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89-498: Nepal (with MTNL), BBNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated as BSNL ) (India Communications Corporation Limited) is an Indian central public sector undertaking , under the ownership of Department of Telecommunications , which is part of the Ministry of Communications, Government of India with its headquarters in New Delhi , India. The central public sector undertaking

178-437: A given conduit than conductors with lower conductivities. This greater wire fill is a special advantage when a system is rewired or expanded. Copper building wire is compatible with brass and quality plated screws. The wire provides connections that will not corrode or creep. It is not, however, compatible with aluminium wire or connectors. If the two metals are joined, a galvanic reaction can occur. Anodic corrosion during

267-515: A group of copper wires braided or twisted together. Stranded wire is more flexible and easier to install than a large single-strand wire of the same cross section. Stranding improves wire life in applications with vibration. A particular cross-section of a stranded conductor gives it essentially the same resistance characteristics as a single-strand conductor, but with added flexibility. A copper cable consists of two or more copper wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form

356-494: A high-purity copper that contains oxygen as an alloying agent, represents the bulk of electrical conductor applications because of its high electrical conductivity and improved annealability . ETP copper is used for power transmission , power distribution , and telecommunications . Common applications include building wire, motor windings, electrical cables , and busbars . Oxygen-free coppers are used to resist hydrogen embrittlement when extensive amounts of cold work

445-604: A large number of TV channels at the same time. A star wiring pattern, where the wiring to each jack extends to a central distribution device, facilitates flexibility of services, problem identification, and better signal quality. This pattern has advantages to daisy chain loops. Installation tools, tips, and techniques for networked wiring systems using twisted pairs, coaxial cables, and connectors for each are available. Structured cabling competes with wireless systems in homes. While wireless systems certainly have convenience advantages, they also have drawbacks over copper-wired systems:

534-440: A low coefficient of thermal expansion for an electrical conducting material. Aluminium, an alternate common conductor, expands nearly one third more than copper under increasing temperatures. This higher degree of expansion, along with aluminium's lower ductility, can cause electrical problems when bolted connections are improperly installed. By using proper hardware, such as spring pressure connections and cupped or split washers at

623-688: A population of 1.3 billion people (1.36 billion in 2021), 1.23 billion Aadhaar digital biometric identities, 1.21 billion mobile phones, 446 million smartphones, 560 million internet users (800 million in 2021), 35% internet penetration (57% in 2021), and 51% growth in e-commerce. BharatNet has stated goal of 100 Mbit/s internet speed, and in Q1 2020 India ranked 3rd with 15.34 Mbit/s wireless/mobile internet speed and 70th with 55.76 Mbit/s fixed broadband speed (also see countries by Internet connection speed ). BharatNet will expedite broadband and smartphone penetration and speed and their multiplier impact on

712-1250: A profit making organization; under this policy decision the government also merged BBNL with BSNL. In 2012 Nikhil Thakur , a hacker and Internet activist, broke into the Madhya Pradesh BSNL website and later on hacked the India BSNL website. In July 2017, BSNL suffered a cyberattack, in Karnataka , when malware affected the telco's broadband network using modems with default passwords. The virus reportedly affected 60,000 modems and blocked their internet connectivity. Later, BSNL issued an advisory notice to its broadband customers, urging them to change their default router username and passwords. BBNL Chief Ministership Premiership ( Timeline ) Budgets Campaigns Missions Establishments and foundations Events and observances Military and rescue operations Treaties and accords Establishments and foundations Events and observances Military and rescue operations Treaties and accords Controversies [REDACTED] BharatNet , also known as Bharat Broadband Network Limited ( BBNL ),

801-594: A single assembly. Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. Copper wires in a cable may be bare or they may be plated to reduce oxidation with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold or silver . Plating may lengthen wire life and makes soldering easier. Twisted pair and coaxial cables are designed to inhibit electromagnetic interference, prevent radiation of signals, and to provide transmission lines with defined characteristics. Shielded cables are encased in foil or wire mesh. Electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) copper,

890-503: A total of 700,000 Wi-Fi hotspots to cover all 625,000 villages of India by adding 2 to 5 Wi-Fi hotspots per gram panchayat and a minimum of one Wi-Fi hotspot per village, have been created by connecting high-speed 4G base tower stations of commercial telecom operators to BharatNet, whereby commercially non-viable Wi-Fi hotspots will be subsidized by the union government grant of ₹ 36 billion (equivalent to ₹ 50 billion, US$ 610 million or €620 million in 2023) to sustain

979-699: A trial of the new Direct-to-Device technology for the first time in India in partnership with VIASAT. This technology enables users to communicate without transversing a Base Station or Core Network. This technology is used in direct interaction between 5G -enabled devices to connect seamlessly to both terrestrial and satellite coverage. On 28 May 2013, BSNL launched "Internet Data Centre – Managed Cloud Services". This includes computation, software, data access and storage services for individuals as well as enterprises. Services include: On 16 August 2018, BSNL launched "BSNL Wings Services" in 22 telecom circles , in which there

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1068-426: A value of approximately Rs 1000 Cr. The companies like ITI Ltd , Tejas Networks , Sterlite, ZTE and Larsen & Toubro lost this deal to UTL . The rollout of GPON is being carried out and it is expected that by March 2015 around 60000 villages will be connected. Once all the gram panchayats have been connected by the dedicated fibre optical network, the last mile connectivity to all villages will be provided by

1157-460: Is 106% of that of annealed copper on the IACS scale, and the electrical resistivity of silver = 15.9 nΩ•m at 20 °C. The high cost of silver combined with its low tensile strength limits its use to special applications, such as joint plating and sliding contact surfaces, and plating for the conductors in high-quality coaxial cables used at frequencies above 30 MHz. Tensile strength measures

1246-599: Is a central public sector undertaking , set up by the Department of Telecommunications , a department under the Ministry of Communications of the Government of India for the establishment, management, and operation of the National Optical Fibre Network to provide a minimum of 100  Mbit/s broadband connectivity to all 250,000- gram panchayats in the country, covering nearly 625,000 villages, by improving

1335-586: Is a process that uses tensile forces to stretch metal). Copper has a higher ductility than alternate metal conductors with the exception of gold and silver. Because of copper's high ductility, it is easy to draw down to diameters with very close tolerances. Usually, the stronger a metal is, the less pliable it is. This is not the case with copper. A unique combination of high strength and high ductility makes copper ideal for wiring systems. At junction boxes and at terminations, for example, copper can be bent, twisted, and pulled without stretching or breaking. Creep

1424-769: Is a process whereby two or more metals are joined together by a heating process. This is a desirable property in electrical systems. Copper is readily soldered to make durable connections when necessary. The strength, hardness, and flexibility of copper make it very easy to work with. Copper wiring can be installed simply and easily with no special tools, washers, pigtails, or joint compounds. Its flexibility makes it easy to join, while its hardness helps keep connections securely in place. It has good strength for pulling wire through tight places, including conduits. It can be bent or twisted easily without breaking. It can be stripped and terminated during installation or service with far less danger of nicks or breaks. And it can be connected without

1513-404: Is about 1% more conductive (i.e., achieves a minimum of 101% IACS). Several electrically conductive metals are less dense than copper, but require larger cross sections to carry the same current and may not be usable when limited space is a major requirement. Aluminium has 61% of the conductivity of copper. The cross sectional area of an aluminium conductor must be 56% larger than copper for

1602-780: Is achieved through a thorough series of tests in accordance with Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) or International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. Coaxial cables were extensively used in mainframe computer systems and were the first type of major cable used for Local Area Networks ( LAN ). Common applications for coaxial cable today include computer network (Internet) and instrumentation data connections, video and CATV distribution, RF and microwave transmission, and feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas . While coaxial cables can go longer distances and have better protection from EMI than twisted pairs, coaxial cables are harder to work with and more difficult to run from offices to

1691-450: Is commonly used for building wire because of its conductivity, strength, and reliability. Over the life of a building wire system, copper can also be the most economical conductor. Copper used in building wire has a conductivity rating of 100% IACS or better. Copper building wire requires less insulation and can be installed in smaller conduits than when lower-conductivity conductors are used. Also, comparatively, more copper wire can fit in

1780-430: Is electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) copper (CW004A or ASTM designation C11040). This copper is at least 99.90% pure and has an electrical conductivity of at least 101% IACS. ETP copper contains a small percentage of oxygen (0.02 to 0.04%). If high conductivity copper needs to be welded or brazed or used in a reducing atmosphere, then specially-pure oxygen-free copper (CW008A or ASTM designation C10100) may be used; it

1869-537: Is headed by a Chief General Manager (CGM) who is an officer of Indian Telecom Service (ITS). The organizational structure of BSNL is as follows: Chief General Manager being the head of the Circle who is the officer of HAG+ level, assisted by three or four Principal General Manager (PGM) who are the officer of grade HAG. The districts over a circle is being headed by the designations as General Manager officer of grade of SAG who looks over around two to four districts, while where

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1958-424: Is higher on the galvanic series than other common structural metals, meaning that copper wire is less likely to be corroded in wet conditions. However, any more anodic metals in contact with copper will be corroded since they will essentially be sacrificed to the copper. Metals and other solid materials expand upon heating and contract upon cooling. This is an undesirable occurrence in electrical systems. Copper has

2047-850: Is likely included with Phase-II RailTel work for the Northeast India . BharatNet will provide more employment opportunities, improved service delivery (online e-gram panchayat services, e-governance, e-education, e-health, e-medicine, e-grievances, e-agriculture, e-citizen, etc.), and an impetus to the Make in India , Digital India and Startup India initiatives. According to Morgan Stanley 's research, of India's 33% internet penetration in November 2017 only 15% and 2% of total internet users use online shopping and retail shopping respectively, estimated to go up to 78% penetration, 62% online shoppers and 15% online retail shopper respectively by 2027. As per study by

2136-491: Is limited to a few cities and towns. Most of its 4G services are currently available in Southern India. However, BSNL is trying to launch pan India 4G services up to September 2022. The telecom minister said that BSNL will launch its 4G services all over India on the 75th Independence Day of India along with various other projects. BSNL is using 700 MHz and 2100 MHz bands to roll out the 4G services which can be upgraded to 5G in

2225-454: Is much heavier than aluminum for conductors of equal current carrying capacity, so the high tensile strength is offset by its increased weight. Ductility is a material's ability to deform under tensile stress . This is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire . Ductility is especially important in metalworking because materials that crack or break under stress cannot be hammered, rolled, or drawn (drawing

2314-455: Is needed, and for applications requiring higher ductility (e.g., telecommunications cable ). When hydrogen embrittlement is a concern and low electrical resistivity is not required, phosphorus may be added to copper. For certain applications, copper alloy conductors are preferred instead of pure copper, especially when higher strengths or improved abrasion and corrosion resistance properties are required. However, relative to pure copper,

2403-690: Is no need for a SIM card or FTTH as it is a VoIP service through an app. It offers unlimited free calling for one year throughout India. BSNL is primarily divided into three vertical divisions: Other than these three vertical divisions, there are electrical wings and civil wings, which take care of real estate monetization. Horizontally, BSNL is divided into several administrative units, variously known as telecom circles, metro districts, project circles and specialized units. It has 24 telecom circles, two metro districts, six project circles, four maintenance regions, five telecom factories, three training institutions and four specialized telecom units. Each circle

2492-479: Is required to check terminals periodically and ensure that screws remain tightened to prevent arcing and overheating. Corrosion is the unwanted breakdown and weakening of a material due to chemical reactions. Copper generally resists corrosion from moisture, humidity, industrial pollution, and other atmospheric influences. However, any corrosion oxides, chlorides, and sulfides that do form on copper are somewhat conductive. Under many application conditions copper

2581-443: Is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring. Copper wire is used in power generation , power transmission , power distribution , telecommunications , electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment . Copper and its alloys are also used to make electrical contacts . Electrical wiring in buildings is the most important market for the copper industry. Roughly half of all copper mined

2670-864: Is the general term for 21st century On-premises wiring for high-capacity telephone, video, data-transmission, security, control, and entertainment systems. Installations usually include a central distribution panel where all connections are made, as well as outlets with dedicated connections for phone, data, TV and audio jacks. Structured cabling enables computers to communicate with each other error-free and at high speeds while resisting interference among various electrical sources, such as household appliances and external communications signals. Networked computers are able to share high-speed Internet connections simultaneously. Structured cabling can also connect computers with printers , scanners , telephones , fax machines, and even home security systems and home entertainment equipment. Quad-shielded RG-6 coaxial cable can carry

2759-402: Is the gradual deformation of a material from constant expansions and contractions under varying load conditions. This process has adverse effects on electrical systems: terminations can become loose, causing connections to heat up or create dangerous arcing. Copper has excellent creep characteristics that minimizes loosening at connections. For other metal conductors that creep, extra maintenance

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-536: Is the largest government-owned-wireless telecommunications service provider in India. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is an Indian government enterprise and its history can be traced back to British India . The foundation of the telecommunications network in India was laid by the British sometime during the 19th century. During the British era, the first telegraph line was established between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour in 1850. The British East India Company started using

2937-408: Is unable to handle communications needs for multiple phone lines, Internet service, video communications, data transmission, fax machines, and security services. Crosstalk , static interference, inaudible signals, and interrupted service are common problems with outdated wiring. Computers connected to old-fashioned communications wiring often experience poor Internet performance. Structured cabling

3026-687: Is used for railroad electrification in North America. In Britain the BPO (later Post Office Telecommunications ) used cadmium copper aerial lines with 1% cadmium for extra strength; for local lines 40 lb/mile (1.3 mm dia) and for toll lines 70 lb/mile (1.7 mm dia). Some of the major application markets for copper conductors are summarized below. Electrical wiring distributes electric power inside residential, commercial, or industrial buildings, mobile homes, recreational vehicles, boats, and substations at voltages up to 600 V. The thickness of

3115-429: Is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material transports an electric charge . This is an essential property in electrical wiring systems. Copper has the highest electrical conductivity rating of all non- precious metals : the electrical resistivity of copper = 16.78 nΩ•m at 20 °C. The theory of metals in their solid state helps to explain

3204-568: The GSM platform. BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM network services under the brand names CellOne and BSNL all over India. It has wide network coverage in both urban and rural areas of India. It has over 121.82 million customers across India. BSNL Mobile offers prepaid , postpaid services and value-added services such as Free Phone Service (FPS), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rate Service (PRM). It also offers

3293-602: The ICRIER , every 10% increase in the usage of internet in India will add ₹ 4.5 trillion (equivalent to ₹ 6.3 trillion, US$ 76 billion or €77 billion in 2023) leading to a 3.3% increase in GDP of India , a number that will go up after the completion of Phase-II in March 2019. By the end of BharatNet Phase-II in March 2019, the total current fibre optical network will grow by 100% to 10 million kilometers. This 100% increment in

3382-663: The IPTV which enables customers to watch television through the Internet and Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP). BSNL Landline was launched in the early 1990s. It was the only fixed-line telephone service for the whole country before the New Telecom Policy was announced by the Department of Telecom in 1999. Only the Government-owned BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide land-line phone services through copper wire in

3471-512: The International Electrotechnical Commission defined the conductivity of commercially pure copper in its International Annealed Copper Standard, as 100% IACS = 58.0 MS/m at 20 °C, decreasing by 0.393%/°C. Because commercial purity has improved over the last century, copper conductors used in building wire often slightly exceed the 100% IACS standard. The main grade of copper used for electrical applications

3560-409: The mean free path , is inversely proportional to the resistivity of the metal. What is unique about copper is its long mean free path (approximately 100 atomic spacings at room temperature). This mean free path increases rapidly as copper is chilled. Because of its superior conductivity, annealed copper became the international standard to which all other electrical conductors are compared. In 1913,

3649-436: The "Web-Based Telegram Messaging System" which relied on internet connections rather than telex lines (which are more reliable where power outages are more common). This led to a decline in service, and the company applied the title "diminished service" to telegrams in 2010. Finally, on 15 July 2013, the public telegram service was shut down completely. BSNL provides both fixed line telephones and mobile telephony services on

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-566: The BharatNet funding to several billion dollars under the Digital India , set ambitious time-bound implementations deadlines, appointed government public sector units (BSNL, RailTel , and PowerGrid Corp ) for the swift implementation and monitoring, and to bypass the right of way issues for laying the optical fiber cable network the existing government-owned roads, rail lines, and power lines were used. Bangalore based United Telecoms Limited won

3827-605: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT). Some Startups, such as Velmenni Research, under the Startup India , are working on solutions to offer Li-Fi access via LED lights at homes at a speed 100 faster than ordinary WI-FI bandwidth. BharatNet is a middle layer for providing broadband connectivity across all Community Development Blocks (CDB), 250,000 village gram panchayats covering 630,000 inhabited villages of states and union territories of India . As of July 2021, Phase-I

3916-545: The Government of India announced a revival package for BSNL and has given its agreement to an in-principle merger (operational merger, i.e., only the operations of MTNL and BSNL would be merged, and they would be managed by BSNL) for MTNL and BSNL On 27 July 2022, the Government of India announced another revival package for the state-owned BSNL, for providing 4G and 5G services making the PSU more viable and vibrant and turning it into

4005-596: The Government of India approved the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) initiative, later renamed as BharatNet, to connect all 250,000 gram panchayats in the country covering nearly 625,000 villages, by utilizing the existing optical fibre network and extending it to the gram panchayats. To achieve this, Bharat Broadband Network was incorporated as a Special Purpose Vehicle(SPV) on 25 February 2012 under Companies Act of 1956 . Between 2011 and 2014, project did not take off as planned, and only 350 km of optical fibre, out of 300,000 km optical fibre network needed for

4094-507: The Phase-I, was laid. Between 2014 and 2017, the original Phase-I target of laying 300,000 km of optical fibre was completed under the new BJP government. The BharatNet project picked up pace under the Digital India initiative after Prime Minister Narendra Modi came to power, he renamed the project as the "BharatNet", made several changes to expedite the project, significantly enhanced

4183-680: The Universal Services Obligation Fund of the Department of Telecommunications. It will be rolled out with the additional funding by state governments to connect all gram panchayats in India. Both the optical fibre and the Gigabit-capable passive optical network broadband equipment, made to account for the dust and power outage issues in the rural areas, are made in India by C-DOT with no involvement of foreign companies. GPON products (see below) supplied by United Telecoms Limited (UTL) which are manufactured in India and

4272-604: The best balanced-line wires available. However, they are the easiest to tap into. When interference and security are concerns, shielded cable or fiber-optic cable is often considered. UTP cables include: Category 3 cable , now the minimum requirement by the FCC (USA) for every telephone connection; Category 5e cable , 100-MHz enhanced pairs for running Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T); and Category 6 cable , where each pair runs 250 MHz for improved 1000BASE-T performance. In copper twisted pair wire networks, copper cable certification

4361-505: The bid, being almost 80% lower than the second-lowest bidder ITI Limited followed by Tejas, STL , etc. BharatNet collaborated with other government entities such as C-DOT , Telecommunications Consultants India Limited and National Informatics Centre for the design and rollout plan of BharatNet NOFN Project. BharatNet assigned the execution work of network roll out to several other Government of India Public Sector Units, namely BSNL , RailTel and Power Grid Corporation of India . Project

4450-905: The bulk broadband bandwidth at 75% discounted rates to the commercial telecom operators so that they can offer deeply discounted monetised competitive deals to the rural wireless broadband customers. Commercial operators Reliance Jio , Bharti Airtel , Idea Cellular and Vodafone have already connected their 4G -based-broadband base towers to BharatNet at various locations to provide the high speed last mile wireless broadband connectivity. The central government will set up sufficient Wi-Fi hotspots to cover 100 million citizens by 2020, and tender will be floated for this soon (as of November 2017). Additionally, Indian Railways will provide Wi-Fi hotspots, limited free access, and unlimited paid access, at 600 major stations by March 2018 and all of its 8,500 stations by March 2019 with an outlay of ₹ 7 billion (US$ 84 million), with 1,200 large stations catering to

4539-443: The commercial telecom operators by expanding the current national network of 38,000 Wi-Fi hotspots to 700,000 Wi-Fi hotspots to cover all 625,000 villages in India. ₹ 36 billion (equivalent to ₹ 50 billion, US$ 610 million or €620 million in 2023), union government subsidy support will be given to the telecom service operators for rolling out Wi-Fi hotspots in commercially non-viable villages. BharatNet has offered

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4628-482: The completion target of March 2019. DoT will invest ₹ 107.43 billion (US$ 1.3 billion) on BharatNet in Northeast India , including erecting 6,673 towers to connect 8,621 villages at the cost of ₹ 53.36 billion (US$ 640 million) and additional 4,240 gram panchayats by satellite broadband connectivity. On 27 July 2022, the cabinet decided to merge state owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and Bharat Broadband Network Limited. Copper conductor Copper

4717-517: The connections are less and the smaller district is being headed by Telecom District Manager (TDM) Officer of the grade of JAG and Telecom Divisional Engineer (TDE) officer of STS grade, all the officers above the post of TDE (including TDE) are of Group A, and they are the officers of grade of Indian Telecom Service (ITS) directly or promotive. Then the Group B consists of Additional Divisional Engineer, Sub Divisional Engineer and Junior Telecom officer and then

4806-790: The country. BSNL Landline is the largest fixed-line telephony in India. It has over 9.55 million customers and 47.20% market share in the country as of 28 February 2021. BSNL is the fourth-largest ISP in India, having a presence throughout the country. It also has the largest Firebase telecom network in the country, around 7.5 lakh kilometers, among the four operators in the country. BSNL Broadband provides telecom services to enterprise customers including MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixed-line services and landline using CDMA technology and its own extensive optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connections as prepaid, NetOne as postpaid, and DataOne as BSNL Broadband . BSNL Bharat Fiber ( FTTH )

4895-458: The economy. The government has discounted the bulk BharatNet bandwidth rates to the commercial telecom operators by 76% to enable them to offer the highly discounted, affordable, competitive, and commercially viable BharatNet-enabled wireless cellular 4G broadband deals to the rural customers. The ₹ 450 billion (equivalent to ₹ 630 billion, US$ 7.6 billion or €7.7 billion in 2023) union government share of funding will come from

4984-412: The emergence of the government owned telegraph and telephone enterprise which led to the foundation of BSNL. Until early 2000s, BSNL is the only service provider for Indian Railways to control and administrative communication circuits later, they are separated as Railtel . For 160 years, BSNL had operated the public telegram service. In 2010, the telex network between its 182 offices was replaced with

5073-418: The fibre optic network would result in several hundred percent increment in the internet usage when in addition to 625,000 villages (each with minimum 100 Mbit/s), 2,500,000 government institutions and 5,000,000 households will also be connected to the BharatNet broadband by the time it is completed. To put the potential gains things in perspective, during the early phase of the project in 2018, India had

5162-559: The force required to pull an object such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress it can take before breaking. Copper's higher tensile strength (200–250 N/mm annealed) compared to aluminium (100 N/mm for typical conductor alloys ) is another reason why copper is used extensively in the building industry. Copper's high strength resists stretching, neck-down, creep, nicks and breaks, and thereby also prevents failures and service interruptions. Copper

5251-551: The future. On behalf of the government of India, the Minister of Communications Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that the State-Owned Telco would start its 5G operations by 15 August 2023. He also added that the 4G and 5G network of the state-owned BSNL would be a completely home-grown indigenous 4G and 5G network technology; thus, emphasizing more on Govt. of India's Atmanirbhar Bharat . In November 2024, BSNL introduced and made

5340-641: The higher bandwidth of systems using Category 5e wiring typically support more than ten times the speeds of wireless systems for faster data applications and more channels for video applications. Alternatively, wireless systems are a security risk as they can transmit sensitive information to unintended users over similar receiver devices. Wireless systems are more susceptible to interference from other devices and systems, which can compromise performance. Certain geographic areas and some buildings may be unsuitable for wireless installations, just as some buildings may present difficulties installing wires. Power distribution

5429-404: The higher strength and corrosion resistance benefits that are offered by copper alloys are offset by their lower electrical conductivities. Design engineers weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of copper and copper alloy conductors when determining which type to specify for a specific electrical application. An example of a copper alloy conductor is cadmium copper wire, which

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5518-470: The joint, it may be possible to create aluminium joints that compare in quality to copper joints. Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. In electrical systems, high thermal conductivity is important for dissipating waste heat, particularly at terminations and connections. Copper has a 60% higher thermal conductivity rating than aluminium, so it is better able to reduce thermal hot spots in electrical wiring systems. Soldering

5607-423: The last mile connectivity for the 100,000-gram panchayats in Phase-I, contracts were signed to connect 30,500 village panchayats by Vodafone, 30,000 village panchayats by Reliance Jio. 2,000 by Vodafone and 1,000 by Idea Cellular, these Wi-Fi hotspots were activated after connecting BharatNet fibre optics OLT to commercial operator's cell phone base stations. ( Latest weekly update ) BharatNet Phase-II, will connect

5696-552: The like), and in dedicated branches serving heavy-load appliances (such as ranges, ovens, clothes dryers and air conditioners). Attempts to replace copper with aluminium in building wire were curtailed in most countries when it was found that aluminium connections gradually loosened due to their inherent slow creep, combined with the high resistivity and heat generation of aluminium oxidation at joints. Spring-loaded contacts have largely alleviated this problem with aluminium conductors in building wire, but some building codes still forbid

5785-421: The middle layer of nation-wide broadband internet in India to achieve the goal of Digital India . BharatNet Phase-I, connecting 100,000 village councils covering 300,000 villages, was completed by December 2017. BharatNet Phase-II will be completed by 31 March 2023 to connect the remaining 150,000 village councils covering 325,000 villages in 16 states (July 2021 update). The last mile connectivity, with

5874-512: The most common cable in computer networking cables, especially as patch cables or temporary network connections. They are increasingly used in video applications, primarily in security cameras. UTP plenum cables that run above ceilings and inside walls use a solid copper core for each conductor, which enables the cable to hold its shape when bent. Patch cables, which connect computers to wall plates, use stranded copper wire because they are expected to be flexed during their lifetimes. UTPs are

5963-414: The operating environment of the conductor. Conductors used in areas where cool air is free to circulate around the wires are generally permitted to carry more current than the small sized conductor encased in an underground conduit run with many similar conductors adjacent to it. The practical temperature ratings of insulated copper conductors are mostly due to the limitations of the insulation material or of

6052-560: The operation. BharatNet is the world's largest rural broadband connectivity program, which is built under the Make in India initiative with no involvement of foreign companies. It is both an enabler and a beneficiary of other key government schemes, such as Digital India, Make in India, the National e-Governance Plan , UMANG , Bharatmala , Sagarmala , Parvatmala, the dedicated freight corridors , industrial corridors , UDAN-RCS and Amrit Bharat Station Scheme . On 25 October 2011,

6141-436: The organization has Group C and D employees. On 24 October 2019, the Government of India announced a revival package for BSNL and MTNL which includes monetizing assets, raising funds, TD-LTE spectrum, and a voluntary retirement scheme for employees. Apart from the package, the Ministry of Communications has decided to merge MTNL with BSNL. Pending this, MTNL will be a wholly owned subsidiary of BSNL. On 24 October 2019,

6230-596: The rail passengers and the remaining 7,300 stations catering to both rail passengers and local population in remote and rural areas, including facilities to access government services or e-purchase of commercial products (c. 7 Jan 2018). HRD ministry has instructed 50,000 colleges and technical in India to offer free Wi-Fi to students and staff with capped free data quota, after which data will have to be purchased. Out of these Reliance Jio has offered to deploy free Wi-Fi connectivity to 38,000 colleges, which has been supported by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and

6319-456: The reaction can disintegrate the aluminium. This is why most appliance and electrical equipment manufacturers use copper lead wires for connections to building wiring systems. All-copper building wiring refers to buildings in which the inside electrical service is carried exclusively over copper wiring. In all-copper homes, copper conductors are used in circuit breaker panels, branch circuit wiring (to outlets, switches, lighting fixtures and

6408-426: The remaining nearly 145,000 gram panchayats covering 325,000 villages through additional 1 million km of optical fibre. Phase-II commenced with the union government funding share of ₹ 340 billion (equivalent to ₹ 480 billion, US$ 5.7 billion or €5.8 billion in 2023), with the current 250 km per day pace of optical fibre network roll out which needs to be raised to 500 km per day to achieve

6497-647: The rest will be funded by the respective state governments. There are 36 states and union territories of India , including 28 states and 9 UTs. BSNL was awarded work for 18 of these, RailTel received work in 8 and Power Grid Corporation of India in 5. BSNL was awarded work for 18+ states and UTs, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Assam , Bihar , Chandigarh , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Jammu and Kashmir , Karnataka , Kerala , Lakshadweep , Tamil Nadu , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Punjab , Rajasthan , Sikkim , Uttar Pradesh (divided into two projects, UP East and UP West), Uttarakhand and West Bengal . RailTel

6586-450: The same current carrying capability. The need to increase the thickness of aluminium wire restricts its use in many applications, such as in small motors and automobiles. However, in some applications such as aerial electric power transmission cables, aluminium predominates, and copper is rarely used. Silver , a precious metal , is the only metal with a higher electrical conductivity than copper. The electrical conductivity of silver

6675-647: The struggling PSU was merged with the Government's special purpose vehicle BBNL . This gave the struggling PSU a boost and an additional advantage of additional 5.67 lakh kilometers of optical fiber wh,ich has been laid across 1.85 lakh village panchayats in the country using the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). Currently, it has an optical fibre erble network of over 6.83 lakh kilometre.er BSNL started 4G service in some parts of India such as Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh in January 2019, but it

6764-471: The technology is indigenously developed by Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT). C-DOT has also inked technology transfer pacts with six Indian vendors which include Indian Telephone Industries Limited (ITI Ltd), Tejas Networks , VMC, Sai Systems, UTL and SM Creative to manufacture the gear on winning the contracts . UTL emerged as the competitive bid winner and obtained the GPON supply contract for

6853-603: The telegraph in 1851 and until 1854 telegraph lines were laid across the country. In 1854, the telegraph service was opened to the public and the first telegram was sent from Mumbai to Pune. In 1885, the Indian Telegraph Act was passed by the British Imperial Legislative Council . After the bifurcation of the Post and Telegraph department in the 1980s, the creation of Department of Telecom eventually led to

6942-436: The temperature rating of the attached equipment. Twisted pair cabling is the most popular network cable and is often used in data networks for short and medium length connections (up to 100 meters or 328 feet). This is due to its relatively lower costs compared to optical fiber and coaxial cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are the primary cable type for telephone usage. In the late 20th century, UTPs emerged as

7031-555: The unusually high electrical conductivity of copper. In a copper atom , the outermost 4s energy zone, or conduction band , is only half filled, so many electrons are able to carry electric current . When an electric field is applied to a copper wire, the conduction of electrons accelerates towards the electropositive end, thereby creating a current. These electrons encounter resistance to their passage by colliding with impurity atoms, vacancies, lattice ions, and imperfections. The average distance travelled between collisions, defined as

7120-437: The use of aluminium. For branch-circuit sizes, virtually all basic wiring for lights, outlets and switches is made from copper. The market for aluminium building wire today is mostly confined to larger gauge sizes used in supply circuits. Electrical wiring codes give the allowable current rating for standard sizes of conductors. The current rating of a conductor varies depending on the size, allowable maximum temperature, and

7209-480: The use of special lugs and fittings. The combination of all of these factors makes it easy for electricians to install copper wire. Solid wire consists of one strand of copper metal wire, bare or surrounded by an insulator. Single-strand copper conductors are typically used as magnet wire in motors and transformers. They are relatively rigid, do not bend easily, and are typically installed in permanent, infrequently handled, and low flex applications. Stranded wire has

7298-603: The wire is based on electric current requirements in conjunction with safe operating temperatures. Solid wire is used for smaller diameters; thicker diameters are stranded to provide flexibility. Conductor types include non-metallic/non-metallic corrosion-resistant cable (two or more insulated conductors with a nonmetallic outer sheath), armored or BX cable (cables are surrounded by a flexible metal enclosure), metal clad cable, service entrance cable, underground feeder cable, TC cable, fire resistant cable, and mineral insulated cable, including mineral-insulated copper-clad cable . Copper

7387-647: The wiring closet. For these reasons, it is now generally being replaced with less expensive UTP cables or by fiber-optic cables for more capacity. Today, many CATV companies still use coaxial cables into homes. These cables, however, are increasingly connected to a fiber optic data communications system outside of the home. Most building management systems use proprietary copper cabling, as do paging/audio speaker systems. Security monitoring and entry systems still often depend on copper, although fiber cables are also used. Most telephone lines can share voice and data simultaneously. Pre-digital quad telephone wiring in homes

7476-519: Was awarded work for 8+ states and UTs, namely Arunachal Pradesh , Gujarat , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Meghalaya , Puducherry and Tripura . Power Grid Corporation of India was awarded work for 5 states, namely Andhra Pradesh , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Odisha and Telangana . Delhi is included with Phase-I BSNL work for Haryana. Goa is also included with Phase-I BSNL work for Maharastra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu are included with Phase-II work for RailTel. Tripura

7565-439: Was complete and 150,000 Gram Panchayats and associated villages had been service ready with 5.09 lakh km of Optical Fibre Cable already laid, the 29,500 crore (US$ 4 billion) PPP tender for remaining nearly 100,000 gram panchayats and all the individual inhabited villages under hose panchayats spread across 16 states was floated in 2021 with target date for broadband connectivity of 2023. BharatNet Phase-I, across 13 states and UTs

7654-591: Was completed in December 2017 with the Phase-I union government funding share of ₹ 110 billion (equivalent to ₹ 150 billion, US$ 1.8 billion or €1.9 billion in 2023). It connected 100,000 gram panchayat, covering 300,000 villages by laying 300,000 km of optical fibre network. 13 states and UTs in this phase were: Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Chandigarh , Delhi , Goa , Haryana , Karnataka , Kerala , Lakshadweep , Manipur , Meghalaya , Puducherry , Sikkim and West Bengal . To provide

7743-467: Was established on 1 October 2000 by the Government of India. Its highest official is designated as Chairperson and Managing Director , who is a central civil service group 'A' gazetted officer from Indian Communication Finance Service cadre or central engineering service group 'A' gazetted officer from Indian Telecommunication Service cadre. It provides mobile voice and internet services through its nationwide telecommunications network across India. It

7832-578: Was launched in February 2019. It offers TV over IP (IPTV) , Video On-Demand (VoD), Voice over IP (VoIP), Audio On-Demand (AoD), Bandwidth On-Demand (BoD), remote education , video conferencing services, interactive gaming, and Virtual Private LAN services. BSNL has said that its optic fiber network provides fixed access to deliver high-speed Internet up to 300 Mbit/s. With effect to the government of India's policy decision to provide state-owned BSNL with another revival package worth 1.64 lakh crore rupees,

7921-488: Was rolled out as a collaboration between the Union Government (to provide broadband connectivity at sub-district Block-level), state governments (optical fibre to gram panchayat level) and private sector companies (Wi-Fi hotspots in each village and connections to the individual homes). Union government total share is ₹ 450 billion (equivalent to ₹ 630 billion, US$ 7.6 billion or €7.7 billion in 2023),

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