported them there so they could distribute some to each of

5863-540: The Aws, who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them. The next year, five of the earlier converts revisited Muhammad, bringing with them seven newcomers, three of whom were from the Banu Aws. At Aqaba, near Mecca, they pledged their loyalty to him. Muhammad then entrusted Mus'ab ibn Umayr to join them on their return to Medina to promote Islam. Come June 622,

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6006-721: The Baku's Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and the Roman Catholic Church of the Immaculate Conception became a target for the new regime. The mosque was blown up in 1934 as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign . Only after the destruction of the mosque, in the same year in Moscow, Soviet government decided on conservation of architectural monuments of historical significance, while chairman of Azkomstarisa Salamov

6149-537: The Banu Khazraj. These men had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn would warn them that a prophet would be sent to punish them. On hearing Muhammad's religious message, they said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us. Don't let them get to him before us!" Upon embracing Islam, they returned to Medina and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and

6292-546: The Isra' from Mecca to Bayt al-Maqdis took place on the 17th night of the Last Rabi’ul before the Hijrah . As is well known, these two stories were later combined into one. In Ibn Hisham 's account, the Isra' came first and then the Mi'raj, and he put these stories before the deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib. In contrast, al-Tabari included only the story of Muhammad's ascension from

6435-656: The Khan concealed his death to secure his succession. Fatali Khan was a Shia Muslim . According to Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin , who visited him in his palace in Derbent , Fatali was well-regarded and did not hesitate to drink or use a hookah . Some of his followers even believed that he was practically an atheist . According to Isgander bey Hajinsky, he was also a bit promiscuous . He knew Russian, Persian and Azerbaijani languages , as well as various languages of Dagestan . Some samples of his poetic work have been preserved. Fatali

6578-428: The Meccans, but he was met with a response: "If you are truly a prophet, what need do you have of our help? If God sent you as his messenger, why doesn't He protect you? And if Allah wished to send a prophet, couldn't He have found a better person than you, a weak and fatherless orphan?" Realizing his efforts were in vain, Muhammad asked the people of Ta'if to keep the matter a secret, fearing that this would embolden

6721-403: The Muslims in the community had a dream where a man in a green cloak told him that someone with a loud booming voice should announce the service by crying out " allahu akbar " ('God is greater') to remind Muslims of their top priority; when Muhammad heard about this dream, he agreed with the idea and selected Bilal , a former Abyssinian slave known for his loud voice. The Constitution of Medina

6864-523: The Ottoman Empire broke out in 1768, the Porte unsuccessfully attempted to draw Fatali to their side. A contemporary Russian report said that "Recently, Turks sent some officers to the Khan of Quba, who rules Derbent, and he will persuade lezgis to arm against Russia in favor of the Porte". Messengers of Crimea's khan Qırım Giray also came to Fatali Khan with a request to come over to Porte's side and oppose Russia,

7007-517: The Quran tells a story about a group of men sleeping in a cave (Quran 18:9–25), which scholars generally link to the legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus. For the second query, the Quran speaks of Dhu al-Qarnayn , literally 'he of the two horns' (Quran 18:93–99), a tale that academics widely associate with the Alexander Romance . As for the third query, concerning the nature of the spirit,

7150-413: The Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found in transmitted reports, known as hadith , and in his biography ( sīrah ), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law . The Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of God revealed by the archangel Gabriel to Muhammad. The Quran is mainly addressed to a single "Messenger of God" who

7293-455: The Quran, hence not providing sufficient information for a concise biography. The Quran is considered to be contemporary with Muhammad, and the Birmingham manuscript has been radiocarbon dated to his lifetime, its discovery largely disproving Western revisionist theories about the Quran's origins. Important sources regarding Muhammad's life may be found in the historic works by writers of

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7436-592: The Quranic revelation asserted that it was beyond human comprehension. Neither the Jews who devised the questions nor the Quraysh who posed them to Muhammad converted to Islam upon receiving the answers. Nadr and Uqba were later executed on Muhammad's orders after the Battle of Badr , while other captives were held for ransom. As Uqba pleaded, "But who will take care of my children, Muhammad?" Muhammad responded, "Hell!" In 615, Muhammad sent some of his followers to emigrate to

7579-472: The Quraysh decided to roof the Kaaba , which had previously consisted only of walls. A complete rebuild was needed to accommodate the new weight. Amid concerns about upsetting the deities, a man stepped forth with a pickaxe and exclaimed, "O goddess! Fear not! Our intentions are only for the best." With that, he began demolishing it. The anxious Meccans awaited divine retribution overnight, but his unharmed continuation

7722-500: The Quraysh sent Nadr ibn al-Harith and Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt to Yathrib to seek the opinions of the Jewish rabbis regarding Muhammad. The rabbis advised them to ask Muhammad three questions: recount the tale of young men who ventured forth in the first age; narrate the story of a traveler who reached both the eastern and western ends of the earth; and provide details about the spirit. If Muhammad answered correctly, they stated, he would be

7865-449: The Russian government only after Treaty of Georgievsk . Fatali later marched on Karabakh Khanate in 1783 in alliance with Haji Khan , and unsuccessfully besieged Ibrahim Khalil Khan in Shusha fortress . Ibrahim Khalil then armed Muhammad Hasan to depose Haji, who fled to Aghasi Khan. Aghasi returned Haji to Shaki , where he was killed. Deprived of an important ally, Fatali returned to

8008-531: The Seventh Imam Musa al-Kadhim, sister of the eighth Imam Ali al-Ridha ". Based on the writings on the south wall of a mosque, historians attribute the construction by the end of the 13th century. Arabic inscription on the mosque wall reads: "The work Mahmud ibn Sa'd ", which is the same architect who built the Nardaran Fortress near Baku. Haji Sheikh Sharif was among many Muslims who is buried near

8151-456: The attack but changed their minds upon hearing the voices of Sawdah and some of Muhammad's daughters, since it was considered shameful to kill a man in front of the women in his family. They instead chose to wait until Muhammad left the house the next morning; one of the men peeked into a window and saw what he believed to be Muhammad (but was actually Ali dressed in Muhammad's cloak), though unbeknownst to them, Muhammad had previously escaped from

8294-505: The auspices of Russia," according to contemporary historian Abbasqulu Bakikhanov . Heraclius decided to return the Shamshadil to the Ganja at the request of Fatali. Immediately after the meeting, Fatali Khan fell ill, left for Baku to stay with his sister, and died there on 2 April [ O.S. 22 March] 1789. On 30 May, General Tekeli reported to Potemkin that associates of

8437-507: The back of the residence. When Ali went outside to go for a walk the following morning, the men realized they had been fooled, and the Quraysh consequently offered a 100-camel bounty for the return of Muhammad's body, dead or alive. After staying hidden for three days, Muhammad subsequently departed with Abu Bakr for Medina, which at the time was still named Yathrib; the two men arrived in Medina on 4 September 622. The Meccan Muslims who undertook

8580-521: The basis for Islamic religious belief. Muhammad was born c.  570 CE in Mecca . He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb . His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim , died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib . In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in

8723-467: The battle, while the khans of Shaki and Shamakhi escaped the scene. In 1774, Avar nuts again marched on Shamakhi and captured the city briefly. In response, Fatali set out to Shirvan with an army and detachment led by Malik Mahammad Khan , khan of Baku, in alliance with his traditional allies Akusha-Dargo Union and Principality of Tabasaran . Nutsal was defeated near Old Shamakhi. Fatali promised him safety and invited him to discuss terms, where Muhammad

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8866-568: The beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632,

9009-431: The blinded ex-ruler of Shamakhi, Aghasi Khan, escaped and urged Shaki to attack Fatali to retake Shirvan. This alliance was joined by Muhammad IV , Nutsal of Avars . He sent an armed detachment under his sons Bulach and Muhammad Mirza. The warring parties met at the outskirts of Shamakhi and decided to negotiate first. However, soon a fight broke out and turned into a full-blown battle. Both sons of Avar Khan died during

9152-407: The command. As Muhammad reiterated his inability to read, Gabriel choked him again in a similar manner. This sequence took place once more before Gabriel finally recited the verses, allowing Muhammad to memorize them. These verses later constituted Quran 96:1-5 . When Muhammad came to his senses, he felt scared; he started to think that after all of this spiritual struggle, he had been visited by

9295-421: The complex was decorated with ornaments. The inside of the mosque included an oblong rectangular room with a lancet arch. Under the dome, there were chandelier-candlestick ( shamdan ), and a hook on which it hung was surrounded by stained-glass. On the north side of the minaret and the mosque immediately adjoining the tomb, there was an inscription, which was discovered by Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn . From

9438-407: The conversion to Islam of a number of individuals in positions such as Hamza and Umar . Along with many others, Tabari recorded that Muhammad was desperate, hoping for an accommodation with his tribe. So, while he was in the presence of a number of Quraysh, after delivering verses mentioning three of their favorite deities (Quran 53:19–20), Satan put upon his tongue two short verses: "These are

9581-442: The divine origin of his revelations. Some historians posit that the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition in these instances are likely genuine, as they are improbable to have been concocted by later Muslims. Shortly after Waraqa's death, the revelations ceased for a period, causing Muhammad great distress and thoughts of suicide. On one occasion, he reportedly climbed a mountain intending to jump off. However, upon reaching

9724-407: The early community has been reevaluated. By the 20th century, Muslim scholars unanimously rejected this incident. On the other hand, most European biographers of Muhammad recognize the veracity of this incident of satanic verses on the basis of the criterion of embarrassment . Historian Alfred T. Welch proposes that the period of Muhammad's turning away from strict monotheism was likely far longer but

9867-672: The end of 1786, Umma Khan began a campaign against Shamakhi . Shemakha was captured and razed, and the inhabitants killed. Fatali was besieged in Aghsu for nine months, supported by Agha Muhammad Khan's brother Morteza Qoli . However, Fatali was forced to enter into negotiations with Umma Khan, betrothed him his daughter as a future wife (this marriage never took place), and handed over the revenues of Salyan and 200,000 rubles of indemnity . Not achieving their target, Sarkar princes left for Akhalkalaki in Ottoman Empire . In 1788, Fatali ordered

10010-460: The end of the encounter, Addas felt overwhelmed and kissed Muhammad's head, hands, and feet in recognition of his prophethood. On Muhammad's return journey to Mecca, news of the events in Ta'if had reached the ears of Abu Jahl , and he said, "They did not allow him to enter Ta'if, so let us deny him entry to Mecca as well." Knowing the gravity of the situation, Muhammad asked a passing horseman to deliver

10153-513: The end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca. Islamic tradition recounts that in light of the unfolding events, Abu Jahl proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each clan. Having been informed about this by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad asked his cousin Ali to lie in his bed covered with his green hadrami mantle, assuring that it would safeguard him. That night , the group of planned assassins approached Muhammad's home to carry out

10296-465: The end. Muhammad's other uncle, Abu Lahab , who succeeded the Banu Hashim clan leadership, was initially willing to provide Muhammad with protection. However, upon hearing from Muhammad that Abu Talib and Abd al-Muttalib were destined for hell due to not believing in Islam, he withdrew his support. Muhammad then went to Ta'if to try to establish himself in the city and gain aid and protection against

10439-648: The eponymous village of Mamedkala for him. Fatali also aided the Tabasaran princes Muhammad Husayn, Sohrab, Shir Ali, and Mustafa, whose ruling cousin Novruz bek was killed by Ali Qoli in 1776. Fatali then detained Ali Qoli in Derbent and exiled him to Salyan, and installed Muhammad Husayn beg as new prince. Kizlyar 's Russian commandant wrote to the government that Fatali was more powerful now that he could attack Kaitag Utsmi with help from Tabasaran. When war between Russia and

10582-561: The ex-Shirvan Aghasi and his sons Ahmad and Muhammad in Qonaqkənd under house arrest. Muhammad Said, concerned by Fatali's possible alliance with Aghasi, fled to Shaki, while his son Muhammad Reza came to Fatali. Fatali ordered Muhammad Reza to escort his uncle and cousins to prison in Baku, and appointed Muhammad Reza as the new Khan of Shirvan . Fatali also demanded Muhammad Hasan Khan return Muhammad Said and his two other sons Mahmud and Iskandar, who were sent to Salyan to be imprisoned. At

10725-684: The execution of the Khans of Shamakhi with their sons, and his own son-in-law Mahammad Reza. This series of executions again alarmed the Dagestani rulers. In 1788, Ali Soltan, Khan of Mehtuli , soon marched on Quba in alliance with Muhammad Hasan Khan and Umma Khan, capturing Aghsu and the bulk of the territory. Later the Mehdi, Shamkhal of Tarki , came to Fatali's rescue and forced Umma Khan to retreat to Karabakh . In March 1787, Fatali Khan signed an agreement with Heraclius II of Kartli-Kakheti , which established

10868-453: The famous Isra' and Mi'raj. Nowadays, Isra' is believed by Muslims to be the journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem , while Mi'raj is from Jerusalem to the heavens. There is considered no substantial basis for the Mi'raj in the Quran, as the Quran does not address it directly. Verse 17:1 of the Quran recounts Muhammad's night journey from a revered place of prayer to the most distant place of worship. The Kaaba , holy enclosure in Mecca,

11011-571: The fight against the Karabakh Khan, who dominated Ganja Khanate . In December 1788, Heraclius, now allied with Fatali and his vassal Muhammad Hasan Khan , was able to capture the outskirts of Ganja. In early 1789, Georgian troops led by the son of Heraclius, Prince Vakhtang , defeated Javad Khan. Fatali Khan and Muhammad Hasan Khan met with King Heraclius in January 1789, inside the Ganja Khanate, on

11154-635: The green and turquoise mirrors, which are bordered with gilded inscriptions from Qur'an . The men's praying room is located on the south side of the complex, while women - on the north side. Between them is the mausoleum. The builders used local varieties of limestone such as Gulbaht . On the inside the walls of marble carvings with calligraphic inscriptions such as muhaggah , Suls , Jami-Suls , Kufic, kufi-shatrandzh , musalsag , sofa and tugra . Also widely used such ornamental compositions as islimi , shukyufa , Bandy-Rumi , zendzhiri Selcuk (Seljuk chain), Shamsi , Jafari and Achma-yumma . The mosque

11297-487: The help of Tarki Shamkhalate , Kaitag Utsmiate , and the Principality of Tabasaran . Subordinating Derbent, Fatali gave a portion of land revenues from Derbent Khanate to Shamkhal and Utsmi, while the ruler of Tabasaran was given monetary compensation. Derbent's ruler Muhammad Hussein Khan was blinded and sent with his five-year-old son Ali beg to Quba, and then to Baku, where he was kept until he died in 1768. Ali lived as

11440-559: The high flying ones / whose intercession is to be hoped for." This led to a general reconciliation between Muhammad and the Meccans, and the Muslims in Abyssinia began to return home. However, the next day, Muhammad retracted these verses at the behest of Gabriel , claiming that they had been cast by Satan to his tongue and God had abrogated them. Instead, verses that revile those goddesses were then revealed. The returning Muslims thus had to make arrangements for clan protection before they could re-enter Mecca. This Satanic verses incident

11583-587: The hostage of Khan in Baku until 1796. Fatali married Tuti Bike, his cousin and sister of Kaitag utsmi Amir Hamza III , in 1766. Despite this, he refused to marry his younger half-sister Khadija Bike to Amir Hamza. Instead, he married her to Malik Muhammad Khan , son of Baku's Khan Mirza Muhammad I , effectively subordinating the Baku Khanate to himself. Control over the ports of Baku, Derbent, and Salyan, as well as their Caspian commerce in salt and crude oil, provided Khan money and reputation. Disgruntled over

11726-585: The hostility of the Quraysh against him. However, instead of accepting his request, they pelted him with stones, injuring his limbs. He eventually evaded this chaos and persecution by escaping to the garden of Utbah ibn Rabi'ah , a Meccan chief with a summer residence in Ta'if. Muhammad felt despair due to the unexpected rejection and hostility he received in the city; at this point, he realized he had no security or protection except from God , so he began praying. Shortly thereafter, Utbah's Christian slave Addas stopped by and offered grapes, which Muhammad accepted. By

11869-545: The imminent final judgment and the threat of hellfire for skeptics. Due to the complexity of the experience, Muhammad was initially very reluctant to tell others about his revelations; at first, he confided in only a few select family members and friends. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib , close friend Abu Bakr , and adopted son Zayd . As word of Muhammad's revelations continued to spread throughout

12012-440: The important role played by a small article by G. Sadig, written in 1925, which described the condition of the mosque compound in the mid-1920s also played key part in restoration of the mosque. A dedication ceremony, attended by President Heydar Aliyev, was held on July 11, 1997. In May 1999, the inauguration of the new mosque was held, while a monument to Shirvanshakh Farruhzade and Heydar Aliyev were unveiled in 2008. The mosque

12155-528: The inhabitants of Mecca , who were indifferent to his proselytizing activities, but when he started to attack their beliefs, tensions arose. The Quraysh challenged him to perform miracles , such as bringing forth springs of water, yet he declined, reasoning that the regularities of nature already served as sufficient proof of God's majesty. Some satirized his lack of success by wondering why God had not bestowed treasure upon him. Others called on him to visit Paradise and return with tangible parchment scrolls of

12298-595: The inhabitants sent messages inviting him to remove Tahir bey, then their ruler. He took territories of Derbent on the right bank of the Samur River – Mushkur , Niyazoba , Shabran , Rustov , Beshbarmag and also villages of Ulus district from Derbent's khan. In the same year, he campaigned against Gazikumukh Khanate , whose khan Muhammad recently killed Aghakishi beg , Khan of Shaki , and defeated him, installing Muhammad Husayn Khan Mushtaq in his place. Later in 1765, Fatali Khan annexed all of Derbent Khanate with

12441-448: The inscription, it was clear that this mausoleum was built in 1619 and interred here by Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Bin Abid, who died the next day after work. The modern restored mosque is a classic example of the Shirvan architectural school. The mosque has three domes, which have kept the traditional corrugated galvanised iron shape of the old mosque, and two minarets. The domes are decorated with

12584-469: The kingdom's generals. But the king firmly rejected their request. While Tabari and Ibn Hisham mentioned only one migration to Abyssinia, there were two sets according to Ibn Sa'd . Of these two, the majority of the first group returned to Mecca before the event of Hijrah , while the majority of the second group remained in Abyssinia at the time and went directly to Medina after the event of Hijrah . These accounts agree that persecution played

12727-480: The left bank of the Shamkhor River . Javad Khan also took part in this meeting. The allies worked out a plan of coordinated actions against Karabakh Khanate and divided the spheres of influence: Heraclius took the entire South Caucasus , while Fatali was to control Iranian Azerbaijan . Heraclius II and Fatali agreed to actively fight against the newly rising threat of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar and "act ... under

12870-419: The legal group, traditions could have been subject to invention while historic events, aside from exceptional cases, may have been subject only to "tendential shaping". Other scholars have criticized the reliability of this method, suggesting that one cannot neatly divide traditions into purely legal and historical categories. Western historians describe the purpose of these early biographies as largely to convey

13013-434: The literate ones recorded it in writing. Muhammad also introduced rituals to his group which included prayer ( salat ) with physical postures that embodied complete surrender ( islam ) to God , and almsgiving ( zakat ) as a requirement of the Muslim community ( ummah ). By this point, Muhammad's religious movement was known as tazakka ('purification'). Initially, he had no serious opposition from

13156-449: The marriage refusal, Amir Hamza captured Derbent and held it for 3 days with the excuse of visiting his sister. Fatali Khan later drove Amir Hamza and his Kaitag tax collectors from Derbent and took away the revenue villages which he presented to Amir Hamza. Fatali then appointed Eldar bek, nephew of Muhammad Khan of Gazimukh, as a steward of Derbent. These steps further alienated the Dagestani lords from Fatali, and they started to see him as

13299-574: The migration were then called the Muhajirun , while the Medinan Muslims were dubbed the Ansar . A few days after settling in Medina, Muhammad negotiated for the purchase of a piece of land; upon this plot, the Muslims began constructing a building that would become Muhammad's residence as well as a community gathering place ( masjid ) for prayer ( salat ). Tree trunks were used as pillars to hold up

13442-458: The more distinguished in the tribe, it seems to have experienced a lack of prosperity during his early years. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a hanif , someone who professed monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia . He is also claimed to have been a descendant of Ishmael , son of Abraham . The name Muhammad means "praiseworthy" in Arabic and it appears four times in the Quran . He

13585-445: The morning with his sons and nephews to accompany Muhammad to the city. When Abu Jahl saw him, he asked if Mut'im was simply giving him protection or if he had already converted to his religion. Mut'im replied, "Granting him protection, of course." Then Abu Jahl said, "We will protect whomever you protect." It is at this low point in Muhammad's life that the accounts in the Sīrah lay out

13728-459: The mosque. He arrived in Baku to spread Sufism , and spent the rest of his life in this mosque. Famous French writer, Alexandre Dumas , who visited the mosque in the 1840s, in his book "The World" wrote: The mosque - a place of worship for infertile women, they come here on foot, worship, and within a year gain the ability to give birth . The mention of the mosque is also found in the works of local and European explorers and travelers, such as

13871-490: The name of Fatali Khan , whose tombstone marble slab is now in the Azerbaijan State Museum of History . From 1305 to 1313, Mahmud ibn Sa'd built the mosque's minarets. The top of the thread and stalactites, raised by a small pillar, surmounted by a semicircular dome of Rebrov. Railing minarets were patterned with stone grill. Graphic studies showed that the height of the minaret was about 22 m. The rich interior of

14014-479: The next day was seen as a sign of heavenly approval. According to a narrative collected by Ibn Ishaq , when it was time to reattach the Black Stone , a dispute arose over which clan should have the privilege. It was determined that the first person to step into the Kaaba's court would arbitrate. Muhammad took on this role, asking for a cloak. He placed the stone on it, guiding clan representatives to jointly elevate it to its position. He then personally secured it within

14157-514: The next two years, until he was eight years old, Muhammad was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib , until the latter's death. He then came under the care of his uncle, Abu Talib , the new leader of the Banu Hashim. Abu Talib's brothers assisted with Muhammad's learning – Hamza , the youngest, trained Muhammad in archery , swordsmanship , and martial arts . Another uncle, Abbas , provided Muhammad with

14300-586: The offers. A delegation of them then, led by the leader of the Makhzum clan, known by the Muslims as Abu Jahl , went to Muhammad's uncle Abu Talib , head of the Hashim clan and Muhammad's caretaker, giving him an ultimatum to disown Muhammad: "By God, we can no longer endure this vilification of our forefathers, this derision of our traditional values, this abuse of our gods. Either you stop Muhammad yourself, Abu Talib, or you must let us stop him. Since you yourself take

14443-418: The original work was lost, this sira survives as extensive excerpts in works by Ibn Hisham and to a lesser extent by Al-Tabari . However, Ibn Hisham wrote in the preface to his biography of Muhammad that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Another early historical source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by al-Waqidi ( d.  207  AH), and

14586-704: The peak, Gabriel appeared to him, affirming his status as the true Messenger of God. This encounter soothed Muhammad, and he returned home. Later, when there was another long break between revelations, he repeated this action, but Gabriel intervened similarly, calming him and causing him to return home. Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages. The early Quranic revelations utilized approaches of cautioning non-believers with divine punishment, while promising rewards to believers. They conveyed potential consequences like famine and killing for those who rejected Muhammad's God and alluded to past and future calamities. The verses also stressed

14729-484: The people of Mecca and the Muslims. Muhammad delivered Quranic verses permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans. According to the traditional account, on 11 February 624, while praying in the Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Medina, Muhammad received revelations from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. Muhammad adjusted to the new direction, and his companions praying with him followed his lead, beginning

14872-652: The pretext that the Talysh beys recognized him as their overlord and pledged to pay tribute, and therefore Gara Khan should be released and returned to Lankaran . In July 1769 Russian consul to Baku informed the authorities that Fatali refused the request of the Sultan's government to act against Russia, and refused to accept gifts delivered to him. In September 1770 one of the diplomatic representatives of Russia wrote that "Fatali Khan didn’t show any inclination to their side; indeed, he doesn’t want to begin anything against Russia, except

15015-508: The rest of his family, they became increasingly divided on the matter, with the youth and women generally believing in him, while most of the men in the elder generations were staunchly opposed. Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public; many of his first followers were women, freedmen , servants, slaves, and other members of the lower social class . These converts keenly awaited each new revelation from Muhammad; when he recited it, they all would repeat after him and memorize it, and

15158-545: The rest of the South Caucasus. He invaded Karabakh Khanate in 1780 by crossing the Kura River , but the Georgian king Erekle II helped Ibrahim Khalil Khan by sending him a detachment under the command of princes George and David . In August of that year, the Khan undertook an unsuccessful campaign, but by the beginning of 1781, he had penetrated deep into Karabakh. Meanwhile, his brother-in-law and vassal Malik Muhammad Khan

15301-634: The rest of the khanate on 17 August 1768, arresting Manaf himself. The Shaki armies were crushed by the Quba and Gazikumukh alliance on 20 September 1768, Shirvan was fully annexed to the Quba Khanate. A peace agreement was signed in July 1769. According to Stepan Sharipin and Egor Zamyatin, Russian merchants from Astrakhan , "Huseyn khan wanted to possess all seized lands in Shamakhi and then to be its ruler, but no one can repudiate Fatali Khan from it." Meanwhile,

15444-420: The roof, and there was no fancy pulpit; instead, Muhammad stood on top of a small stool to speak to the congregation. The structure was completed after about seven months in April 623, becoming the first Muslim building and mosque; its northern wall had a stone marking the direction of prayer ( qibla ) which was Jerusalem at that time. Muhammad used the building to host public and political meetings, as well as

15587-570: The same position as we do, in opposition to what he’s saying, we will rid you of him." Abu Talib politely dismissed them at first, thinking it was just a heated talk. But as Muhammad grew more vocal, Abu Talib requested Muhammad to not burden him beyond what he could bear, to which Muhammad wept and replied that he would not stop even if they put the sun in his right hand and the moon in his left. When he turned around, Abu Talib called him and said, "Come back nephew, say what you please, for by God I will never give you up on any account." The leaders of

15730-546: The sanctuary in Mecca to "the earthly heaven". Tabari placed this story at the beginning of Muhammad's public ministry, between his account of Khadija becoming "the first to believe in the Messenger of God" and his account of "the first male to believe in the Messenger of God". As resistance to his proselytism in Mecca grew, Muhammad began to limit his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During this period, Muhammad had an encounter with six individuals from

15873-513: The siege of Derbent and tried to battle Medem, but was defeated by the Russian army in Iran-Kharab . Fatali recaptured Derbent and sent keys to the city to Catherine II, also asking her to grant him citizenship of Russia. On 10 May 1775, Fatali marched on Kaitag Utsmiate and Principality of Tabasaran with a Russian detachment led by major Cridner. Amir Hamza attacked them near Bashlykent , "but he

16016-520: The south in spring of 1784 and attacked Karabakh ally Ardabil Khanate , pushing out Ibrahim Khalil's in-law Nazarali Khan Shahsevan , seizing Ardabil and Meshkin . He then appointed Hasan Khan Shahseven of Javad as a governor to Ardabil, and Khudaverdi bey to Meshkin. Not wanting a new escalation with Qajar Iran , Potemkin demanded that Fatali withdraw his troops. Soon Fatali withdrew to Quba, preparing another campaign in Shirvan. In 1785, Fatali forced Gara Khan of Talysh to be his vassal. Gara

16159-438: The story with details that contradict each other. All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been considered fictitious by modern historians as well as by some medieval Muslim scholars such as al-Dhahabi . Sometime later in his life, Muhammad proposed marriage to his cousin and first love, Fakhitah bint Abi Talib . But likely owing to his poverty, his proposal was rejected by her father, Abu Talib, who chose

16302-567: The streets and engage in public debates without being physically harmed. At a later point, a faction within Quraysh, sympathizing with Banu Hashim, initiated efforts to end the sanctions, resulting in a general consensus in 619 to lift the ban. In 619, Muhammad faced a period of sorrow. His wife, Khadija , a crucial source of his financial and emotional support, died. In the same year, his uncle and guardian, Abu Talib , also died. Despite Muhammad's persuasions to Abu Talib to embrace Islam on his deathbed, he clung to his polytheistic beliefs until

16445-662: The tradition of facing Mecca during prayer. Fatali Khan Fatali Khan or Fath Ali Khan of Quba ( Persian : فتحعلی‌خان قبه‌ای ) (1736 – March 29, 1789) was a khan of the Quba Khanate (1758–1789) who also managed to dominate the Derbent , Baku , Talysh and Shirvan Khanates , as well as the Salyan Sultanate during much of his reign. Fatali was born in 1736 in Quba to Husayn Ali Khan of Quba Khanate and Peri Jahan-Bike, daughter of Ahmad Khan, Utsmi of Kaitags . He

16588-533: The two brothers and thus weakening Shirvan. Seeing Heraclius as an obstacle in his campaign for dominion in the Caucasus, Fatali supported Prince Alexander – an aspirant to the throne of Kartli-Kakheti – accompanied by Prince Alexander Amilakhvari in August 1782. Fatali's harboring of a potential rival to the Georgian throne was one of the factors that forced Heraclius II to seek Russian protection. Fatali gave them up to

16731-466: The unclear passage about "the men of elephants" in Quran 105:1–5. The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity deems the tale of Abraha's war elephant expedition as a myth. Muhammad's father, Abdullah , died almost six months before he was born. Muhammad then stayed with his foster mother, Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb , and her husband until he was two years old. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother Amina to illness and became an orphan. For

16874-487: The wall. The financial security Muhammad enjoyed from Khadija , his wealthy wife, gave him plenty of free time to spend in solitude in the cave of Hira . According to Islamic tradition, in 610, when he was 40 years old, the angel Gabriel appeared to him during his visit to the cave. The angel showed him a cloth with Quranic verses on it and instructed him to read. When Muhammad confessed his illiteracy, Gabriel choked him forcefully, nearly suffocating him, and repeated

17017-562: The work of Waqidi's secretary Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi ( d.  230  AH). Due to these early biographical efforts, more is known about Muhammad than almost any other founder of a major religion. Narratives of Islamic Origins Many scholars accept these early biographies as authentic. However, Waqidi's biography has been widely criticized by Islamic scholars for his methods, in particular his decision to omit his sources. Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and purely historical events. In

17160-593: Was Muhammad's promise to them in exchange for their loyalty. Subsequently, Muhammad called upon the Meccan Muslims to relocate to Medina. This event is known as the Hijrah , literally meaning 'severing of kinship ties'. The departures spanned approximately three months. To avoid arriving in Medina by himself with his followers remaining in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed back to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant. Some were held back by their families from leaving, but in

17303-493: Was a legal covenant written by Muhammad. In the constitution, Medina's Arab and Jewish tribes promised to live peacefully alongside the Muslims and to refrain from making a separate treaty with Mecca. It also guaranteed the Jews freedom of religion. In the agreement, everyone under its jurisdiction was required to defend and protect the oasis if attacked. Politically, the agreement helped Muhammad better understand which people were on his side. Ibn Ishaq , following his narration of

17446-422: Was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam . Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced persecution by Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah , marks

17589-464: Was a treaty or a unilateral proclamation by Muhammad, the number of documents it comprised, the primary parties, the specific timing of its creation (or that of its constituent parts), whether it was drafted before or after Muhammad's removal of the three leading Jewish tribes of Medina, and the proper approach to translating it. Following the emigration, the people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. War would later break out between

17732-480: Was also known as "al-Amin" ( lit.   ' faithful ' ) when he was young; however, historians differ as to whether it was given by people as a reflection of his nature or was simply a given name from his parents, i.e., a masculine form of his mother's name "Amina". Muhammad acquired the kunya of Abu al-Qasim later in his life after the birth of his son Qasim, who died two years afterwards. Islamic tradition states that Muhammad's birth year coincided with

17875-471: Was ambushed by Fatali's armies. Nevertheless, the coalition defeated Fatali's army of 8,000 in the battle of Gavdushan , near the city of Khudat , in July 1774, forcing him to flee to Salyan . Muhammad the Toothless of the Dagestani forces perished during the battle; Eldar-beg, Fatali's viceroy in Derbent, and Maysum Shaykh-Ali of Tabasaran were killed on the Quba side. Muhammad of Gazikumukh seized Quba as

18018-526: Was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam . According to Islam , he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets and last Ulu al-ʿAzm Prophet in Islam along with the Quran , his teachings and normative examples form

18161-406: Was blinded by the khan of Shaki while his brother was imprisoned by Fatali. Fatali Khan and Muhammad Huseyn Khan divided the lands of Shirvan Khanate between themselves. The Kessan and Sadanrud districts were given to Shaki, while Fatali took the rest. Fatali ordered the destruction of New Shamakhi and a resettlement of the residents to the older Shamakhi. In one of the documents of period it

18304-462: Was built over the tomb of the daughter of the seventh Shiite Imam - Musa al-Kadhim , who fled to Baku from persecution of Abbasid caliphs . On the tomb there is carved on a stone inscription indicating that Ukeyma Khanum belongs to the sacred family: " Here was buried Ukeyma Khanum, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad , the granddaughter of the sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq , the daughter of

18447-589: Was captured in Karabakh and was later released. Seeing this as a humiliation, Fatali appointed 11-year-old Mirza Muhammad Khan II as Baku khan and forced his father to go on pilgrimage in 1781. Thanks to his sister acting as regent for khan, Fatali became true ruler of Baku. He also released the brother of Aghasi Khan , Muhammad Said, and reinstated him in Shirvan Khanate . He then married his sister Fatima to Muhammad Said's son Muhammad Reza, causing rivalry between

18590-421: Was designed by Azerbaijani architect Sanan Sultanov. 40°18′31″N 49°49′13″E  /  40.30861°N 49.82028°E  / 40.30861; 49.82028 Muhammad Muhammad ( / m oʊ ˈ h ɑː m ə d / ; Arabic : مُحَمَّد , romanized :  Muḥammad , lit.   'praiseworthy'; [mʊˈħæm.mæd] ; c.  570  – 8 June 632 CE)

18733-410: Was forced to make peace by marrying Huri Khanum, sister of Fatali Khan, and married his own sister Tubu Khanum to Fatali. Fatali forged an alliance with Tarki Shamkhalate, marrying his son Ahmad Khan to Kichik Bike, daughter of Shamkhal Bammat II, in 1787. His old enemy Amir Hamza also died that year and was succeeded by his brother Ustar Khan, who was more friendly to Fatali. Meanwhile, Fatali kept

18876-534: Was forced to seek asylum with Fatali Khan. Fatali sent an army of 9,000 to Gilan in alliance with Tarki Shamkhalate and Kaitag Utsmiate ; the general command was carried out by the Nāẓir Mirza bey Bayat. This army ousted the forces of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and reestablished Hidayat Khan's reign in Gilan, forcing Qajar to return to Gilan. Emboldened by his successes, Fatali Khan desired to extend his influence to

19019-402: Was later encapsulated in a story that made it much shorter and implicated Satan as the culprit. In 616, an agreement was established whereby all other Quraysh clans were to enforce a ban on the Banu Hashim , prohibiting trade and marriage with them. Nevertheless, Banu Hashim members could still move around the town freely. Despite facing increasing verbal abuse, Muhammad continued to navigate

19162-471: Was murdered by Dargins of Akusha. The murder of Avar Khan alarmed the neighboring rulers in Dagestan. New Avar leader Umma Khan tried to forge an anti-Quba alliance with other Dagestani and Caucasian feudal lords by marrying his sister Bakhtika to Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Karabakh. Having gathered a 4,000-strong army, the coalition was led by Amir Hamza, who marched into Quba but retreated north where he

19305-484: Was not Satan but an angel visiting him. Muhammad's demeanor during his moments of inspiration frequently led to allegations from his contemporaries that he was under the influence of a jinn, a soothsayer, or a magician, suggesting that his experiences during these events bore resemblance to those associated with such figures widely recognized in ancient Arabia. Nonetheless, these enigmatic seizure events might have served as persuasive evidence for his followers regarding

19448-422: Was not a naturalistic angel , but rather a transcendent presence that resisted the ordinary limits of humanity and space. Frightened and unable to understand the experience, Muhammad hurriedly staggered down the mountain to his wife Khadija. By the time he got to her, he was already crawling on his hands and knees, shaking wildly and crying "Cover me!", as he thrust himself onto her lap. Khadija wrapped him in

19591-408: Was overthrown by an action of the artillery with great losses and took to flight." According to Mirza Hasan Alkadari , Fatali also defeated Muhammad of Gazikumukh's armies and took neighboring Kura plain . The anti-Quba coalition asked for peace and offered hostages, but also demanded Fatali to vacate Derbent, a condition which Russian command rejected. In March and April 1776, the sides convened

19734-473: Was reconstructed and enlarged by the Presidential decree in 2005. New halls have been constructed to insure the convenience of pilgrims. The old mosque was situated in the southern part of the tomb, while there was a 20-meter-high (66 ft) minaret in the west part of the mosque. Later a crypt and two niches were added to the mosque to the south of the minaret. On the niches there were inscriptions containing

19877-440: Was related to other Dagestani rulers, such as Umma Khan V , who was his maternal cousin, Amir Hamza , his cousin and brother-in-law, as well as Utsmi of Kaitags , among others. According to the 19th-century military historian Isgandar bey Hajinski (1809–1878), he had no special education and "spent his youth just as sons of other khans, i.e. in idleness." He was sent to subjugate Salyan Sultanate in 1755 or 1756 by his father,

20020-605: Was replaced by Mir Mustafa Khan in 1786, who was in Fatali's custody. Now in charge of entire Caucasian coast of Caspian Sea , Fatali decided to march on Shirvan Khanate. In 1785, Mehrali bey , who was Ibrahim Khalil Khan 's brother, was ambushed on his way from Baku to Shirvan by Ahmed Khan, son of Aghasi Khan of Shirvan. Fatali sent the body back to Shusha . Now deprived of an important ally, Aghasi Khan submitted to Fatali, who sent him to Quba with his sons. Fatali then moved on to Shaki to defeat Muhammad Hasan Khan . Muhammad Hasan

20163-448: Was reported en masse and documented by nearly all of the major biographers of Muhammad in Islam's first two centuries, which according to them corresponds to Quran 22:52. But since the rise of the hadith movement and systematic theology with its new doctrines, including the Ismah , which claimed that Muhammad was infallible and thus could not be fooled by Satan, the historical memory of

20306-486: Was sentenced to 20 years exile in Siberia for the destruction of the mosque. In 1994, after Azerbaijan gained its independence, then president Heydar Aliyev ordered the construction of a new building for Bibi-Heybat Mosque at the same place where it was destroyed. The layout and size of the complex were restored in 1980 on the basis of photographs taken shortly before the explosion. The records of various travellers, including

20449-621: Was written that: “…Fatali Khan gave New Shamakhi to Huseyn Khan, but took himself the older one" . Beginning from 1768, in official Russian documents and titular appeals, Fatali was named "high-degree and highly respected Khan of Derbent, Quba and Shamakhi". Manaf Zarnavai, a naib of the Muhammad Huseyn (and son of former Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan ) in New Shamakhi conspired to seize Fatali's lands by force, but Fatali's informants forewarned him, leading him to raise an army of 15,000 and invade

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