38-645: Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area and tiger reserve as part of the Project Tiger , situated in Chikkamagaluru district , 23 km (14 mi) south of Bhadravathi city, 38 km (24 mi) 20 km from Tarikere town, northwest of Chikkamagaluru and 283 km from Bengaluru city in Karnataka state, India . Bhadra sanctuary has a wide range of flora and fauna and is a popular place for day outings. The 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL Hebbe Giri
76-431: A crêpe -like texture. Colors vary from deep purple to red to white, with almost every shade in between. Although no blue-flowered varieties exist, the flowers trend toward the blue end of the spectrum with no orange or yellow except in stamens and pistils. The fruit is a capsule , green and succulent at first, then ripening to dark brown or black dryness. It splits along six or seven lines, producing teeth much like those of
114-497: A black dark fungal infection in their wake. In their respective climates, both subtropical and tropical species are common in domestic and commercial landscapes. The timber of some species has been used to manufacture bridges, furniture, and railway sleepers , but in Vietnam's Cát Tiên National Park , the dominant stands of Lagerstroemia calyculata in secondary forest are thought to have survived (after episodes of logging) due to
152-431: A huge number of cultivars of widely varying characteristics. Today, crape myrtle varieties can fulfill many landscaping needs, from tidy street trees to dense barrier hedges to fast-growing dwarf types of less than 60 cm (2 ft), which can go from seed to bloom in a season (allowing gardeners in places where the plant is not winter-hardy to still enjoy the intense colors of the frilly flowers). In Europe, crape myrtle
190-747: A sustainable basis to members of certain communities. In reserved forests, explicit permission is required for such activities. In protected forests, such activities are allowed unless explicitly prohibited. Thus, in general reserved forests enjoy a higher degree of protection with respect to protected forests. Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks , wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by
228-546: A typical national park or animal sanctuary , and that often include one or more national parks or reserves, along with buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life. Reserved forests and protected forest ( IUCN Category IV or VI , depending on protection accorded): These are forested lands where logging, hunting, grazing and other activities may be permitted on
266-577: A variety of ecotypes including the unique shola forest / mountain grasslands complex at Bababudan Giri and other patches higher than 1,400 m (4,600 ft) above MSL. Phenology has been defined as the study of cyclical biological events. In plants, this can include leafing, flowering and fruiting phenophases. Phenological studies were on going to know the biology of tree species (9,10,11,12) Bhadra supports more than 120 plant species. One typical 2 ha (4.9 acres) of tropical dry deciduous forest had 46 species, 37 genera and 24 families. Combretaceae
304-517: Is a genus of around 50 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs native to the Indian subcontinent , southeast Asia, northern Australia , and other parts of Oceania, cultivated in warmer climates around the world. It is a member of the family Lythraceae , which is also known as the loosestrife family. These flowering trees are beautifully colored and are often planted both privately and commercially as ornamentals. The genus Lagerstroemia
342-432: Is becoming increasingly important, both as a landscaping plant and as a parent in complex hybrids with L. indica . This species is distinctly tree-like, with colorful, deciduous bark and dark green leaves, which are more resistant to fungal diseases than are those of its more popular relative. The Japanese name for this tree is saru suberi ( 猿滑、百日紅 , literally "monkey slip", latter spelling ateji ) , which refers to
380-663: Is common in the south of France, the Iberian Peninsula , and most of Italy; in the United States, it is an iconic plant of gardens across the Southern United States . It has been cultivated in many parts of Australia, but is most common in the areas of the country with a Mediterranean climate such as the south-east and west. While not as widely known, the Japanese crape myrtle, L. fauriei , from central and southern Japan,
418-477: Is frequent local bus service from Bhadravathi to both Bhadra Dam and Bhadra WLS. The nearest airport is in Mangalore , around 163 km (101 mi) from Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is located at Lakkavalli, Karnataka; the nearest cities is Tarikere, Birur and Bhadravathi. Temperatures vary from 10˚ to 35 °C and mean annual rainfall varies from 1200 mm to 2600 mm. The area
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#1732852378449456-463: Is human population in the villages close to the sanctuary and encroachment in areas surrounding Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Grazing by the thousands of cattle that belong to the villagers are a threat. Livestock carry diseases like foot and mouth disease to the herbivores in the park. During the 1989-99 time period, rinderpest wiped out most of the Gaur population, which numbered more than a thousand, reducing
494-666: Is the habitat of valuable teak and rosewood . Other commercial timber in the sanctuary includes: mathi, honne , Nandi , tadasalu and kindal. There is also bamboo and several types of medicinal plants . An estimated 33 tigers are found in Bhadra. Other animals in the sanctuary include elephant , Indian Leopard , gaur , sloth bear , wild boar , black leopard , jungle cat , jackal , wild dog , sambar , spotted deer , barking deer , mouse deer , common langur , bonnet macaque , slender loris , small Indian civet , common palm civet , pangolin , porcupine , flying squirrel and
532-410: Is the highest peak in the sanctuary. Bhadra sanctuary consists of two adjacent sections. The main western Lakkavalli-Muthodi section lies from 13˚22’ to 13˚47’ N latitude, 75˚29’ to 75˚45’ E longitude and the smaller eastern Bababudangiri section from 13˚30’ to 13˚33’ N latitude and 75˚44’ to 75˚47’ E longitude. Elevation varies from 615 m (2,018 ft) to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL,
570-582: The Government of India but used for subsistence by communities, and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. Administration of such reserves would be through local people and local agencies like the gram panchayat , as in the case of communal forests. (See Communal forests of India ) A "Common Important Forest" in India is a forest governed by local communities in a way compatible with sustainable development . Such forests are typically called village forests or panchayat forests , reflecting
608-704: The Kumaon Division of Uttarakhand , Forest Co-operative Societies in Himachal Pradesh and Van Samrakshan Samiti s in Andhra Pradesh . Legislation pertaining to communal forests vary from state to state, but typically the state government retains some administrative control over matters like staff appointment, and penalization of offenders. Such forests typically conform to the IUCN Category VI Protected Areas , but protection may be enforced by
646-697: The Malabar giant squirrel . Small carnivores found in the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary include leopard cat , rusty-spotted cat , ruddy mongoose , stripe-necked mongoose and otters . Some of the reptiles commonly sighted in this park are common vine snake , king cobra , common cobra , Russell's viper , bamboo pit viper , rat snake , olive keelback , common wolf snake , common Indian monitor , Draco or gliding lizards and marsh crocodiles . Bhadra sanctuary has more than 300 species of birds, some endemic to this region and some migratory. Some of
684-664: The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 , has agreed to protect communally owned areas of ecological value. Conservation Areas in India refer to well-demarcated large geographical entities with an established conservation plan, and were part of a joint Indo-US project on "landscape management and protection". The project ran from 1996 to 2002. These areas are home to many Conservation reliant species . Lagerstroemia See text Lagerstroemia ( / ˌ l eɪ ɡ ər ˈ s t r iː m i ə / ), commonly known as crape myrtle (also spelled crepe myrtle or crêpe myrtle ),
722-515: The Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger in 1973 to safeguard the habitats of conservation reliant species . As of January 2023, India has 106 national parks covering 44,402.95 square kilometres (17,144.07 sq mi), roughly 1.35% of the total geographical area of the country. Wildlife sanctuaries of India are classified as IUCN Category IV protected areas . Between 1936 and 2022, 567 wildlife sanctuaries were established in
760-579: The protected areas of India cover 173,629.52 square kilometres (67,038.73 sq mi), roughly 5.28% of the total geographical area of the country. India has the following kinds of protected areas , in the sense of the word designated by IUCN : National parks in India are IUCN category II protected areas . India's first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, now known as Jim Corbett National Park , Uttarakhand . By 1970, India only had five national parks. In 1972, India enacted
798-604: The calyx, and releases numerous, small, winged seeds. Hybrids Lagerstroemia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (moth and butterfly) species, including Endoclita malabaricus . The leaves of L. parviflora are fed on by the Antheraea paphia moth, which produces the tassar silk , a form of wild silk of commercial importance in India. Crape myrtles are susceptible to several pests and diseases, most notably, fungus-caused powdery mildew, and more recently, bark scale, caused by aphids leaving
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#1732852378449836-507: The country that cover 122,564.86 km (47,322.56 sq mi), roughly 3.73% of the geographical area of the country. Among these, the 53 tiger reserves are governed by Project Tiger , and are of special significance for the conservation of the Bengal tiger . The Indian government has established 18 biosphere reserves (categories roughly correspondingly to IUCN Category V Protected areas ) to protect larger areas of natural habitat than
874-649: The eastern part of the sanctuary. The Manikyadhara Falls is located on the nearby sacred Baba Budan Giri Hill, The tributaries of the Bhadra river flow west through the sanctuary. The western border of the sanctuary abuts the Bhadra Reservoir and is part of its catchment area of 1,968 km (760 sq mi). Jagara and Sirivase are the villages located within the sanctuary. Bhadravathi , Tarikere and Birur are cities nearby. Larger metropolitan cities are well connected to Bhadravthi and Birur by bus and rail. There
912-594: The fact that the administration and resource use of the forest occurs at the village and panchayat (an elected rural body) levels. Hamlets, villages and communities of villages may actually administer such a forest. Such community forests are usually administered by a locally elected body, usually called the Forest Protection Committee , Village Forest Committee or the Village Forest Institution . Such committees are known as Van Panchayat s in
950-468: The forest department are habitat improvement, boundary consolidation, protection against poaching and fires, and infrastructure development. However, operating funds are insufficient and often delayed and the sanctuary management is understaffed. There are problems with frequent fires which adversely affect the habitat and biodiversity of Bhadra. Timber smuggling of valuable trees is a big problem. Tunga-Bhadra Lift Irrigation Project promises to bring water to
988-656: The highest point being Kallathigiri on the eastern boundary. The sanctuary is surrounded by the scenic hills and steep slopes of the Mullayanagiri , Hebbegiri, Gangegiri and Bababudangiri hills. 1,930 metres (6,330 ft) Mullayanagiri peak in the Baba Budan Giri Range near the southeast edge of the sanctuary is the highest peak between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris . The 551 ft (168 m) high Hebbe Falls are in
1026-585: The local communities or the government depending on local legislation. Maharashtra is the state with the most forest land while Haryana has the least. Private protected areas of India refer to protected areas inside India whose land rights are owned by an individual or a corporation / organization, and where the habitat and resident species are offered some kind of protection from exploitative activities like hunting, logging, etc. The Government of India did not provide any legal or physical protection to such entities, but in an important amendment introduced by
1064-476: The low quality of wood. Certain species of crape myrtle are used in landscaping and gardening as screens, lawn specimens, shrub borders, and container plants. Since crape myrtles are found in many places, opinions differ as to how to cultivate them in landscaping. Crape myrtles are best cultivated in warmer southern climates, U.S. zones 7–9, and prefer full sun. They occur in a variety of flowering colors and size. Crape myrtles might have been considered messy in
1102-422: The past, but their seedpods cannot stain concrete, so are best planted near swimming pools, decks, and sidewalks. The common crape myrtle ( L. indica ) from China and Korea was introduced c. 1790 to Charleston, South Carolina , in the United States, by French botanist André Michaux . In the wild, the species is most often found as a multiple-stemmed, large shrub, but 200 years of cultivation have resulted in
1140-457: The population to its present numbers. With proactive programs of inoculating local cattle, the population of Gaur is again on the rise. Another concern due to closeness of the population is procurement of non-timber forest products for commercial purposes and the procurement of timber for firewood. These affect the health of the forest in a long run. The other large threats are fishing and illegal poaching of wild animals. Management practices of
1178-592: The rain shadow areas of Chikmagalur district by transferring water from the Tunga River to the Bhadra River , however this poses a threat of disturbance to the natural habitat of Bhadra sanctuary. Protected areas of India There are four categories of protected areas in India, constituted under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 . Tiger reserves consist of areas under national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. There are 53 tiger reserves in India. As of January 2023,
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1216-605: The smooth, slippery bark. Flowers are as large as those of L. indica , but are white with only the slightest pink flush appearing in some individuals. Japanese crape myrtle is hardier to cold than many strains of L. indica , a characteristic (along with fungal resistance, tree form, and colorful bark) that makes it valuable as genetic material for hybridization. Cultivars available include 'Kiowa', 'Fantasy', and 'Townhouse'. L. speciosa , known as queen crape myrtle, giant crape myrtle, or banabá , originates in subtropical and tropical India. It can be grown in any similar climate, but in
1254-536: The species are grey junglefowl , red spurfowl , painted bush quail , emerald dove , Osprey , southern green imperial pigeon , great black woodpecker , Malabar parakeet , hill myna , ruby-throated bulbul , shama , Malabar trogon , Malabar whistling thrush , four species of hornbill and racquet-tailed drongo . Some of the butterflies in Bhadra sanctuary are yamfly , baronet , crimson rose butterfly , southern birdwing , tailed jay , great orange tip , bamboo tree brown , and blue pansy . A growing threat
1292-444: The year. The leaves are opposite and simple, with entire margins, and vary from 5–20 cm (2–8 in). While all species are woody in nature, they can range in height from over 30 m (100 ft) to under 30 cm (1 ft); most, however, are small to medium, multiple-trunked trees and shrubs. The leaves of temperate species provide autumn color. Flowers are borne in summer and autumn in panicles of crinkled flowers with
1330-407: Was first declared as 'Jagara Valley Wildlife Sanctuary' in 1951 by the then government of its surroundings, the area was extended to its present extent and renamed to Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974. The Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a Project Tiger Reserve in 1998. Bhadra is the first tiger reserve in the country to complete a successful village relocation program. The original relocation plan
1368-538: Was first described by Carl Linnaeus . It is named after Swedish merchant Magnus von Lagerström [ sv ] , a director of the Swedish East India Company , who supplied Linnaeus with plants he collected. Crape myrtles are chiefly known for their colorful and long-lasting flowers, which occur in summer. Most species of Lagerstroemia have sinewy, fluted stems and branches with a mottled appearance that arises from having bark that sheds throughout
1406-510: Was introduced in 1974 and was implemented completely by 2002 when the 26 villages in the sanctuary were successfully relocated to M C Halli which is about 50 km (31 mi) from the Sanctuary. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is the biodiversity hotspot . Most of the area consists the wet deciduous forest , moist deciduous forest and green forests . Elevations ranging from 615 m (2,018 ft) to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL allows
1444-505: Was the most abundant family in the forest. Indigoberry (Randia dumetorum) was the dominant species. Throughout the sanctuary the common species include crepe myrtle (lanceolata), kadam , thaasal (tiliaefolia), simpoh (pentagyna), teak , kindal , Indian-laurel , rosewood , Indian kino tree , white teak , fig tree , mangosteen , Kydia calycina , indigo , toddy palm , Ceylon oak , jalari , jamba tree , axlewood , slow match tree , thorny bamboo and clumping bamboo . It
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