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95-657: Bernkastel-Kues lies in the Mosel valley, roughly 50 km (31 mi) from Trier . The greatest elevation is the Olymp (415 m above sea level ), and the lowest point (107 m above sea level) lies on the Mosel's banks. The municipal area totals 23 657 101 m, of which 7 815 899 m is used for agriculture , thereby making Bernkastel-Kues one of the Middle Moselle's biggest towns by land area. Clockwise from

190-435: A militia was formed. The first road bridge between Bernkastel and Kues was built between 1872 and 1874, as was the first railway link in 1882 and 1883. In 1891, Bernkastel marked its 600-year jubilee as a town. The town in its current form came into being on 1 April 1905 through the merger of the town of Bernkastel with the winemaking village of Kues across the river. In 1926 there arose great unrest among winemakers along

285-453: A 36 km (22 mi) long condominium from Apach, a common Germany–Luxembourg sovereign area with a division of responsibilities set out in a 1976 agreement. The International Moselle Company, initially set up in 1957 to finance the construction of the river's upgrade, manages the shipping charges and the operation and maintenance of the waterway which they are used to fund. Today the Moselle

380-539: A collective vote ( Kuriatstimme ) within their particular bench ( Curia ), as did the free imperial cities belonging to the College of Towns. The right to vote rested essentially on a territorial entitlement, with the result that when a given prince acquired new territories through inheritance or otherwise, he also acquired their voting rights in the diet. In general, members did not attend the permanent diet at Regensburg, but sent representatives instead. The late imperial diet

475-541: A drive to cross the Moselle at Dieulouard and split the German forces. Under the orders of Major General Manton S. Eddy, the 80th Infantry Division was given the objective of establishing a bridgehead that would allow Combat Command A (CCA) of the 4th Armored Division to advance into the rear of German forces and encircle the city of Nancy. On September 13, 1944, the 80th Division launched their assault accompanied by extensive artillery and air support, which helped to suppress

570-655: A literary theme as early as the 4th century. In his poem dated 371, called Mosella , which was published in 483 hexameters , this poet of the Late Antiquity and teacher at the Trier Imperial Court ( Kaiserhof ) described a journey from Bingen over the Hunsrück hills to the Moselle and then following its course to Trier on the road named after him, the Via Ausonia. Ausonius describes flourishing and rich landscapes along

665-708: A local ruler, subject only to the Emperor himself, and managed to be accepted as third parties. Several attempts to reform the Empire and end its slow disintegration, starting with the Diet of 1495 , did not have much effect. In contrast, this process was hastened with the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, which formally bound the Emperor to accept all decisions made by the Diet, in effect depriving him of his few remaining powers. From then until its end in 1806,

760-505: A major decline in the number of so-called Nebenerwerbswinzer (vintners for whom it is a secondary occupation), and the small, family farming operations that, until the end of the 1960s formed the majority of wine businesses. Comparative figures by the Chamber of Agriculture for Rhineland-Palatinate for several wine villages on the Lower Moselle show that there were still 797 wine businesses in

855-719: A more nuanced view of Moselle wine that, a few years before, had been characterised by overproduction, label scandals and cheap offers. On 10 November 2006 in Burg , the Moselle Regional Initiative was founded. The introduction of the Moselle as an umbrella brand was based on that of the Eifel region and covers products and services from the areas of agriculture, forestry, tourism, handicrafts and nature. Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire) The Imperial Diet ( Latin : Dieta Imperii or Comitium Imperiale ; German : Reichstag )

950-527: A municipal service centre with an underground parking garage. The track itself was first converted as far as Lieser into the Mosel-Radweg (cycling trail), and then later into the Maare-Mosel-Radweg through Wittlich to Daun in the Eifel . Bernkastel-Kues is a stop on Rhine - Mosel cruises. Along the shore of the Mosel are many landing stages from which there are many tours daily. Bernkastel-Kues

1045-595: A path running for 365 km (227 mi) from Perl on the Upper Moselle to Koblenz . Numerous Moselle Trail "partner trails", the so-called side branches ( Seitensprünge ) and "dream paths" ( Traumpfade ) enhance the hiking network in the Moselle Valley. The ADAC 's Rallye Deutschland has taken place since 2000 in the vineyards along the Moselle at Veldenz , Dhron , Piesport , Minheim , Kesten , Trittenheim , Fell , Ruwertal and Trier . At Koblenz Locks

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1140-577: A row of well-preserved buildings and also the Renaissance Town Hall from 1608. The Graach Gate is an often visited tourist attraction. Above the constituent community of Bernkastel lie the Castle Landshut ruins, a former summer residence of the Archbishops of Trier that was destroyed by fire on 8 January 1692. It today serves as a popular lookout point over the Moselle valley. Also worth seeing

1235-551: A ruin. From 1794 to 1814, Bernkastel was a cantonal chef-lieu under French rule. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bernkastel and Kues were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia . In 1821 Bernkastel became a district seat. In 1848, the Revolution came to Bernkastel as it had to many of the then politically disunited German lands: The black-red-gold flag was hoisted at the town hall and

1330-460: A transitional zone between temperate oceanic climate and continental climate . The barrier formed by the Eifel shields Bernkastel-Kues from west winds, putting it in a rain shadow and sometimes subjecting it to a föhn effect. Yearly precipitation in Bernkastel-Kues amounts to 706 mm (27.8 in), falling into the middle third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 41% of

1425-414: Is twinned with: The first string before the hyphen, "Bernkastel" is the name of a character in the visual novel series Umineko: When They Cry . Mosel (river) The Moselle ( / m oʊ ˈ z ɛ l / moh- ZEL , French: [mɔzɛl] ; German : Mosel [ˈmoːzl̩] ; Luxembourgish : Musel [ˈmuzəl] ) is a river that rises in

1520-566: Is also car-free as part of Happy Moselle Day. A number of notable castles and ruins adorn the heights above the Moselle valley and many are visible on a boat trip on the Moselle. In 1910, a hiking trail, the Moselle Ridgeway, was established which runs for 185 km (115 mi) on the Eifel side and 262 km (163 mi) on the Hunsrück side. Another unusual trail runs from Ediger-Eller via

1615-460: Is buried. Near the outlying centre of Wehlen lies the former Machern Monastery in whose rooms are now found a winery, a house brewery and a restaurant. Historically, the most important economic sector has been winegrowing . Within the Bernkastel area, vines are worked overwhelmingly in steep-slope vineyards in an area of 5,844 ha. There are still many wineries in Bernkastel-Kues today. Riesling

1710-944: Is navigable for large cargo ships up to 110 metres (360 ft) long from the Rhine in Koblenz up to Neuves-Maisons , south of Nancy. For smaller ships it is connected to other parts of France through the Canal de la Meuse and the Canal de la Marne au Rhin . There are locks in Koblenz , Lehmen , Müden , Fankel , Sankt Aldegund , Enkirch , Zeltingen , Wintrich , Detzem , Trier , Grevenmacher , Palzem , Apach , Kœnigsmacker , Thionville , Richemont , Talange , Metz , Ars-sur-Moselle , Pagny-sur-Moselle , Blénod-lès-Pont-à-Mousson , Custines , Pompey , Aingeray , Fontenoy-sur-Moselle , Toul , Villey-le-Sec , and Neuves-Maisons. By 1970 more than 10 million tonnes of goods were being transported on

1805-526: Is on German soil in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland ; the Luxembourg part has an area of about 1,300 ha (3,200 acres) (see Wine in Luxembourg ). Upstream on the Moselle the vineyards extend into France as far as Seille in the region of Côtes de Moselle with an area of 130 ha (320 acres) and to the region around Toul ( Côtes de Toul ) covering 110 ha (270 acres). The German Moselle wine region, including its tributaries, bears

1900-667: Is on the Moselle, at the site of the France–Germany–Luxembourg tripoint, that the Schengen Agreement was signed in 1985, leading to the abolishment of border controls within the Schengen Area . The Moselle valley between Metz and Thionville is an industrial area, with coal mining and steel manufacturers. The Moselle valley is famous for its scenery and wine. Most well-known is the German Mosel wine region , while

1995-408: Is the customary grape variety, although smaller quantities of other varieties, such as Burgunder, Rivaner , Kerner and Dornfelder , are also grown. Within town limits, the wine making appellations – Großlagen – Münzlay (Wehlen), Badstube (Bernkastel) and Kurfürstlay (Bernkastel, Kues and Andel) are represented by the following vineyards: Bernkastel-Kues lies on Bundesstraßen 50 and 53. With

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2090-755: Is the only town gate that is still standing, the Graacher Tor (“ Graach Gate ”). The town furthermore has several squares at its disposal; beyond the mediaeval marketplace are the Platz am Bärenbrunnen (“Square at the Bear’s Fountain”) and the Karlsbader Platz (“Karlovy Vary Square” – named after the partner town, which is called Karlsbad in German ) opened in July 2005. The Doctorbrunnen (“Doctor Fountain”) depicts scenes of

2185-680: The Verbandsgemeinde of Bernkastel-Kues was formed through the merger of the Ämter of Bernkastel-Land, Lieser, Mülheim, Zeltingen and the town of Bernkastel-Kues. In 1997, the Burgbergtunnel , a traffic bypass, had its festive opening. Bernkastel-Kues was the host town for the annual Intercamp Camporee for the year 2008. Scouting councils from the USA , Canada , the Czech Republic , Germany, France , and many other European countries attended

2280-561: The Calmont Trail to Bremm through the steepest vineyard in Europe. Before the construction of barrages the Moselle was a popular route for folding kayaks which is why many of the weirs have boat channels. The river is still used today by canoeists , especially during the annual week-long lock closures when no commercial shipping is permitted. In April 2014 the Moselle Trail was opened,

2375-537: The Frankish kingdom when important decisions had to be made, probably based on the old Germanic law whereby each leader relied on the support of his leading men. In the early and high Middle Ages these assemblies were not yet institutionalized, but were held as needed at the decision of the king or emperor. They weren't called Diet yet, but Hoftag ( court day ). They were usually held in the imperial palaces ( Kaiserpfalz ) . For example, already under Charlemagne during

2470-730: The French Government "to initiate, before the establishment of the Common Market , negotiations with the governments concerned in order to achieve a rapid implementation of the canalisation of the Moselle between Thionville and Koblenz . The River was canalised between Metz and Thionville , via a canal opened in 1964 by the Grand Duchess, Charlotte of Luxembourg , the Federal Chancellor of Germany, Konrad Adenauer and their host, Charles de Gaulle , President of France. It

2565-575: The German Weather Service's weather stations lower figures are recorded. The driest month is February. The most rainfall comes in August. In that month, precipitation is 1.6 times what it is in February. Precipitation varies hardly at all, being evenly spread throughout the year. At only 22% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded. The earliest evidence of human habitation (3000 BC)

2660-537: The Knights Hospitaller at Heitersheim . The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck remained an ecclesiastical member even after it had turned Protestant , ruled by diocesan administrators from the House of Holstein-Gottorp from 1586. The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück , according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia was under alternating rule of a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop from the House of Hanover . Each member of

2755-662: The Moselle valley forms the division between the Eifel and Hunsrück mountain regions. The average flow rate of the Moselle at its mouth is 328 m /s (11,600 cu ft/s), making it the second largest tributary of the Rhine by volume after the Aare (560 m /s; 20,000 cu ft/s) and bigger than the Main and Neckar . The section of the Moselle from the France – Germany – Luxembourg tripoint near Schengen to its confluence with

2850-495: The Mosellum offers exhibitions about the migration of fish in the Moselle as well as water ecology, navigation and power generation. With the construction of the visitor and information centre the most modern fish ladder along the Moselle was opened. The Moselle winegrowing region lies along the Moselle with a cultivated area of about 10,540 ha (26,000 acres). The largest part, currently just under 9,000 ha (22,000 acres),

2945-913: The Nine Years' War . In the War of the Bavarian Succession , the electoral dignities of the Palatinate and Bavaria were merged, approved by the 1779 Treaty of Teschen . The German Mediatisation of 1803 entailed the dissolution of the Cologne and Trier Prince-archbishoprics, the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz and German Archchancellor received—as compensation for his lost territory occupied by Revolutionary France —the newly established Principality of Regensburg . In turn, four secular princes were elevated to prince-electors: These changes however had little effect, as with

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3040-579: The Peace of Westphalia , religious matters could no longer be decided by a majority vote of the colleges. Instead, the Reichstag would separate into Catholic and Protestant bodies, which would discuss the matter separately and then negotiate an agreement with each other, a procedure called the itio in partes . The Catholic body, or corpus catholicorum , was headed by the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz . The Protestant body, or corpus evangelicorum ,

3135-729: The Perpetual Diet of Regensburg in 1663 did the Diet permanently convene at a fixed location. The Imperial Diet of Constance opened on 27 April 1507; it recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Imperial Chamber , the empire's supreme court. From 1489, the Diet comprised three colleges: The Electoral College ( Kurfürstenrat ), led by the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz in his capacity as Archchancellor of Germany . The seven Prince-electors were designated by

3230-721: The Quaternary period, the Rhenish Massif slowly rose, the meanders of the Moselle were formed between the Trier Valley and the Neuwied Basin . The highest navigable water level (HSW) is 6.95 m (22 ft 10 in) and normal level (NSt) is 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) at the Trier Gauge ( Pegel Trier ). High water : Low water : The Moselle was known to the Romans by

3325-563: The Rhenish Massif , the most striking of which is the Cochemer Krampen between Bremm and Cochem . Also typical are its vineyard terraces. From the tripoint the Moselle marks the entire Saarland–Luxembourg border. The catchment area of the Moselle is 28,286 km (10,921 sq mi) in area. The French part covers 15,360 km (5,930 sq mi), about 54 percent of the entire catchment. The German state of Rhineland-Palatinate has 6,980 km (2,690 sq mi),

3420-713: The Rhine at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz at a height of 59 m (194 ft) above NHN sea level. The length of the river in France is 313 km (194 mi), for 39 km (24 mi) it forms the border between Germany and Luxembourg, and 208 km (129 mi) is solely within Germany. The Moselle flows through the Lorraine region, west of the Vosges. Further downstream, in Germany,

3515-610: The Saar near Konz shortly before Trier is in Germany known (geographically incorrectly ) as the Upper Moselle . The section from Trier to Pünderich is the Middle Moselle , the section between Pünderich and its mouth in Koblenz as the Lower Moselle or Terraced Moselle ( Terrassenmosel ). Characteristic of the Middle and Lower Moselle are its wide meanders cut deeply into the highlands of

3610-401: The Saarland 2,569 km (992 sq mi), Luxembourg 2,521 km (973 sq mi), Wallonia in Belgium 767 km (296 sq mi) and North Rhine-Westphalia , 88 km (34 sq mi). The three largest tributaries of the Moselle are, in alphabetical order, the Meurthe , the Saar and the Sauer . The Meurthe was the old upper course of the Moselle, until

3705-446: The Saufbähnchen , ran through Bernkastel-Kues. The railway station building stands at the water's edge in the constituent community of Bernkastel (right bank). Furthermore, there was a Deutsche Bahn terminal station in the constituent community of Kues (left bank) whence a further railway track, the Wengerohr–Bernkastel-Kues line , linked the town with Wittlich and the Moselle line ( Cannons Railway ). Both railways are disused and

3800-407: The Saxon Wars , a Hoftag, according to the Royal Frankish Annals , met at Paderborn in 777 and determined laws over the subdued Saxons and other tribes. In 803 Charlemagne, by then crowned as emperor of the Franks, issued the final version of the Lex Saxonum . At the Diet of 919 in Fritzlar the dukes elected the first King of the Germans , who was a Saxon, Henry the Fowler , thus overcoming

3895-433: The St.-Nikolaus-Hospital , a hospital for the poor, was built. In 1505, in an Electoral edict from Jakob II, the name Landshut for the archiepiscopal castle crops up for the first time. Emperor Maximilian I spent a night in Bernkastel in 1512 on the way to the Imperial Diet at Trier. The Plague raged in Bernkastel in 1627, and in Kues in 1641. In 1692, Castle Landshut fell victim to fire and since then it has been

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3990-407: The Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France and Luxembourg to western Germany . It is a left bank tributary of the Rhine , which it joins at Koblenz . A small part of Belgium is in its basin as it includes the Sauer and the Our . Its lower course "twists and turns its way between Trier and Koblenz along one of Germany's most beautiful river valleys." In this section

4085-417: The Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts and mergers within the Swabian , the Franconian and the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circles . Likewise, on the ecclesiastical bench, the Imperial abbots joined a Swabian or Rhenish college. In the German Mediatisation of 1803, numerous ecclesiastical territories were annexed by secular estates. However, a reform of the Princes' college was not carried out until

4180-421: The 8th century, a geographer described a place called Princastellum . This is said to be evidence of a Roman castellum in the 4th century near today's Landshut castle ruin. Pointing to this are, among other things, fittings and finds of ceramic and iron underneath the castle. The 12th-century form of the name, Beronis castellum , was a learned re-Latinization, which was related to Adalbero von Luxemburg. Work

4275-410: The Electorate itself remained officially Protestant and retained the directorship of the Protestant body. When the Elector's son also converted to Catholicism, Prussia and Hanover attempted to take over the directorship in 1717–1720, but without success. The Electors of Saxony would head the Protestant body until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. After the formation of the new German Empire in 1871,

4370-408: The Empire was not much more than a collection of largely independent states. Probably the most famous Diets were those held in Worms in 1495 , where the Imperial Reform was enacted, and 1521 , where Martin Luther was banned (see Edict of Worms ), the Diets of Speyer 1526 and 1529 (see Protestation at Speyer ), and several in Nuremberg ( Diet of Nuremberg ). Only with the introduction of

4465-400: The Empire's dissolution in 1806. The college of Imperial Cities ( Reichsstädtekollegium ) evolved from 1489 onwards. It contributed greatly to the development of the Imperial Diets as a political institution. Nevertheless, the collective vote of the cities was of inferior importance until a 1582 Recess of the Augsburg Diet . The college was led by the city council of the actual venue until

4560-503: The German defenses. The division managed to establish a foothold on the east bank of the river, securing a bridgehead at Dieulouard. With the bridgehead secured, Combat Command A of the 4th Armored Division crossed the Moselle and advanced towards Nancy, encircling the city and cutting off German supply lines. The 80th Division continued its advance, pushing towards the northeast and engaging in fierce combat with German forces. The operations to capture Nancy continued until September 15 when

4655-444: The Golden Bull of 1356: The number increased to eight, when in 1623 the Duke of Bavaria took over the electoral dignity of the Count Palatine, who himself received a separate vote in the electoral college according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia ( Causa Palatina ), including the high office of an Archtreasurer . In 1692 the Elector of Hanover (formally Brunswick-Lüneburg) became the ninth Prince-elector as Archbannerbearer during

4750-477: The Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences started to collect imperial records ( Reichsakten ) and imperial diet records ( Reichstagsakten ). In 1893 the commission published the first volume. At present the years 1524–1527 and years up to 1544 are being collected and researched. A volume dealing with the 1532 Diet of Regensburg, including the peace negotiations with the Protestants in Schweinfurt and Nuremberg , by Rosemarie Aulinger of Vienna

4845-413: The Luxembourg winegrowing region is called Moselle Luxembourgeoise and the French region is called AOC Moselle . Most notable among the wines produced here are Riesling , Elbling , Müller-Thurgau , Kerner , and Auxerrois . The German part of the Moselle is a tourist destination. After the Second World War, France pressed to be able to ply the Moselle with larger ships in order to be able to link

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4940-414: The Middle and Lower Moselle. There are also yachting or sports marinas in the following places: Koblenz , Winningen , Brodenbach , Burgen , Löf , Hatzenport , Senheim , Treis , Traben-Trarbach , Kues , Neumagen , Pölich , Schweich , Trier and Konz . The Moselle is linked near Toul via the Canal de la Marne au Rhin with inter alia the Meuse , the Saône and the Rhône . Other canals link

5035-411: The Moselle are: From Trier downstream the Moselle separates the two Central Upland ranges of the Eifel (to the northwest) and the Hunsrück (to the southeast). The Vosges , the present source region of the Moselle, were formed about 50 million years ago. In the Miocene and Pliocene epochs the ancient Moselle ( Urmosel ) was already a tributary of the ancient Rhine ( Ur-Rhein ). When, in

5130-679: The Moselle at its confluence is the Moselotte , which is about 40% greater by volumetric flow and thus represents the main branch of the Moselle system. At its mouth, the Moselle delivers 328 m /s (11,600 cu ft/s) of water into the Rhine after flowing for 544 km (338 mi). Madon , Terrouin , Esch , Rupt de Mad , Orne , Fensch , Gander , Syre , Sauer , Kyll , Salm , Lieser , Alf , Endert , Brohlbach , Elz . Moselotte , Vologne , Meurthe , Seille , Saar , Olewiger Bach , Avelsbach , Ruwer , Feller Bach , Dhron , Ahringsbach , Kautenbach , Lützbach , Flaumbach , Altlayer Bach , Baybach , Ehrbach . Towns along

5225-466: The Moselle valley run the Moselle Wine Route and the Moselle Cycleway, which may be cycled from Metz in France via Trier to Koblenz on the River Rhine , a distance of 311 km (193 mi). Between Koblenz and Trier, large sections run on the trackbed of the old Moselle Valley Railway, far from the noise and fumes of motor vehicles. Every year on the Sunday after Pentecost , the 140 km (87 mi) of road between Schweich and Cochem

5320-445: The Moselle, and the financial office in Bernkastel and the customs office in Kues were stormed. On Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), there were great riots against Jewish inhabitants, and the synagogue was destroyed. In 1946, the first democratic elections after the Second World War were held. Hans Weber became mayor. In 1970, Andel and Wehlen were amalgamated with the town. With administrative reform in Rhineland-Palatinate ,

5415-436: The Moselle, the majority on towed barges. Upstream freight mainly comprised fuel and ores; downstream the main goods were steel products, gravel and rocks. There is an inland port at Trier , a transshipment site in Zell (Mosel) ; and there are other ports in Mertert , Thionville , Metz and Frouard . In addition to freighters there are also pleasure boats for tourists between the very busy wine villages and small towns of

5510-411: The Perpetual Diet in 1663, when the chair passed to Regensburg . The Imperial cities also divided into a Swabian and Rhenish bench. The Swabian cities were led by Nuremberg , Augsburg and Regensburg, the Rhenish cities by Cologne , Aachen and Frankfurt . For a complete list of members of the Imperial Diet from 1792, near the end of the Empire, see List of Reichstag participants (1792) . After

5605-413: The Prince-electors. The House of Princes was again subdivided into an ecclesiastical and a secular bench. Remarkably, the ecclesiastical bench was headed by the—secular— Archduke of Austria and the Burgundian duke of the Habsburg Netherlands (held by Habsburg Spain from 1556). As the Austrian House of Habsburg had failed to assume the leadership of the secular bench, they received the guidance over

5700-404: The Princes' College held either a single vote ( Virilstimme ) or a collective vote ( Kuriatstimme ). Due to the Princes, their single vote from 1582 strictly depended on their immediate fiefs; this principle led to an accumulation of votes, when one ruler held several territories in personal union . Counts and Lords only were entitled to collective votes, they therefore formed separate colleges like

5795-400: The abdication of Francis II as Holy Roman Emperor the Empire was dissolved only three years later. The college of Imperial Princes ( Reichsfürstenrat or Fürstenbank ) incorporated the Imperial Counts as well as immediate lords, Prince-Bishops and Imperial abbots . Strong in members, though often discordant, the second college tried to preserve its interests against the dominance of

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5890-510: The canal via Breisach. In 1958 work began and by 26 May 1964 the Moselle could be officially opened from Metz to Koblenz as a major waterway for shipping with 14 locks . France extended it by 1979 as far as Neuves-Maisons . With that, 394 km (245 mi) of the Moselle have been upgraded with a total of 28 locks. In the years 1992 to 1999 the navigable channel was deepened from 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) to 3.0 m (9 ft 10 in), which enables 1,500-tonne freighters to use

5985-402: The city was liberated by the combined efforts of the 80th Infantry Division and the 4th Armored Division. The successful crossing of the Moselle River and the capture of Nancy dealt a significant blow to German defenses in northeastern France and further contributed to the Allied advance towards Germany. In the act of 10 April 1952 ratifying the treaty instituted by the ECSC , Article 2 charged

6080-428: The court of the Emperor. These assemblies were usually referred to as Hoftage (from German Hof "court"). Only beginning in 1489 was the Diet called the Reichstag , and it was formally divided into collegia ("colleges"). Initially, the two colleges were of the prince-electors and of the remaining dukes and princes. Later, the imperial cities with Imperial immediacy became oligarchic republics independent of

6175-482: The early 1960s, but by the early 2000s there were only just under 100. There has been the opposite trend amongst the established traditional wine estates and more recent vintners with a sound education in oenology and business management, who have increased their business through the reclamation of once renowned, but long forgotten sites. The end of the 20th century saw the rediscovery of the use of special terroir in order to improve quality and value, which has led to

6270-417: The ecclesiastical princes. The first ecclesiastical prince was the Archbishop of Salzburg as Primas Germaniae ; the Prince-Archbishop of Besançon , though officially a member until the 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen , did not attend the Diet's meetings. The ecclesiastical bench also comprised the Grand Master and Deutschmeister of the Teutonic Knights , as well as the Grand Prior of the Monastic State of

6365-474: The end of the empire in 1806, it was in permanent session at Regensburg . All Imperial Estates enjoyed immediacy and, therefore, they had no authority above them besides the Holy Roman Emperor himself. While all the estates were entitled to a seat and vote, only the higher temporal and spiritual princes of the College of Princes enjoyed an individual vote ( Virilstimme ), while lesser estates such as imperial counts and imperial abbots, were merely entitled to

6460-434: The event on May 9–11. In 2000 began the partnership between Bernkastel-Kues and Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic . In 2005, the town celebrated the centenary of the merger of Bernkastel and Kues, and the municipality became a “climatic health resort” ( Heilklimatischer Kurort ). The council is made up of 22 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and

6555-634: The growing and manufacturing name of "Mosel". For marketing reasons the agricultural authorities of the region have divided it into six winegrowing areas. The wine literature and specialist press, by contrast, divide the region into four areas based on geomorphological, micro-climatic and also historical reasons: The wine industry on the German Moselle has been declining for decades. In 2005, statistics showed there were 10,375 ha (25,640 acres) of vineyard; by 2012 this had fallen to just 8,491 ha (20,980 acres). The vineyards that have fallen fallow are mostly those on extremely steep hillsides. There has been

6650-483: The head to chief. The arms borne until 1951 were similar, but there were two notable differences: The keys are meant to be the keys of heaven held by Saint Peter , to whom the Archbishopric of Trier is consecrated. The bear is the town's armorial bearing, and is canting (“bear” is Bär in German ). The crayfish, also canting, as the blazon calls it a Krebs (a word applied to any of a number of crustacean creatures), stands for Nikolaus von Kues , whose family name

6745-406: The honorary mayor as chairman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results: The honorary mayor is Wolfgang Port (CDU). He was first elected in 2000 and last re-elected in 2019 with 61.6% of the votes. Port's predecessor, Helmut Gestrich, was mayor beginning in 1994 and was reëlected in 1999, but he resigned the mayoralty on 22 November 2000 after having been linked to

6840-624: The industrial regions of Lorraine . When, in 1955, the population on the Saar voted to belong to West Germany, France demanded as "compensation" an upgrade of the Moselle. On 27 October 1956 they concluded the Moselle Treaty with Germany and Luxembourg for a canalisation of the Moselle and conceded to Germany in return the extension of the Grand Canal d'Alsace on the Upper Rhine instead of an extension of

6935-477: The land to the north is the Eifel which stretches into Belgium ; to the south lies the Hunsrück . The river flows through a region that was cultivated by the Romans. Today, its hillsides are covered by terraced vineyards where "some of the best Rieslings grow". Many castle ruins sit on the hilltops above wine villages and towns along the slopes. Traben-Trarbach with its art nouveau architecture and Bernkastel-Kues with its traditional market square are two of

7030-500: The largely independent rule of the dukes over their respective territories, and also limited the number of electors to seven. The Pope, contrary to modern myth, was never involved in the electoral process but only in the process of ratification and coronation of whomever the Prince-Electors chose. Until the late 15th century the Diet was not formalized as an institution. Instead, the dukes and other princes would irregularly convene at

7125-663: The latter captured the former upper reaches of the Meuse and took it over. However, the Meuse only delivered a little more water than the Meurthe at its confluence. The Saar is the biggest of all the tributaries (78.2 m /s; 2,760 cu ft/s) as well as the longest (246 km; 153 mi). The Sauer is the largest left-hand tributary and drains the region on either side of the German-Luxembourg border. The largest tributary relative to

7220-454: The longstanding rivalry between Franks and Saxons and laying the foundation for the German realm. After the conquest of Italy , the 1158 Diet of Roncaglia finalized four laws that would significantly alter the (never formally written) constitution of the Empire, marking the beginning of the steady decline of the central power in favour of the local dukes. The Golden Bull of 1356 cemented the concept of "territorial rule" ( Landesherrschaft ),

7315-695: The many tourist attractions on the Moselle river. The name Moselle is derived from the Celtic name form, Mosela , via the Latin Mosella , a diminutive form of Mosa , the Latin description of the Meuse , which used to flow parallel to the Moselle. So the Mosella was the "Little Meuse". The Moselle is first recorded by Tacitus in Book 13 of his Annals and in Book 4 of his Histories . The Roman poet Ausonius made it

7410-625: The name of Flumen Musalla (in the Tabula Peutingeriana ), and the river was romanticised by the poet Ausonius around 371. From 1815, the Moselle formed the border between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Prussia ( German Empire in 1871). During World War II the Moselle was a barrier as the Allies advanced toward Berlin. In September 1944, the American Third Army in France mounted

7505-465: The north, these are Graach , Longkamp , Monzelfeld , Veldenz , Mülheim , Lieser , Maring-Noviand , Platten and Zeltingen-Rachtig . Bernkastel-Kues is subdivided into the four Stadtteile of Andel, Bernkastel, Kues and Wehlen. The former two lie on the Moselle's right bank, while the latter two are on the left. All together, 7,794 people live in all four centres (3,696 men, 4,098 women), of whom 268 – or 3.44% – are foreigners. The town lies in

7600-475: The old legend about a local wine, the famous "Bernkasteler Doctor". Another well-known point of interest is the Late Gothic St. Nikolaus-Hospital ( Cusanusstift ), an Electoral complex of Nikolaus von Kues . The institution's library has an outstanding scientific range of works. It is also well known for its chapel, where the heart of the great philosopher, cardinal and polymath Nikolaus von Kues (Cusanus)

7695-563: The opening of the Burgbergtunnel (550 m), heavy traffic in the constituent community of Bernkastel was alleviated. Also, two bridges are found in town, one of which is the only suspension bridge across the Moselle . Both were renovated in the 1990s. Public transport is integrated into the Verkehrsverbund Region Trier (VRT), whose fares therefore apply. Until 31 December 1962, the narrow gauge Moseltalbahn , also called

7790-563: The river and in the valley of the Moselle, thanks to the policies of their Roman rulers. The river subsequently gave its name to two French republican départements : Moselle and Meurthe-et-Moselle . The source of the Moselle is at 715 m (2,346 ft) above sea level on the Col de Bussang on the western slopes of the Ballon d'Alsace in the Vosges . After 544 km (338 mi) it discharges into

7885-571: The river to the North Sea and even the Mediterranean . There is a total of 28 changes of level on the Moselle: With the exception of Detzem, all the structures at each change in level are laid-out side by side; the lock is by one riverbank, the weir in the middle and the hydropower plant on the other bank. Between the lock and weir are a boat slipway and channel and boat lock, while between

7980-504: The river, a 20% increase in capacity. The channel has a width of 40 m (130 ft), more on the bends. The Moselle Commission , founded in 1962 with its head office in Trier, is responsible for navigation. The Moselle Shipping Police Act which it has produced is valid in all three participant states from Metz to Koblenz. In 1921 the Moselle (Mo) became a Reich waterway, today it is a federal waterway ( Bundeswasserstraße ) from Apach at

8075-417: The so-called Doerfert Affair (a corruption scandal; its namesake, Hans-Joachim Doerfert, was sentenced to seven years and three months for fraud and breach of trust, although he only served five years). The town's arms might be described thus: Quarterly, first and fourth sable a key palewise argent, the wards to chief and sinister, second Or a bear passant of the first, and third Or a crayfish palewise gules,

8170-529: The terms of the Golden Bull of 1356 , Bohemond II became Elector. According to legend, he was brought back to health from a serious illness by a glass of wine, giving rise to the legend of the Bernkastler Doctor winery. In 1401, Nikolaus von Kues , also known by his Latinized name Nicolaus Cusanus, was born in Moselle shipowner Henne Cryfftz's house, which is well preserved and can be visited. In 1451,

8265-474: The tracks have been torn up. The slate-block railway station building, built “Moselle-style” in the early 20th century by Reichsbahn building director Franz Schenk, has likewise been preserved. An adjoining goods building was restored and is now used as a multifunctional building ( Güterhalle ). In what was once the track area there was at first an unsecured carpark. Now here is the Forum Alter Bahnhof ,

8360-400: The tripoint to its mouth on the Rhine at kilometre point 592.29 in Koblenz. The waterway is 242 km (150 mi) long and managed by the Trier and Koblenz Water and Shipping Offices ( Wasser- und Schifffahrtsämtern Trier und Koblenz ). It is categorized as a European waterway of Class Vb. Its kilometrage begins at its mouth at kilometre point 0 and runs upstream. Since 1816 it has formed

8455-555: The weir and the power station is the fish ladder . The structures have been blended into the landscape through their low-level design; this was achieved by the choice of sector gates for the weir, vertically lowering upper gates and mitred lower lock gates. The water levels and hydropower works are controlled by the Fankel Central Control Station ( Zentralwarte Fankel ) of the RWE Power Company at Fankel . Through

8550-612: Was Cryfftz (the same as Krebs in High German ). There are only two other towns in Germany whose arms bear a crustacean charge, namely Bad Wurzach in the Allgäu and Cottbus . Worth seeing in Bernkastel is the mediaeval marketplace with its gabled timber-frame houses from the 17th century, foremost among which is the narrow Spitzhäuschen (“Pointed House”) from 1416. Around the St. Michaelsbrunnen (“ Saint Michael’s Fountain”) from 1606 gathers

8645-512: Was begun on the third castle building under the lordship of Archbishop of Trier Heinrich II of Finstingen. On 29 May 1291, King Rudolph I of Germany granted Berrincastel town rights. The castle, Burg Landshut, which was built at that time, was given this name only in the 16th century. In 1332, the town rights were reaffirmed by Emperor Louis the Bavarian's Sammelprivileg (a kind of omnibus decree that dealt with many rights and privileges). Under

8740-611: Was discovered by archaeologists in Kues. About AD 370, Decimus Magnus Ausonius , the Roman poet and teacher at the Imperial court, wrote his poem Mosella . Adalbero von Luxemburg (d. 1036 or 1037), Provost of the Trier Monastery of St. Paulin, became Lord of Bernkastel in the early 11th century. In the first half of the 11th century, Bernkastel had its first documentary mention. At the turn of

8835-542: Was headed by the Elector of Saxony . At meetings of the Protestant body, Saxony would introduce each topic of discussion, after which Brandenburg-Prussia and Hanover would speak, followed by the remaining states in order of size. When all the states had spoken, Saxony would weigh the votes and announce a consensus. Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism in 1697 in order to become King of Poland, but

8930-488: Was in effect a permanent meeting of ambassadors between the estates. The role and function of the Imperial Diet evolved over the centuries, like the Empire itself, with the estates and separate territories increasing control of their own affairs at the expense of imperial power. Initially, there was neither a fixed time nor location for the Diet. It began as a convention of the dukes of the old Germanic tribes that formed

9025-649: Was the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire . It was not a legislative body in the contemporary sense; its members envisioned it more like a central forum where it was more important to negotiate than to decide. Its members were the Imperial Estates , divided into three colleges. The diet as a permanent, regularized institution evolved from the Hoftage (court assemblies) of the Middle Ages . From 1663 until

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