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68-457: The Bergmannstraße is located in the district Schwanthalerhöhe and in the district of Westend, a classic working-class district with cooperative buildings from the period around 1900. The district is, with about 30,000 inhabitants in an area of just over two square kilometers, one of the most densely populated districts in Munich. The proportion of foreigners is 34.5% (as of 2015), one of the highest in

136-430: A coherent, handsome but not exactly uniform group of buildings. At Gollierplatz facing Bergmannstraße, is the so-called Nymphenbrunnen (Nymph fountain) of Elmar Dietz from the 1930s. Housing cooperative A housing cooperative , or housing co-op , is a legal entity which owns real estate consisting of one or more residential buildings. The entity is usually a cooperative or a corporation and constitutes

204-443: A comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however. With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain affordable housing . A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no-equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price (comparable to a rental security deposit) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that

272-413: A cost price only, with direct support ranging from 5 to 25 thousand pounds. The beneficiary of this unit can pay its price over a period of 20 years, as 538,000 units have been implemented in all governorates and new cities until 2022, implemented by Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities . In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There

340-420: A form of housing tenure . Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting . The cooperative is membership based, with membership granted by way of

408-454: A formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset

476-463: A housing cooperative in that the property is owned by a non-profit corporation and the right to use each unit is tied to ownership of a certain set of shares. Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock. Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to

544-458: A manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific upkeep tasks at which volunteers may hesitate or may not be skilled, such as electrical maintenance. In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives, a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate. Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from condominiums where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into

612-563: A part of the Australian social housing / community housing sector and have been funded by various iterations of government funding programs. One of the largest co-operative housing organisations in Australia is Common Equity Housing Ltd (CEHL) in the state of Victoria . CEHL is a registered housing association with its shares held by its 103-member co-operatives. As of 2023 CEHL co-operatives house 4,291 people in 2,101 homes. Common Equity, in

680-404: A rental setting. However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is nonprofit , so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved. In some cases, the co-op follows Rochdale Principles where each shareholder has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as limited stock companies where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by

748-412: A share purchase in the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership. Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives

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816-401: A type of housing association that provides affordable housing to its members. They are formed and run by a group of people who come together to pool their resources in order to purchase or build housing for their own use. In Germany, housing cooperatives are typically organized as non-profit organizations, which means that any profits made from the sale or rental of the housing are reinvested in

884-578: Is a German-language encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the F. A. Brockhaus printing house. The first edition originated in the Conversations-Lexikon published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in Leipzig 1796–1808. Renamed Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie from 1966, the current 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It

952-461: Is a legal term used in the Scandinavian countries ( Sweden , Denmark , and Norway ) for a type of joint ownership of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents

1020-540: Is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned apartments in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole. A living cooperation ( wooncoöperatie ) is a construct in which residents jointly own an apartment building using a democratically controlled cooperative, and pay rent to their own organisation. They were prohibited after World War II and legalised in 2015. "Company-share" apartments operate in

1088-685: Is completely marked in the 14th edition from 1891, of the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie and also shown as built up to the Bergmannschule. The only direct connection of the Bergmannstraße to the public transport is the station Bergmannstraße of the bus line 53 ( Münchner Freiheit – Aidenbachstraße ), which runs through the Kazmairstraße, a crossroad of Bergmannstraße. The nearest underground stations are located about 400 meters away, these are

1156-410: Is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer. Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in

1224-1228: Is re-couped is that very low purchase price. Research in Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organization in the city. Other research among older residents from the rural United States found that those living in housing cooperatives felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more privacy, were healthier and had things repaired faster. Australian researchers found that cooperative housing built stronger social networks and support, as well as better relationships with neighbours compared to other forms of housing. They cost 14% less for residents and had lower rates of debt and vacancy. Other US research has found that housing cooperatives tended to have higher rates of building quality, building safety, feelings of security among residents, lower crime rates, stable access to housing and significantly lower costs compared to conventional housing. Housing co-operatives in Australia are primarily non-equity rental co-operatives, but there are some equity co-operatives as well. The rental co-operatives are generally

1292-408: Is similar to a lease . In equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative's rules. The word cooperative is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee-paying members obtain

1360-430: Is that the members, through their elected representatives , screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories: non-ownership (referred to as non-equity or continuing) and ownership (referred to as equity or strata). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which

1428-639: Is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century. In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an online encyclopedia and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the Brockhaus trademark were purchased by Arvato services , a subsidiary of the Bertelsmann media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014. Paralleling other 18th century encyclopedias,

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1496-587: Is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state. Certain buildings are organized as "Cooperative Housing Societies" where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than

1564-553: The GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen (Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations). The Housing cooperative project in Egypt aims to serve the low-income class, as it provides them with housing units consisting of two rooms, a hall or three rooms and a fully finished hall, with an area ranging from 75 to 90 square meters. In addition, these units are offered at

1632-650: The New Zealand housing system . In the Philippines , a tenant-owner's association often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy a property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed period of years (typically 20 to 30), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are transformed into condominiums. A tenant-owner's association ( Swedish : bostadsrättsförening , Norwegian : borettslag , Danish : andelsboligforening )

1700-624: The United States , housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or LLCs and are found in abundance in the area from Madison, Wisconsin , to the New York metropolitan area . There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of

1768-422: The apartment , and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership. In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children),

1836-595: The 4th and 5th editions until he left Leipzig in April 1820, when Professor F.C. Hasse took his place. Brockhaus died in 1823, and his two eldest sons, Friedrich and Heinrich , edited the 6th edition with Hasse's assistance in September 1823. Hasse edited the 7th edition. Karl August Espe edited the 8th and 9th editions. August Kurtzel , aided by Oskar Pilz , edited the 10th edition, assisted by Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus  [ de ] , and Heinrich Rudolf Brockhaus ,

1904-660: The UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative. Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through North American Students of Cooperation . Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative and Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative opened in 2014 and Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of Students for Cooperation . In

1972-555: The University of Knowledge of the Elderly (UNISAVIE: Université du savoir des vieux), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized into similar networks. The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self-contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensure that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out

2040-589: The city. The rental prices here in comparison with the other municipalities of Munich are at a medium level. The Bergmannstraße is centrally located in the district and runs in a north-south direction for a length of almost 900 meters. The western parallel road is the Trappentreustraße , part of the Bundesstraße 2 R , but mostly runs underground through the Trappentreutunnel. North of the Bergmannstraße runs

2108-517: The community /city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy; (4) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas. Generally, the association's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular, the development of a popular entity called

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2176-436: The cooperative rather than being distributed to shareholders. This allows housing cooperatives to offer lower prices for housing than would be possible for for-profit organizations. Members of a housing cooperative typically have the right to occupy a specific unit within the cooperative's housing complex, and they also have a say in the management and decision-making of the cooperative. This can include voting on issues related to

2244-445: The cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.) In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating surpluses; fees on

2312-518: The east at the height of the present Richelstraße, crossing the railway tracks at the height of the Maillingerstraße and then leading on to the later Bergmannstraße to the old Sendlinger church. With the extension of today's Maillingerstraße, the Bergmannstraße was also extended to the Burgfriendensgrenze (border of the castle precincts) from 1846 to 1852. Since today's Bergmannstraße was on

2380-639: The east side of the street, there is a post office from the years 1926 to 1928 in the new objectivity style. At the southern end of the Bergmannstraße, on the west side, are several rental units from the years 1898 to 1909, built in the Neo-Baroque style or in Art Nouveau style. The Bergmannstraße connects at its southern end, to the Ridlerstraße which runs parallel to the railway line of the Südring, which leads from

2448-502: The educated"); only with the 13th edition did the name Brockhaus appear in the title, and the last edition is titled Brockhaus Enzyklopädie . Christian Wilhelm Franke was to finish vol. vi of the Leipzig publication by December 1808, and the already projected supplement, in 2 volumes, by 1811. Brockhaus himself edited the 2nd edition (1812–1819, 10 vols.), and, when vol. IV was published, the 3rd (1814–1819). Ludwig Ham assisted in editing

2516-875: The eight middle-class housing projects built by the US government between 1940 and 1942 under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency . There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in Michigan and serves the Midwest region, covering Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , Minnesota , and more. Brockhaus Enzyklop%C3%A4die The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie ( German for Brockhaus Encyclopedia )

2584-495: The encyclopedia available online, supported by Internet advertising revenues and that there might be no more print editions. This announcement briefly boosted print sales again and the plans to switch to an on-line only edition were canceled. However, in 2009 Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG (Bifab) sold the Brockhaus brand to Bertelsmann , renamed themselves to Bibliographisches Institut AG , and sacked 50 employees of its Leipzig-based editorial staff. This move

2652-587: The flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing Societies. for additional information. In the Netherlands there are three very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative: A housing corporation ( woningcorporatie ) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in

2720-471: The full encyclopedia, several abbreviated editions have been published with increasingly condensed content: A digital multimedia encyclopedia based on the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie is available under the name Brockhaus Multimedial Premium , which is similar to Microsoft Encarta . On February 13, 2008, Brockhaus announced that due to the disappointing sales figures, it would make the content of

2788-645: The main station to Ostbahnhof. As long as Neuhausen was not a parish of its own, the Sendlinger Weg was also the Kirchweg, since baptisms, weddings and festive church services took place in the Sendlinger parish church of St. Margaret. It was not until 1871 that the Winthirkirche became a vicarage church and finally in 1882 a parish church. The paved dirt road ran like today's Donnersbergerstraße , leading slightly to

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2856-714: The maintenance and operation of the housing complex, as well as electing a board of directors to oversee the cooperative's operations. Housing cooperatives are a popular form of housing in Germany, particularly in urban areas, and they are often seen as a way to provide affordable, community-oriented housing options. In the Industrialisation in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in

2924-406: The membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members' peaceful possession of their homes. A housing cooperative is normally de facto non-profit , since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in

2992-619: The multiple track railway lines from about 1.5 kilometers east of the München Hauptbahnhof (main train station), south of the Bergmannstraße the branching tracks of the Munich South Ring run towards the Munich East station and from there, on towards Rosenheim and Salzburg . The Theresienwiese , where the annual Munich Oktoberfest takes place, is located about 800 meters east of the Bergmannstraße. Bergmannstraße branches off to

3060-560: The municipal boundary of Neuhausen and Sendling, there was still paving duties charged in 1865, for example, when a wedding party wanted to cross the border. In 1877, the Sendling community was incorporated , as a result, the dirt road came into the Munich city planning sovereignty. After the renaming of Haderer Weg in Westendstraße in coordination with the incorporation of the town, the designation of Bergmannstraße followed in 1883. The street

3128-695: The municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of Montreuil after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another. The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to

3196-440: The name of Brockhaus . Thirteen editions were issued during the 19th century. The articles, often very brief, were considered excellent and trustworthy, especially on German subjects, gave references to the best books, and included biographies of living men. At first the name of the encyclopedia remained Konversationslexikon or Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände ("General German encyclopedia for

3264-488: The other units. Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders. Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative association . In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease", which

3332-567: The period of the Weimar Republic , this edition is sometimes referred to as the Weimar Brockhaus. A supplement volume was published in 1935. The 16th edition, published 1952–1957, consisted of 12 regular volumes, two supplement volumes, and one atlas volume. The latest (2005–2006) full print version of the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie is the 21st edition, with approx. 24,500 pages in 30 volumes. Prices start at EUR 2,820. In addition to

3400-445: The person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the co-operative. The board of directors is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on

3468-587: The rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland . The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in

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3536-461: The remainder living in other forms such as student dormitories or elderly homes. In Finland , by contrast to the Scandinavian countries, housing cooperatives in the strict sense are extremely rare; instead, Finnish tenant-owned housing properties are generally organized as limited companies (Finnish asunto-osakeyhtiö ) in a system peculiar to Finnish law. The Finnish arrangement is similar to

3604-633: The results of research and discovery in a simple and popular form without extended details. This format, a contrast to the Encyclopædia Britannica , was widely imitated by later 19th century encyclopedias in several countries. The seventh edition of the Conversations-Lexikon formed the basis of the Encyclopedia Americana (1829–1833), the first significant American encyclopedia. Other encyclopedias modelled on Brockhaus included

3672-484: The right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with student cooperatives in some college and university communities across the United States. As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as

3740-553: The rights to publication to Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (1772–1823). The deal was made at the Leipzig Book Fair on 25 October 1808 for the price of 1,800 thalers . In 1984, F.A. Brockhaus merged with the Bibliographisches Institut (Mannheim) (BIM). After the merger, it was decided that former BIM serial reference works such as Meyers Konversations-Lexikon would henceforth be marketed under

3808-526: The routine intervention of a mediator who could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution. The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives; these values include autonomy and self-management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility. Housing cooperatives, or "Wohnungsgenossenschaften" in German, are

3876-584: The sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages. There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: John Lennon , for instance, lived in The Dakota , a housing co-operative, and most apartments in New York City that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a condominium arrangement. There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate,

3944-460: The scope of the original Conversations-Lexikon was expanded beyond that of earlier publications, in an effort to become comprehensive. Published by the Leipzig scholars Renatus Gotthelf Löbel (1767–1799) and Christian Wilhelm Franke (1765–1831) from 1796 onward, it included geography , history , and in part biography , as well as the more typical mythology , philosophy , natural history , etc. Upon Löbel's death in 1799, Franke sold

4012-491: The second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations. The first such association in the world, VAK ("association for the working class") was founded in 1852 in Amsterdam . Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30% of the total of household dwellings (apartments and houses). A (house) owners' association ( Vereniging van Eigenaren , VvE)

4080-407: The share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of

4148-461: The south of Landsberger Straße, a major arterial road that runs parallel to the Munich-Augsburg railway line, connecting the city center with the western districts and continuing in the direction of Landsberg am Lech . The northern part of the Bergmannstraße is dominated mostly by simple four-storey to five-storey rental units and individual small businesses. In the middle part of the street, on

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4216-435: The state of NSW , is also a registered housing provider and manages 500 properties in 31 member housing co-operatives Co-ops in Canada offer an affordable alternative to renting, but waiting lists for the units can be years-long. In 2013, the opening of La Maison des Babayagas , an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from

4284-554: The stations Schwanthalerhöhe , as well as Heimeranplatz, the latter station is also connected to the Munich S-Bahn network. Directly on Bergmannstraße lie ten historical monuments built between 1889 and 1927, in the youth or Neo-Baroque style as well as in the style of New Objectivity. The Bergmannstraße crosses the Gollierplatz Ensemble (E-1-62-000-19). Nr. 56, 58, 62, 64 and 66 at the southwestern end of Bergmannstraße form

4352-551: The western side, lies the Gollierplatz , a green area of about 10,000 square meters. On the east side of the street is a historically listed multi-storey residential complex from the early 1920s. South of it stands the Ledigenheim (asylum for unmarried people), which was built as a Rohziegelbau (brick building) in the new objectivity style under the direction of the architect Theodor Fischer , originating from Lower Franconia , in

4420-399: The wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make business decisions. In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a board of directors from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the annual general meeting . In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. A housing cooperative's board of directors is elected by

4488-494: The years 1925-1927. On the west side of the road, just south of Gollierplatz, is the building of the elementary school (now a primary school) from 1889 to 1891, built in Neo-Renaissance style. A little further south is a three-winged complex arranged around a forecourt, built in factual forms with slightly expressionistic impact in the years 1928 to 1931 and also called Green Block due to the light green color. Further south, on

4556-565: The younger son, assisted in the 11th edition. Kurtzel died on April 24, 1871, and Pilz was sole editor until March 1872, when Gustav Stockmann joined, who was alone from April until joined by Karl Wippermann in October. The 14th edition was published in 1894, featuring 18,842 pages in 16 regular volumes and one supplement volume. Preparations for the 15th edition were disrupted by World War I , and recommenced in 1925. Because its 20 volumes (15,800 pages) were published from 1928–1934 which covered

4624-566: Was widely interpreted as the end of Brockhaus Enzyklopädie , caused by the competition of Internet-based reference works such as Misplaced Pages . "No work of reference has been more useful and successful, or more frequently copied, imitated and translated, than that known as the Conversations-Lexikon of Brockhaus," wrote the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition . The work was intended not for scientific use, but to promote general intellectual improvement by giving

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