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40-631: Under the Safavid dynasty of Iran , Shirvan was a leading silk manufacturer and its principal city, Shamakhi , became an important place for trade. In 1724, most of Shirvan was annexed to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople . In 1734, the Iranian military leader Nader recovered Shirvan and installed Mohammad Mehdi Khan as its beglarbegi (governor-general). The following year, Mohammad Mehdi Khan

80-691: A Sultan, in Ottoman territory he was most often referred to as Padishah and several used the title Shah in their tughras . Their male offspring received the title of Şehzade , or prince (literally, "offspring of the Shah", from Persian shahzadeh ). The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām , literally "King of Kings" in Old Persian, corresponding to Middle Persian Šâhân Šâh , and Modern Persian شاهنشاه ( Šâhanšâh ). In Greek , this phrase

120-670: A few months later, the tide had completely turned with the Iranian army suffering decisive defeats against the militarily superior Russians. In September 1826, Abbas Mirza was defeated at Ganja by Ivan Paskevich , and thus the army had to retreat over the Aras. Mostafa Khan, accompanied by a small retinue, fled once again to mainland Iran. The Khanate was composed of 17 mahals (districts): Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty ( / ˈ s æ f ə v ɪ d , ˈ s ɑː -/ ; Persian : دودمان صفوی , romanized :  Dudmâne Safavi , pronounced [d̪uːd̪ˈmɒːne sæfæˈviː] )

160-613: A few specimens of his Persian verse have survived. A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. Shah Tahmasp who has composed poetry in Persian was also a painter, while Shah Abbas II was known as a poet, writing Azerbaijani verses. Sam Mirza, the son of Ismail I was himself a poet and composed his poetry in Persian. He also compiled an anthology of contemporary poetry. Shah Shah ( / ʃ ɑː / ; Persian : شاه , Šāh [ʃɒːh] , lit.   ' king ' )

200-668: Is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies . It was also used by a variety of Persianate societies , such as the Ottoman Empire , the Kazakh Khanate , the Khanate of Bukhara , the Emirate of Bukhara , the Mughal Empire , the Bengal Sultanate , historical Afghan dynasties , and among Gurkhas . Rather than regarding himself as simply a king of

240-462: Is derived. Most recently, the form xšāyaθiya has been analyzed as a genuine, inherited Persian formation with the meaning 'pertaining to reigning, ruling'. This formation with the "origin" suffix -iya is derived from a deverbal abstract noun * xšāy-aθa- 'rule, ruling, Herrschaft ' , from the (Old Persian) verb xšāy- 'to rule, reign'. The full, Old Persian title of the Achaemenid rulers of

280-558: Is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century. By the time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were Turkicized and Turkish-speaking, and some of

320-752: The Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , Armenia , eastern Georgia , parts of the North Caucasus including Russia , Iraq , Kuwait , and Afghanistan , as well as parts of Turkey , Syria , Pakistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . Despite their demise in 1736,

360-575: The Kur River . He then installed as Sardar Khan Qaraqlu the new governor of Shirvan, and soon appointed Heydar Khan Afshar as the ruler of both Shirvan and Darband. In 1743, the Safavid pretender Sam Mirza led a local rebellion, overthrowing Heydar Khan. In 1761, the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand ( r.  1751–1779 ) approved the request of the inhabitants of Old Shamakhi to overthrow Sardar Khan Qaraqlu and install their own applicant, Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan , as

400-591: The Middle East , Central Asia , Caucasus , Anatolia , the Persian Gulf , and Mesopotamia . The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be sayyids , family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan , and later moved to Iranian Azerbaijan , finally settling in

440-633: The Safavid order of Sufism , which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman , Georgian , Circassian , and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified . From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted

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480-505: The 11th century CE at Ardabil . Traditional pre-1501 Safavid manuscripts trace the lineage of the Safavids to the Kurdish dignitary, Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah . According to historians, including Vladimir Minorsky and Roger Savory , the Safavids were Turkish speakers of Iranian origin: From the evidence available at the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it

520-572: The First Persian Empire was Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām or (Middle Persian) Šâhân Šâh , "King of Kings" or "Emperor". This title has ancient Near Eastern or Mesopotamian precedents. The earliest attestation of such a title dates back to the Middle Assyrian period as šar šarrāni , in reference to the Assyrian ruler Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243–1207 BC). Šāh , or Šāhanšāh ( King of Kings ) to use

560-737: The Holy Qur'an." Mostafa Khan was allowed to administer the khanate and had to give an annual tribute in gold rubles to the Russians. Furthermore, he had to send hostages to Tiflis (Tbilisi), which had recently been annexed and transformed into the "base" of the Russian Caucasus Viceroyalty . Lastly, he also had to provide food and accommodation for the Russian garrisons. After Tsitsianov was killed in Baku in 1806, Mostafa Khan repudiated his allegiance to

600-746: The Persian Empire (later the Empire of Iran ). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) European parts of the Ottoman Empire , and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as padishah . In

640-719: The Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate. This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the Russo-Iranian War of 1826-1828 . Crown prince Abbas Mirza led a full-scale attack in the summer of 1826 order to recover the Iranian territories that had been lost by the Gulistan treaty. The war started off well for the Iranians; they quickly recaptured Ganja , Shirvan and Shaki amongst others, and performed attacks on Tiflis. The government then reinstated Mostafa in Shirvan. However, just

680-525: The Russians would recognize a Shirvan Khanate "enlarged" to the boundaries of the Shirvanshah 's of the Medieval era. Though Mostafa Khan was uncomfortable with Tsitsianov's proposal, the latter threatened that if he wouldn't agree with his terms, he would replace Mostafa with his younger brother (who was reportedly enthusiastic about it). Anyhow, the Russians invaded the khanate, and on 6 January 1806, Mostafa Khan

720-509: The Russians, and re-submitted himself to the shah . Things changed when Aleksey Yermolov took office as the new Russian commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, in 1816. A staunch Russian imperialist, Yermolov was committed to bringing the entire Caucasus under the Russian sway. He wanted to establish the Aras river as the border between Iran and Russia at all costs, and was therefore determined to conquer

760-474: The Shahs composed poems in their then-native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp , while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well. The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali,

800-552: The accession of Tahmasp I . The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. There are extant Tati and Persian poetry from Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili as well as extant Persian poetry from Shaykh Sadr ad-din. Most of the extant poetry of Shah Ismail I is in Azerbaijani pen-name of Khatai. Sam Mirza, the son of Shah Ismail as well as some later authors assert that Ismail composed poems both in Turkish and Persian but only

840-598: The concurrent dynasty (i.e. European-style monarchies ), each Iranian ruler regarded himself as the Shahanshah ( شاهنشاه , Šâhanšâh , lit.   ' King of Kings ' ) or Padishah ( پادشاه , Pâdešâh , lit.   ' Master King ' ) in the sense of a continuation of the original Persian Empire . The word descends from Old Persian xšāyaθiya "king", as it was compared to Avestan xšaθra- , "power" and "command", corresponding to Sanskrit kṣatra- (same meaning), from which kṣatriya - , "warrior",

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880-514: The cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shiʻa as the first Imam. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1501, the dynasty would continue to have many intermarriages with both Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with

920-765: The element "šah," meaning "king" in Middle Persian and New Persian . These names can be found in both masculine and feminine forms and may include native Armenian or foreign components. The element "šah" can appear as either the first or second component and is sometimes part of doublet forms with the components reversed. For example, masculine names include Šah-amir and Amir-šah, Šah-paron and Paron-šah, and Vahram-šah; feminine names include Šah-xat‘un and Xat‘un-šah, and Šah-tikin. Some examples of these compound names include masculine Šah-aziz and feminine Aziz-šah, masculine Sult‘an-šah and feminine Šah-sult‘an, and masculine Melik‘-šah and feminine Šah-melē/ik‘. These names, particularly

960-479: The feminine forms, sometimes vary in gender depending on the source. The name Artamšin, for instance, is based on *Artam from Old Iranian *R̥tāma-, interpreted as "having power of/from R̥ta." The auslaut of the Armenian name suggests a connection to the Iranian word for "king," šāh, found in various languages including Middle Persian and New Persian. In another example, the name Šaštʻi is interpreted as "Šah-Lady," with

1000-577: The full-length term, was the title of the Persian emperors . It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid dynasty , who unified Persia in the sixth century BC, and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the 20th century and the Imperial House of Pahlavi . While in Western sources the Ottoman monarch is most often referred to as

1040-521: The governor of Shirvan. Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan governed Shirvan until 1763, when Fath-Ali Khan of Quba gained influence there, and appointed his own governors, such as Aghasi Beg and Askar Beg, both members of the same family. Askar Beg, along with supporters from the Khanchoban tribe, returned to Old Shamakhi, and soon became powerful enough to establish control over New Shamakhi. Aghasi Beg and another family member Mohammad Sa'id successfully acquired

1080-649: The last remaining khanates under Iranian rule; the Erivan Khanate and the Nakchivan Khanate . When Ismail, the khan of Shaki , died in 1819 without any heir, Yermolov annexed the entity. Realizing what was going to happen to himself, Mostafa Khan fled to mainland Iran in 1820 with his son; Yermolov did not waste any time to annex the Shirvan Khanate. Several years later, in violation of the Gulistan treaty (1813),

1120-447: The legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West , the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon " checks and balances ", their architectural innovations , and patronage for fine arts . The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Iran , as well as spreading Shīʿa Islam in major parts of

1160-447: The realm of a shah (or a loftier derived ruler style), a prince or princess of the royal blood was logically called shahzada as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -zâde or -zâdeh, "born from" or "descendant of". However the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah's kingdom. This title was given to the princes of the Ottoman Empire ( Şehzade , Ottoman Turkish : شهزاده) and

1200-540: The second component reflecting the Arabic term sittī, meaning "My lady, lady." This name is found in a colophon from the Kołbay monastery as the name of a sister of Dawitʻ and priest Vardan. Overall, Armenian compound names containing the element "šah" provide insight into the linguistic and cultural interactions between Armenian and Iranian languages and cultures. Shahzade ( Persian : شاهزاده , transliterated as Šâhzâde ). In

1240-409: The sovereign shah bahadur (see above) were by birth-right styled "Shahzada [personal title] Mirza [personal name] Bahadur", though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives. Other male descendants of the sovereign in the male line were merely styled "Mirza [personal name]" or "[personal name] Mirza". This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties. For example,

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1280-460: The title of khan from Karim Khan Zand. The family were in control of Shirvan until 1767, when a combined army from Quba and Shakki captured Old Shamakhi. Fath-Ali Khan of Quba had Mohammad Sa'id imprisoned, while Hosein Khan of Shakki had Aghasi Khan blinded. Shirvan was subsequently divided between Quba and Shakki. Nevertheless, Aghasi Khan later managed to restore his control over Shirvan, in 1774. He

1320-445: The twentieth century, the Shah of Persia , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , officially adopted the title شاهنشاه Šâhanšâh and, in western languages, the rendering Emperor . He also styled his wife شهبانو Shahbânū ("Empress"). Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah, as the Iranian monarchy was abolished after the 1979 Iranian Revolution . Armenian compound personal names often contain

1360-507: The younger sons of the ruling Sikh maharaja of Punjab were styled "Shahzada [personal name] Singh Bahadur". The borrowing shahajada , "Shah's son", taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, was the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a Nepalese sovereign in the male line of the Shah dynasty until its abolition in 2008. For the heir to a "Persian-style" shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing

1400-503: Was forced to submit. "I, Mostafa Khan of Shirvan, in my name and that of my heirs, remove myself forever from the vassalage or honors of Persia (Iran) or any other state. I declare before the entire world that I do not recognize anyone as my liege, except His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of All the Russias, and His heirs to the throne. I promise to be a loyal slave to that throne. I swear this by

1440-454: Was killed by rebellious dignitaries of the province. They had been incited by the governor of Darband , Morad-Ali Soltan Ostajlu. Mohammad Qasem Beg, who was a prominent dignitary of Shirvan and Nader's ishikaghasi-bashi (chamberlain), successfully appealed to Nader to pardon Shirvan. In 1735, Nader had the inhabitants of Shamakhi resettled in New Shamakhi ( Aqsu ), situated 18 miles north of

1480-575: Was later succeeded by his son Mostafa Khan . After the massacre in Ganja , Mostafa Khan asked the central government in Tehran for assistance, in order to prevent Tsitsianov 's advance. The government responded by sending an army under general Pir Qoli Khan Qajar . However, when the general had reached the Mughan plain , he found out that Mostafa Khan had entered negotiations with the Russians. Mostafa Khan hoped that

1520-504: Was one of Iran 's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736 . Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history , as well as one of the gunpowder empires . The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire , marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam . The Safavid dynasty had its origin in

1560-440: Was translated as βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων ( basileus tōn basiléōn ), "King of Kings", equivalent to "Emperor". Both terms were often shortened to their roots shah and basileus . In Western languages, Shah is often used as an imprecise rendering of Šāhanšāh . For a long time, Europeans thought of Shah as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the monarchs of Persia regarded themselves as emperors of

1600-637: Was used by the princes of Islamic India ( Shahzāda , Urdu : شہزاده, Bengali : শাহজাদা , romanized :  Shāhozāda ) such as in the Mughal Empire. The Mughals and the Sultans of Delhi were of Indian origin and Mongol-Turkic origin but were heavily influenced by Persian culture, a continuation of traditions and habits ever since Persian language was first introduced into the region by Persianised Turkic dynasties centuries earlier. Thus, in Oudh , only sons of

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