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87-554: Sharing significant similarities with the Chicago Boys in Chile (1970s–80s), such as staunch anti-communism , the Berkeley Mafia was not considered to be neoliberal unlike the former. The group included Widjojo Nitisastro , Mohammad Sadli , Emil Salim , J. B. Sumarlin , and Ali Wardhana . Dorodjatun Kuntjoro-Jakti who graduated later from Berkeley is also sometimes included as

174-657: A "bloodless" coup, or nussrah , for the facilitation of "a change of the government". In one document ('Our Method'), it states, "we consider that Islamic law forbids violence or armed struggle against the regime as a method to reestablish the Islamic State." A 2004 report by the Nixon Center states that "credible reports" indicate that HT members have been "involved in coup attempts in Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and Iraq". According to HT, once one or more Muslim countries come under

261-422: A Muslim's total savings and wealth excluding a minimum amount) and other taxes if necessary. The constitution also reserves public ownership of utilities, public transport, health care, energy resources such as oil, and unused farm land. Constitutionally forbidden activities include: "squandering, extravagance and miserliness", "capitalist companies, co-operatives", usury ( riba ), "fraud, monopolies, gambling and

348-507: A country "whose population is of non-Muslims", like Spain, "is not an Islamic country; ... This conclusion is false. ... because a country is deemed Islamic if it was once ruled by Islam or if the majority of its population is of Muslims." So that "Spain is indeed an Islamic country". Hizb ut-Tahrir sees the Caliphate as eventually replacing not only Muslim states but Western non-Muslim ones, but whether it calls for violence to achieve this

435-520: A coup by virtue of Supersemar . Although he would not formally become president for another two years, Suharto began laying down the foundations for what would become the New Order regime. In late August 1966, Suharto held a seminar at SESKOAD to discuss political and economic matters and the way in which the New Order would approach those problems. The FEUI economists, headed by Widjojo Nitisastro , attended

522-569: A hotspot during the Cold War. The anti-Marxist junta supported radical free market policies promoted by the Chicago Boys as a part of their destruction of Marxism. After the end of the military rule and return to democracy this specific group lost power and many joined the private sector, although their policies and effects still remained in place in many areas. Even though the Chile Project ended,

609-654: A member of this group. In the mid-1950s, the economists who would become the Berkeley Mafia were students at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Indonesia (FEUI). The faculty was headed by Sumitro Djojohadikusumo , an economist who had served as Minister of Trade and Industry and Minister of Finance for the Government. Sumitro was the only teacher with an economics doctorate and so had to turn to foreign lecturers from

696-537: A non-Muslim power—usually of the United States—and, their anti-American rhetoric and policies and their fighting amongst each other notwithstanding, they are actually "working harmoniously within US policy". One HT website (HT Britain) states that the Caliphate "dominated 95% of Islamic history" as a "stable, independent, accountable and representative state", and that the party goals of unifying all Islamic countries into

783-611: A pattern of "a brief spell of support" followed by "failure to take power" in HT's more than 50 years of agitation. The party has been described as being "centralised" in leadership and strategy, with its ideology based on the writings of its deceased founder al-Nabhani. Because these principles have been in place since the party's founding, they are therefore considered unlikely to change. The party itself claims its "ideology and its method of work" has been "meticulously thought out and published in many detailed books". Prospective HT members study

870-476: A pyramid-like group, the party enforces internal discipline and obedience to the central leadership. The party "tolerates no internal dissent". A range of disciplinary measures are applied to members who break the rules, with expulsion being the most severe. The network of underground cells resembles that of the successful Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia. At the top is the central committee ( lajnat al-qiyada ) of

957-752: A senior economic commentator until his death in 2008. Chicago Boys The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom were educated at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Larry Sjaastad, Milton Friedman , and Arnold Harberger , or at its affiliate in the economics department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . After they finished their studies and returned to Latin America, they adopted positions in numerous South American governments including

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1044-569: A single Islamic state where sharia law is strictly applied have strong support in the Muslim world. The caliphate will bring stability, the party argues: by providing a political system that is "accountable" and a ruler who is legitimized by virtue of elected representation; by returning the Muslim world to Islamic practice and traditional readings of Islamic values and history; and by virtue of it being "the only institution able to provide credible leadership on Islamic issues and for Muslims". The ruler of

1131-553: A smaller more committed core of members" (BBC ). The "About Us" section of the Hizb ut-Tahrir official website states "Hizb ut-Tahrir is determined to work within the Ummah in order to implement Islam and achieve its objective by endeavouring to gain the leadership of the Islamic Ummah so that she could accept it as her leader, to implement Islam upon her and proceed with it in her struggle against

1218-683: A strong military rule and total political control is the cornerstone of Pinochetism, in conjunction with a strong anti-communist political platform. These policies and their effects are both highly controversial in Chile and around the World and represent a major divide in Chilean politics to this day. The economic success of the Chicago boys was a critical part of bolstering the Pinochet regime abroad. The Chilean miracle as it

1305-610: A sudden, millenarian victory", as opposed to a slog through a political process "that risks debasing the Koran and perpetuating the ummah's subjugation to the West". The party plans its political progress in three stages, taking after the process "by which the Prophet Muhammad established the Caliphate in thirteen years". According to an analyst of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kazakhstan, where the group

1392-446: A unitary Islamic state or caliphate, headed by a caliph elected by Muslims. This, it holds, is an obligation decreed by God, warning that Allah will punish those Muslims "who neglect this duty". Once established, the caliphate will expand into non-Muslim areas, through "invitation" and through military jihad, so as to expand the land of Islam and diminish the land of unbelief . To "achieve its objective" HT seeks "to gain

1479-525: A world recession triggered a depression in Chile, General Pinochet turned to the "Chicago Boys"; he appointed several of them to powerful positions in the government. The training program was the result of the "Chile Project" organized in the 1950s by the U.S. State Department , through the Point Four program , the first US program for global economic development. It was funded by the Ford Foundation and

1566-591: Is "a lot of ... propaganda and disinformation" about the party and the caliphate being spread by enemies to "demonise" HT. The HT Draft Constitution or "proposed constitution", which contains many party positions, has been described by one party leader, Jalaluddin Patel, as "the sum of all the work and research" the party has "done in this field", "based on Ijtihad ", interpretations of Islamic texts and traditions, schools of fiqh and individual scholars (including Shi'a) and consultation with "various Islamic groups around

1653-589: Is active in Western countries, including the UK, and also in several Arab and Central Asian countries despite being banned by some governments. Members typically meet in small private study circles, but in countries where the group is not illegal, it also engages with the media and organizes rallies and conferences. The organization's leadership is centered in Jordan, with additional headquarters in London. This dual presence leverages

1740-473: Is an international pan-Islamist and Islamic fundamentalist political organization whose stated aim is the re-establishment of the Islamic caliphate to unite the Muslim community (called ummah ) and implement sharia globally. Hizb ut-Tahrir was founded in 1953 as a political organization in then- Jordanian-controlled Jerusalem by Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani , a Palestinian Islamic scholar from Haifa who

1827-512: Is appointed by the central committee. The basic unit of the party is a cell of five members, the leader of which is called a mushrif . The mushrif leads a study-circle and supervises its members' study of the HT ideology, listening to readings from books by the party's founder, Nabhani, particularly Nidham al-Islam , or the System of Islam , which "lays out Nabhani's vision of an 'Islamic' state" and "refutes" other Arab political ideologies. Where

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1914-523: Is because of the shura (consultation) in Islam. This is contrary to the parliamentary system in democracy." There is also no limitation on the Khaleefah's period in office, "so as long as he abides by the sharia". Critics (Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart of The Centre for Social Cohesion ) complain that non-Muslims living the caliphate are not included among those giving "popular consent" nor able to serve in

2001-778: Is by nature offensive rather than defensive (supported in The Inevitability of the Clash of Civilisations ), or encompasses both "defensive and offensive war" (supported on a different page of The Inevitability of the Clash of Civilisations ). Statements also conflict as to whether offensive jihad must wait for the caliphate to be established (as the head of HT Britain, Jalaluddin Patel, told an interviewer in 2004), or requires only an "amir" to lead Muslims ( Hizb ut-Tahrir pamphlet). The party does support "defensive jihad" in Iraq and Afghanistan against American occupation—defensive jihad not requiring

2088-563: Is disputed. The HT "Information Pack" for the Britain Media states that "the suggestion that Hizb ut-Tahrir will be permitted to engage in an armed struggle when the Caliphate re-emerges, is absolutely false", but Michael Whine quotes HT founder An-Nabhani urging Muslims to follow the example of the original Islamic empire attacking and conquering adjacent territory of Persia and the Byzantine Empire , noting "what are we to say about

2175-671: Is legal. At least one former member has complained that the HT "party philosophy" and practice of referring to its study groups as halaqa —despite the fact they are studying leader Nabhani's writings and not the Quran—makes Nabhani's work "synonymous with the Quran", and that "the cult-like structure of the organisation [makes] this difficult" for young recruits to see. While one media pack published by HT emphasizes that membership "is open to all Muslim men and women regardless of their nationality, race or school of thought", critics complain of

2262-558: Is outlawed: "First they convert new members. Secondly, they establish a network of secret cells, and finally, they try to infiltrate the government to work to legalize their party and its aims." A more sympathetic description of this strategy is that Hizb ut-Tahrir works to: HT has for many years made use of the Internet to propagate its message. It changes messages frequently, and uses a number of languages. As of 2004, there were at least seven websites "related directly" to HT. HT talks about

2349-516: Is seceding from the Caliphate. According to the second Amir of the party, "preventing the dismemberment of any country from the body of the Khilafah" is imperative, "even if" it leads "to several years of fighting and ... the killing of millions of Muslims". "Islamic lands" to make up the HT Caliphate include not only Muslim-majority countries but also include Muslim-majority regions—such as Xinjiang ,

2436-639: The Caucasus , and Kazan (in Russia), even though they have been part of non-Muslim countries for many years; and states/regions which have had a non-Muslim majority population for many years—such as northern India , East Timor , southern Spain , Sicily , Crimea , Serbia , Croatia , Greece , Romania , Bulgaria , Myanmar and the Philippines —that were once "ruled by Muslims under the authority of Islam". HT founder an-Nabhani, explains that while some believe that

2523-544: The Kuffar without any lenience or hesitation" ( Ummah's Charter ), as well as the need to fight unbelievers who refuse to be ruled by Islam, even if they pay tribute ( The Islamic Personality ). On the other hand, public statements by Hizb ut-Tahrir deny this by saying "Hizb ut-Tahrir will be permitted to engage in an armed struggle when the Caliphate re-emerges, ... The party is not waiting for any order to begin an 'armed struggle ' ". Other HT texts differ over whether jihad

2610-497: The Majlis al-Ummah " (according to Article 35e of the constitution). The founder an-Nabhani, in his book the System of Islam , specifically notes that the shura (consultative) body of the caliphate (the Majlis al-Ummah ), "is for seeking the opinion and not for ruling", so that if the Caliph neglects the majlis "he would be negligent, but the ruling system would still remain Islamic. This

2697-570: The Netherlands and lecturers from other faculties to assist in educating the students at FEUI. As tensions grew between Indonesia and the Dutch government over West Irian (now known as West Papua ), Dutch lecturers began to leave the country. Sumitro turned to the Ford Foundation for assistance. The Ford Foundation then began a process by which students from the FEUI were chosen to undertake overseas studies at

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2784-478: The Rockefeller Foundation aimed at influencing Chilean economic thinking. The University of Chicago's Department of Economics set up scholarship programs with Chile's Catholic University. About one hundred select students between 1957 and 1970 received training, first in an apprenticeship program in Chile and then in post-graduate work in Chicago. The most influential of the Chicago faculty members involved

2871-581: The Sunnah , consensus of the companions ( Ijma al-Sahaba ), and legitimate analogies ( Qiyas ) drawn from those three sources. The Islamic state will not "adopt a particular" Madhhab (school of fiqh). According to Forum 18 News Service, it was told by an HT representative that "the only true Muslims" are those who adhere to one of the four Sunni madhhabs , and "those who depart" the four "would be considered as apostates and liable to punishment according to Islamic law". Regarding traditional hudud penal code,

2958-607: The University of California, Berkeley . After the Ford Foundation had conducted some preliminary preparations, the overseas studies program began in 1957. By the early 1960s, all of the students who had been sent abroad had returned from Berkeley and had begun taking up positions as lecturers at the Army Staff and Command College (SESKOAD). In 1966, General Suharto took over executive control in Indonesia from President Sukarno in

3045-472: The University of Chicago , even though some of them earned degrees at Harvard University or MIT . They advocated widespread deregulation , privatization , and other free market policies for closely controlled economies. The Chicago Boys rose to prominence as leaders of the early reforms initiated in Chile during General Augusto Pinochet 's rule. Milton and Rose Friedman used the term "Chicago Boys" in their memoir: "In 1975, when inflation still raged and

3132-479: The military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) , as economic advisors. Many of them reached the highest positions within those governments. Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher were influenced by Chile's policies and economic reforms. The term "Chicago Boys" has been used at least as early as the 1980s to describe Latin American economists who studied or identified with the liberal economic theories then taught at

3219-450: The "appropriate political and military capabilities" of an Islamic State, it need not wait for either a caliph or amir. Along with the establishment of an Islamic State, Hizb ut-Tahrir's other main principle/objective is the enforcement of shariah law to regulate all aspects of human life— politics, economics, sciences, and ethics. The law will be based upon fair interpretations of the Qur'an ,

3306-528: The "core books" of HT in preparation for being accepted as members. Hizb ut-Tahrir websites, speeches, etc. also detail party positions. Critics have pointed out differences between party texts and public statements and accused HT of varying its "message to suit different audiences", or of attempting to "soften" its public image (by deleting pamphlets from its website and other means), "as a defensive reaction to increased scrutiny", while leaving its original strategy and ideology untouched. HT itself claims there

3393-642: The "most important" obligation of Muslims, who will be punished if they neglect it. Without the caliphate and true sharia law, Muslims have been living in a state of jahiliyya (pre-Islamic ignorance). "Not a single country or state" has escaped jahilayya and unbelief , including ones that consider themselves to be Islamic states, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran . These and all other Muslim-majority states and polities—Kurds, Turks, Iran, Saudi Arabia, etc.—serve as "agents" of

3480-534: The 1950s when it was first formed and before it was banned, according to Suha Taji-Farouki . Kyrgyz Hizb ut-Tahrir members campaigned unsuccessfully for an affiliated candidate in Kyrgyzstan 's national presidential election in July 2005, and have participated in municipal elections where their followers have won in a number of regions. Olivier Roy describes the strategy as a "global, grassroots revolution, culminating in

3567-477: The Creator", who has "better insight into the human condition than humans". HT texts define Jihad as "war undertaken for the sake of Allah (swt) to raise high His (swt) word" and requiring an army ( Institutions of State in the Khilafah ). They declare the necessity of jihad so that Da'wah will be carried "to all mankind" and will "bring them into the Khilafah state", and the importance of declaring "Jihad against

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3654-568: The Gulf States and Saudi Arabia". Because of its status of being banned in most Muslim-majority countries but legal throughout Western countries, the group differs from most Salafi organizations in being "more self-conscious, adaptive and sensitive to Western culture" despite its resolute opposition to that culture. HT has been called "secretive and hierarchical" by a former member. It uses "cover names for reserving venues, publishing propaganda and even carrying out political activity" even where it

3741-541: The HT Britain magazine New Civilisation ) describe the ruler of the proposed caliphate as "an elected and accountable ruler" and a "servant to the masses, governing them with justice", "legitimate only through popular consent", who can be removed at the demand of the people through "the independent judiciary" of the caliphate, and whose judicial opinion on adopting a law does not prevent further debate and amendment. Along with "an independent judiciary, political parties" and

3828-530: The HT draft constitution describes the Caliph as simply "the State". The constitution states that the Caliph "possesses all the powers and function of the State", appointing and dismissing the governors and assistants of all the provinces of caliphate, the directors of departments, the heads of the armed forces and the generals, the chief judge and most judges, "who are all responsible to the Khaleefah [Caliph] and not to

3915-603: The HT text Concepts of Hizb ut-Tahrir describes their abandonment as part of the "misinterpret[ation of] the Islamic rules to adapt them to contemporary life" that started in the late 19th century. In a HT video on how Muslims should answer criticism of the "harsh" punishments of hudud , HT member Taji Mustafa argues chopping off hands and feet "are a huge deterrent" to crime. HT texts state adultery should be punished by stoning and pre-marital sex by lashing, and apostasy from Islam by death. "Brigandage" and murder would be punished by execution, crucifixion or amputation. That use of

4002-555: The Indonesian branch of Hizb ut-Tahrir , considered the Berkeley Mafia to be traitors, a view stemming particularly from its willingness to privatise the nation's industries. With the beginning of the oil boom in the mid-1970s, Suharto favored the economic nationalists and so the Berkeley Mafia's influence was restricted. Suharto would turn to the Berkeley Mafia again in the mid-1980s, when the price of oil began to drop and with it Indonesia's economic growth. The Berkeley Mafia presided over

4089-542: The Kuffar". But according to a former leader in the UK, Jalaluddin Patel, once the caliphate has been established, HT "will never assume the role of a vanguard party". In countries where the party is outlawed, Hizb ut-Tahrir's organization is said to be strongly centralized, with its central leadership based in the Palestinian Territories . To avoid infiltration by security agents and maintain ideological coherence in

4176-468: The Ummah today; numbering more than one billion, ... She would undoubtedly constitute a front which would be stronger in every respect than the leading superpowers put together". Another HT text ( The Ummah's Charter , quoted by Ahmed and Stuart), states that the Caliphate "must rise to declare Jihad against the Kuffar without any lenience or hesitation", and a HT pamphlet (quoted by Dave Rich) predicts, "In

4263-527: The agricultural sector. At the same time, an international program to support economic recovery was established under the auspices of a newly-formed Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia . The new economic program was successful at stabilizing the economy. Inflation fell from 650% in 1966 to only 13% in 1969. After Suharto became president in 1968, the members of the Berkeley Mafia team were appointed to ministerial and senior advisory posts in Suharto's cabinet. Thus,

4350-486: The basis of the military policy"). The Amir al-Jihad does not serve as the commander-in-chief, who, along with his immediate subordinates, is appointed by the Caliph. Conscription is compulsory for all male Muslims 15 and over in the proposed state "in readiness for jihad". The draft constitution also details an economic system that allows private enterprise, but requires that "the State" should "provide employment" and "basic needs" for its citizens. To provide for this

4437-526: The caliphate are historical inaccuracy and danger of violence involved in re-establishing the caliphate: Responsibility for defense in Hizb ut-Tahrir's constitutional vision of the caliphate would go to the Amir al-Jihad who would be "the supervisor and director" of four governmental departments comprising "the army, the police, equipment, tasks, armament supplies", internal security, foreign affairs, and industry ("all factories of whatever type should be established on

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4524-415: The caliphate being a unitary (not federal ) state, run by a caliph head of state elected by Muslims. Other specified features include: "The currency of the State is to be restricted to gold and silver"—article 163; "every male Muslim, fifteen years and over, is obliged to undergo military training"—article 56; "Arabic is the language of Islam and the sole language of the State"—article 8; in marriage

4611-481: The caliphate, the Caliph (or Khaleefah ), should be elected, not chosen through blood lines or imposed on Muslims, according to the Hizb ut-Tahrir Draft Constitution, and should take a pledge of loyalty ( ba'iah ) to the Muslim community following his election. The Muslim community would have "no right to dismiss him after he has legitimately attained the ba'iah of contracting". HT sources (an HT "Information Pack" issued to British media by HT Britain circa 2010 and

4698-560: The constitution. In addition to the constitution, "many detailed books" expand on the HT ideology and "method of work", according to its 2010 Information pack. Although hizb means party in Arabic, in the countries where Hizb ut-Tahrir is active it has usually not registered as a political party or attempted to elect candidates to political office, although it did early in its history. Hizb ut-Tahrir put forward candidates for office in Jordan in

4785-708: The economies of their respective countries, and include people like Mexico 's Sócrates Rizzo , Francisco Gil Díaz , Fernando Sanchez Ugarte , Carlos Isoard y Viesca , Argentina 's Ruben D. Almonacid , Adolfo Diz , Roque Fernández , Carlos Alfredo Rodríguez , Fernando de Santibañes and Ricardo Lopez Murphy , Brazil 's Paulo Guedes , as well as others in Peru , Colombia , Uruguay , Costa Rica , and Panama . Hizb ut-Tahrir Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Hizb ut-Tahrir ( HT ; Arabic : حزب التحرير , romanized :  Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr , lit.   'Party of Liberation')

4872-482: The elected representative of the Majlis al-Umma ("the council of the Muslim community", whose decisions are binding on the Caliph according to Nabhani's book, Nethaam al-Huqm fil-Islam ), the caliph rules a state that is uniquely representative, that will provide "rule of law and equal rights for minority groups", and so bears no "resemblance to a totalitarian state", criticism notwithstanding. But critics complain that

4959-588: The fact that they were projected to hurt the economy but overall be beneficial in the long run. These policies influenced future governments and organizations tied to the neoliberal economic viewpoint such as the World Bank , International Monetary Fund , and other International Organizations and governments. However, the relations between these organizations were not always close, and rivalry between neoliberal organizations still existed. The ideology of free market capitalism and laissez faire economics in conjunction with

5046-566: The forthcoming days the Muslims will conquer Rome and the dominion of the Ummah of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) will reach the whole world and the rule of the Muslims will reach as far as the day and night. And the Dīn of Muhammad (saw) will prevail over all other ways of life including Western Capitalism and the culture of Western Liberalism". Among the criticisms of HT's vision of

5133-461: The government, while the judges ruling over any recall attempt of the caliph are appointed by him or by a judge (the Supreme Judge) who is appointed by the Caliph. Regarding debate and amendment of legal rulings of the caliph, articles 3 and 35a of the proposed constitution stipulate that they must be obeyed. One issue not open to "popular consent" or differing opinion (according to HT doctrine)

5220-586: The group had a great influence on economic policy and successfully brought Indonesia's economy to an unprecedented growth period. The growth rate was high, averaging around 6.5% per year between the late 1960s and 1997, when South East Asia was hit by the severe Asian financial crisis . The Berkeley Mafia's liberal approach towards economics was not supported by everyone. Within the New Order, it encountered opposition from generals such as Ali Murtopo , Ibnu Sutowo and Ali Sadikin , whose economic approaches were more nationalistic in nature. Some other groups, like

5307-480: The international party, and the supreme leader ( Amir ). The main committee or agency is tasked with taking power to re-establish the caliphate by establishing contacts with "the centers of power such as the army and the political leaders". This agency is "the most secretive", and "reports directly" to the "Amir". Organizationally below its center are national organizations or wilayas (which actually means "province" since HT believes that nation states are un-Islamic;

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5394-441: The key economic advisors of the Pinochet dictatorship, the Chicago Boys were the forerunners of the economic policies of that government. They sponsored state run policies to decrease national spending, end inflation and promote economic growth. They promoted a policy of strict austerity and cut government expenditures substantially. Free trade agreements and the breakdown of barriers to trade were also promoted to help Chile compete in

5481-451: The leadership of the Islamic community " so that the community will "accept it as her [the community's] leader, to implement Islam upon her and proceed with it in her struggle against the Kuffar (unbelievers) and in the work towards the return of the Islamic State". The nature of the "Islamic state"/caliphate/khilafah is spelled out in a detailed program and "draft constitution" which notes

5568-401: The liberalization, deregulation , and the renewed growth of the Indonesian economy. Once again, the Indonesian economy began to grow, and once again, the Berkeley Mafia encountered political opposition. This time, their opponents were Sudharmono and Ginandjar Kartasasmita , who advocated economic nationalism, as well as BJ Habibie , who wanted a technology-centered economic development. As on

5655-579: The like", leasing of land for agriculture, and the failure of a land owner to use their land (such as leaving land fallow for more than three years). For monetary policy , the constitution calls for use of the Gold Standard , and gold and silver coinage. Outsider observers have called HT's economic proposals "very vague" (International Crisis Group), or lacking in coherence (Ahmed & Stuart, Zeyno Baran ). Former HT UK leader Jalaluddin Patel defends it, writing that "the Islamic economic system comes from

5742-436: The only "nation" is the Islamic community ), "usually headed by a group of 12, control networks of local committees and cells". Wilayas have an executive committee charged with managing administrative affairs which is elected every two years by the membership of the party in the wilaya . At the provincial level, there is a committee headed by a provincial representative ( Mu'tamad ) who oversees group activities. The Mu'tamad

5829-473: The organization's control (such as Pakistan, Indonesia or a country in Central Asia) this will create a base; subsequently, other Muslim countries will be convinced to join and a "domino effect" will be created to establish a new caliphate. Researchers and scholars have often described HT as a vanguard party (David Commins and Zeyno Baran ) or as seeming to be "less interested in a broad mass following than

5916-429: The party is not legal, only the mushrif knows the names of members of other cells. A candidate for membership swears an oath of loyalty ( qasam ) In the name of Allah, I swear to protect Islam and to maintain fidelity to it; I swear to accept and follow goals, ideas and principles of HT in words and deeds; I swear to recognize the rightness of the party leadership's actions; I swear to carry out even those decisions of

6003-507: The party leaders that I find objectionable; I swear to direct all my energies for the realization of the party program. Allah is the Witness of my words. According to one study, "little is known" of how HT "funds its activities", thanks to the party's "clandestine modus operandi ". In Western countries, members who have jobs contribute part of their income, "possibly as much as 10 percent". In Muslim countries funding may or may not come "from Iran,

6090-528: The party's need for "absolute, unequivocal acceptance of the Movement's dogma", its ignoring of spiritual aspects of Islam, and discouraging of free airing of views or "challenging statements". The party principle of overthrowing existing Muslim governments has been questioned as a violation of the ayah : Obey God, obey His prophet, and obey those in authority over you. This is supported by "several notable scholars"—according to Mateen Siddiqui—such as Ibn Nujaym, Al-Bahjouri, and Abu Hanifa . Critics also note

6177-417: The post-Suharto Reform era . Widjojo Nitisastro became an economic advisor to presidents B. J. Habibie , Wahid (Gus Dur) , and Megawati . Emil Salim later served as the leader of the Presidential Advisory Council during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 's administration and also continued to be active on environmental issues, both in Indonesia and in international circles. Mohammad Sadli remained well-known as

6264-537: The previous occasion, Suharto sided with the economic nationalists, and the Berkeley Mafia's power weakened. During Indonesia's economic collapse from the 1997 Asian financial crisis , people blamed the Berkeley Mafia and considered it to be part of the New Order regime. During the Reform era, only Widjojo was retained in the government. Out of the Berkeley Mafia group, only Widjojo Nitisastro and Emil Salim continued to have significant influence within government during

6351-536: The punishments of 'chopping off' of hands for theft and stoning to death for adultery would become law in the HT caliphate was confirmed in a 2009 interview of Tayyib Muqeem, an HT leader. Non-Muslims would be subject to the same laws and in addition would be subject to special taxes—the poll tax of jizya and the land tax of Kharaj . Men and women are to be segregated in public except when absolutely necessary according to HT Draft Constitution. A women's body may not be revealed, "apart from her face and hands". This

6438-880: The relative freedom in Europe to oversee activities in Muslim nations where HT faces more stringent restrictions. Hizb ut-Tahrir has been banned in Bangladesh , China , Russia , Pakistan , India , Germany , Turkey , the United Kingdom , Kazakhstan and "across Central Asia", Indonesia , and all Arab countries except Lebanon , Yemen and the UAE . In July 2017, the Indonesian government revoked Hizb ut-Tahrir's legal status, citing incompatibility with government regulations on extremism and national ideology . Hizb ut-Tahrir states its aim as unification of all Muslim countries (or as it calls them "Islamic lands") over time in

6525-555: The seminar. During the seminar, the economists set out their ideas and policy recommendations. Their presentation impressed Suharto, who invited them to begin work as a team of experts in the field of economics and finance. On October 3, 1966, on the advice of these economists and others, Suharto announced a program aimed at stabilization and rehabilitation of Indonesia's economy. The Berkeley Mafia focused on low inflation, fiscal constraint, and market deregulation. The program also aimed at rehabilitation of infrastructure and development of

6612-430: The state will draw from "permanent" sources of income from special taxes on non-Muslims: spoils or fei ' (spoils of jihad when the non-Muslim enemy has surrendered or fled), jizyah (a poll tax on non-Muslims), and kharaj (land conquered from non-Muslims in jihad). It also includes a "tax" of one/fifth of discovered buried treasure ( rikaaz ) and zakaah (annual Islamic charitable donation of 2.5% of

6699-518: The training connection between Chile and the University of Chicago continued. One of the numerous networking organizations for alumni, including the Chicago Boys, is the "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business" (LATAM). The term continues to be used in popular culture, business magazines, press and media. In 2015, a Chilean film titled Chicago Boys was released. As

6786-411: The violent and spiritual dimensions of Jihad. As an initial step, HT directs attention to the 'near enemy', advocating the removal of rulers "pretending to be Muslims", a step they consider a prerequisite for the global spread of Islam. Since 1953, Hizb ut-Tahrir has spread to more than 50 countries, and has a membership estimated to be between "tens of thousands" to "about one million". Hizb ut-Tahrir

6873-449: The wife is "obliged to obey her husband" and the husband "to provide"—article 116, in schools "the weekly lessons of Islamic disciplines and Arabic language must be equal to the lessons of all other sciences in terms of number and time" —article 173. Such things as copyrights on educational materials (article 175), military treaties (article 185), and memberships by the state in secular international organizations (article 186) are forbidden by

6960-525: The world market. They also privatized public companies and used the free market rather than government rule to promote their economic policies. This was part of the neoliberal economic views espoused by Milton Friedman, the ideological backer for their views. Friedman and his connections to the Chicago Boys was highly politicized especially after he received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976. The policies are also sometimes referred to as shock therapy based on

7047-404: The world". Patel also told Jamestown that if "the future Caliph" is not a member of HT, the party will offer the constitution to him as a "working document" which he can "accept, amend or indeed reject in favor of his own opinion and Ijtihad (interpretation)". Hizb ut-Tahrir texts and websites hold that re-establishing the Khilafah state or Caliphate based on sharia law has been decreed by God as

7134-525: Was Larry Sjaastad, who helped organize the Latin Amerian Workshop and supervised 139 doctoral dissertations, many from Latin American students, during his 42-year teaching career at Chicago. The project was uneventful until the early 1970s. The Chicago Boys' ideas remained on the fringes of Chilean economic and political thought, even after a group of them prepared a 189-page "Program for Economic Development" called El ladrillo ("the brick"). It

7221-510: Was called attracted a lot of necessary positive attention for the Pinochet government and allowed Pinochet to exercise political repression without condemnation by economic allies. New policies such as structural adjustment, free trade, and tax cuts became incredibly popular with conservative political groups throughout the western world. These policies eventually spread into the United States and United Kingdom via their conservative leaders. Chile

7308-650: Was educated in Egypt and served as a qadi (religious court judge) in Mandatory Palestine . He formulated a program and a "draft constitution" for the establishment of a Caliphate. The organization sees world history as an eternal conflict between Islam and non-believers , with the state system considered a historical assault on Islam. The group views Jihad as an essential aspect of its vision and considers it an imperative duty aimed at combating disbelief until all submit to Islamic rule, making no distinction between

7395-533: Was just the initial impact, as the implemented economic policies were profoundly successful, increasing the GDP per capita more than six times in the following 40 years and making Chile one of the wealthiest countries in Latin America. In addition, this has led to greater income inequality in Chile, which still impacts the country today. These policies were seen as the natural reaction to Marxism and part of Chile's role as

7482-399: Was one of the first countries to embrace these policies and they have since spread in part due to the initial success Chile experienced. Some of them are or were: Although the largest and most influential group of so-called Chicago Boys was Chilean in origin, there were many Latin American graduates from the University of Chicago around the same period. These economists continued to shape

7569-545: Was presented in 1969 as part of Jorge Alessandri 's unsuccessful presidential candidacy. Alessandri rejected El ladrillo , but it was revisited after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état on 11 September 1973 brought Augusto Pinochet to power, and it became the basis of the new regime's economic policy. After the coup when the Chicago boys were given power and El ladrillo was implemented, the Chilean GDP fell by about 15% by 1982 and government spending increased slightly. However, this

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