The Amsterdam School (Dutch: Amsterdamse School ) is a style of architecture that arose from 1910 through about 1930 in the Netherlands. The Amsterdam School movement is part of international Expressionist architecture , sometimes linked to German Brick Expressionism .
17-603: Hendrik Petrus Berlage ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛndrɪk ˈpeːtrʏz ˈbɛrlaːɣə] ; 21 February 1856 – 12 August 1934) was a Dutch architect and designer. He is considered one of the fathers of the architecture of the Amsterdam School . Hendrik Petrus Berlage, son of Nicolaas Willem Berlage and Anna Catharina Bosscha, was born on 21 February 1856 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Anna Catharina Bosscha's uncle
34-537: A different vision than Berlage. In the magazine "Bouwkundig Weekblad 45/1916" Michel de Klerk criticized Berlage's recent buildings in the style of Dutch Traditionalism . In this context, the Stock Exchange by Berlage of 1905 can be seen as the starting point of Traditionalist architecture. From 1920 to 1930 different parallel movements developed in the Netherlands: The Expressionist architecture of
51-665: A postgraduate school for architecture since 1990. Works of Berlage are in the public collections of Museum de Fundatie , Gemeentemuseum Den Haag , and Kröller-Müller Museum . Amsterdam School Buildings of the Amsterdam School are characterized by brick construction with complicated masonry with a rounded or organic appearance, relatively traditional massing, and the integration of an elaborate scheme of building elements inside and out: decorative masonry, art glass, wrought ironwork, spires or "ladder" windows (with horizontal bars), and integrated architectural sculpture. The aim
68-747: A while, he also employed the Indonesian-born Liem Bwan Tjie , who would later become his country's pioneering proponent of the Amsterdam School and modern architecture. Of his many outstanding designs, very few have actually been built. One of his finest completed buildings is ' Het Schip ' (The Ship) in the Amsterdam district of Spaarndammerbuurt . Eigen Haard (Own Hearth), working-class Socialist housing, consisting of three groups of buildings: De Dageraad (The Dawn), working-class Socialist housing by Michel de Klerk and Piet Kramer (1920–1923). The architectural contribution by Michel de Klerk
85-453: The 1912 cooperative-commercial Scheepvaarthuis (Shipping House), is considered the starting point of the movement, and the three of them collaborated on that building. The most Amsterdam School buildings are found in this city. The movement and its followers played an important role in Berlage's overall plans for the expansion of Amsterdam . The most important architects and virtuoso artists of
102-415: The 1970s as well as at the beginning of the 21st century. Michel de Klerk Michel de Klerk (24 November 1884, Amsterdam – 24 November 1923, Amsterdam) was a Dutch architect . Born to a Jewish family, he was one of the founding architects of the movement Amsterdam School ( Expressionist architecture ) Early in his career he worked for other architects, including Eduard Cuypers . For
119-733: The Amsterdam School , De Stijl and the New Objectivists . He received the British RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1932. Berlage died on 12 August 1934 in The Hague . His son, also named Hendrik Petrus Berlage , was an astronomer in Royal Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta , Indonesia), whose name has been immortalized as a lunar crater ( Berlage ). The Berlage Institute has been
136-571: The Amsterdam School was the most successful style of the 1920s. For many foreign architects, Amsterdam was the "Mecca" for new town extensions. But the Traditionalist movement lasted longer, until the 1950s, thanks to the so-called Delft School, represented by Martinus Granpré Molière at the Delft University of Technology. In the 1960s the Rationalist movement was dominant. In a well-known speech,
153-450: The Amsterdam School were Michel de Klerk and Piet Kramer . Other members included Jan Gratama (who gave it its name), Berend Tobia Boeyinga , P. H. Endt, H. Th. Wijdeveld , J. F. Staal, C. J. Blaauw, and P. L. Marnette. The journal Wendingen ("Windings" or "Changes"), published between 1918 and 1931, was the magazine of the Amsterdam School movement. After De Klerk died in 1923, the style lost its importance. The De Bijenkorf Store in
170-548: The Dutch Rationalist, Willem van Tijen declared the Amsterdam School a warning example for architects (published in Forum 9/1960-61). After the death of Piet Kramer in 1961, no architectural institution or museum was interested in his Expressionist work. For that reason, all his drawings, blueprints and models were burnt. The Amsterdam School had its origins in the office of architect Eduard Cuypers in Amsterdam. Although Cuypers
187-602: The Hague by Piet Kramer from 1926 is considered to be the last example of "classic" Amsterdam School Expressionism. The influence of the Amsterdam School continued in the Dutch East Indies , where one of its leading proponents was the pioneering Indonesian architect Liem Bwan Tjie . The Amsterdam School style spread beyond architecture to encompass interior design, with the result that items ranging from furniture and carpets to lamps and clocks were produced. Interest revived in
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#1732852337738204-482: The primacy of space, and of walls as the creators of form, would be the constitutive principles of the 'Hollandse Zakelijkheid'. A visit Berlage made to the U.S. in 1911 greatly affected his architecture. From then on the organic architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright would be a significant influence. Lectures he gave when returned to Europe would help to disseminate Wright's thoughts in Germany. A notable overseas commission
221-613: Was Johannes Bosscha , a scientist who taught in Polytechnische School te Delft . Berlage studied architecture at the Zurich Institute of Technology between 1875 and 1878 after which he traveled extensively for three years through Europe. In the 1880s he formed a partnership in the Netherlands with Theodore Sanders which produced a mixture of practical and utopian projects. A published author, Berlage held memberships in various architectural societies including CIAM I . Berlage
238-638: Was influenced by the Neo-Romanesque brickwork architecture of Henry Hobson Richardson and of the combination of structures of iron seen with brick of the Castle of the Three Geckos of Domènech i Montaner . This influence is visible in his design for the Amsterdam Commodities Exchange, for which he would also draw on the ideas of Viollet-le-Duc . The load-bearing bare brick walls and the notion of
255-561: Was not a progressive architect himself, he gave his employees plenty of opportunity to develop. The three leaders of the Amsterdam School Michel de Klerk , Johan van der Mey and Piet Kramer all worked for Cuypers until about 1910. In 1905 Amsterdam was the first city to establish a building code, and the city hired Johan van der Mey afterwards, in the special position as "Aesthetic Advisor", to bring artistic unity and vision to its built environment. Van der Mey's major commission,
272-620: Was the 1916 Holland House, built as offices for a Dutch shipping company in Bury Street in the City of London (behind Norman Foster 's 30 St Mary Axe of 2003). Considered the "Father of Modern architecture" in the Netherlands and the intermediary between the Traditionalists and the Modernists, Berlage's theories inspired most Dutch architectural groups of the 1920s, including the Traditionalists ,
289-429: Was to create a total architectural experience, interior and exterior. Imbued with socialist ideals, the Amsterdam School style was often applied to working-class housing estates, local institutions and schools. For many Dutch towns Hendrik Berlage designed the new urban schemes, while the architects of the Amsterdam School were responsible for the buildings. With regard to the architectural style, Michel de Klerk had
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