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38-572: The choir was first founded in 1931 as the Festival Singers of Milwaukee . The group first consisted of four women and four men, who performed Hans Gruber's Festival Mass in the chapel of Milwaukee's St. Mary's Hospital. The choir soon increased to about 72 in the 1940s. After Thomas Stemper resigned as director of the Festival Singers in 1947 due to failing health, Father Francis Drabinowicz, pastor of Milwaukee's St. James Catholic Church became

76-422: A hydraulic orchestra pit , adding to its suitability for virtually any performing arts event. The auditorium itself is drum-shaped and is decorated in reds and maroons with gold and silver accents. A large, 2-ton Austrian crystal chandelier hangs over the auditorium. The theater also boasts a staircase crafted from white Italian Carrara marble and a proscenium arch highlighted in gold leaf , which frames

114-491: A waterwheel to power the bellows of a blast furnace producing cast iron . Zhang Heng was the first to employ hydraulics to provide motive power in rotating an armillary sphere for astronomical observation . In ancient Sri Lanka, hydraulics were widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa . The discovery of the principle of the valve tower, or valve pit, (Bisokotuwa in Sinhalese) for regulating

152-402: A large scale to prospect for and then extract metal ores . They used lead widely in plumbing systems for domestic and public supply, such as feeding thermae . Hydraulic mining was used in the gold-fields of northern Spain, which was conquered by Augustus in 25 BC. The alluvial gold-mine of Las Medulas was one of the largest of their mines. At least seven long aqueducts worked it, and

190-508: A reciprocating device with hinged valves. The earliest programmable machines were water-powered devices developed in the Muslim world. A music sequencer , a programmable musical instrument , was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated water-powered flute player invented by the Banu Musa brothers, described in their Book of Ingenious Devices , in

228-579: A watering channel for Samos , the Tunnel of Eupalinos . An early example of the usage of hydraulic wheel, probably the earliest in Europe, is the Perachora wheel (3rd century BC). In Greco-Roman Egypt , the construction of the first hydraulic machine automata by Ctesibius (flourished c. 270 BC) and Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 – 80 AD) is notable. Hero describes several working machines using hydraulic power, such as

266-434: Is a technology and applied science using engineering , chemistry , and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids . At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics , which concerns gases . Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on applied engineering using the properties of fluids. In its fluid power applications, hydraulics

304-617: Is officially designated a City of Milwaukee Landmark and a State of Wisconsin Historical Site , and was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991. It is sometimes called the "Grande Olde Lady", being the oldest theater in Milwaukee's theater district. The Pabst is a traditional proscenium stage theater with two balconies, for a total capacity of 1,300 people. It hosts approximately 100 events per year, including music, comedy, dance, opera, and theater events. The theater also has

342-458: Is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in rivers , canals , lakes , estuaries , and seas . Its sub-field open-channel flow studies the flow in open channels . Early uses of water power date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt , where irrigation has been used since the 6th millennium BC and water clocks had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of water power include

380-399: Is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluids. A French physician, Poiseuille (1797–1869) researched the flow of blood through the body and discovered an important law governing the rate of flow with the diameter of the tube in which flow occurred. Several cities developed citywide hydraulic power networks in the 19th century, to operate machinery such as lifts, cranes, capstans and

418-436: Is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering modules, and they cover concepts such as pipe flow , dam design, fluidics , and fluid control circuitry. The principles of hydraulics are in use naturally in the human body within the vascular system and erectile tissue . Free surface hydraulics

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456-891: The Qanat system in ancient Persia and the Turpan water system in ancient Central Asia. In the Persian Empire or previous entities in Persia, the Persians constructed an intricate system of water mills, canals and dams known as the Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System . The project, commenced by Achaemenid king Darius the Great and finished by a group of Roman engineers captured by Sassanian king Shapur I , has been referred to by UNESCO as "a masterpiece of creative genius". They were also

494-477: The ancient Near East in the 4th century BC, specifically in the Persian Empire before 350 BCE, in the regions of Iraq , Iran , and Egypt . In ancient China there was Sunshu Ao (6th century BC), Ximen Bao (5th century BC), Du Shi (circa 31 AD), Zhang Heng (78 – 139 AD), and Ma Jun (200 – 265 AD), while medieval China had Su Song (1020 – 1101 AD) and Shen Kuo (1031–1095). Du Shi employed

532-454: The force pump , which is known from many Roman sites as having been used for raising water and in fire engines. In the Roman Empire , different hydraulic applications were developed, including public water supplies, innumerable aqueducts , power using watermills and hydraulic mining . They were among the first to make use of the siphon to carry water across valleys, and used hushing on

570-401: The 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented water-powered programmable automata/ robots . He described four automaton musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine , where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. In 1619 Benedetto Castelli , a student of Galileo Galilei , published the book Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti or "On

608-928: The Aaron Biebert documentary, A Billion Lives , made its North American premiere at the Pabst and in 2017 the Pabst hosted the premiere of Batman & Jesus by Milwaukee native Jozef K. Richards . The Pabst Theater has the names of 15 notable artists inscribed about the cornice of the drum-shaped auditorium: Ibsen , Wagner , Molière , Aristotle , Michelangelo , Dante , Aeschylus , Thespis , Homer , Raphael , Shakespeare , Garrick , Beethoven , Goethe , and renovator Bernard O. Gruenke of Conrad Schmitt Studios . 43°02′28″N 87°54′38″W  /  43.0411°N 87.91068°W  / 43.0411; -87.91068 Hydraulics Hydraulics (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ ( húdōr )  ' water ' and αὐλός ( aulós )  ' pipe ')

646-657: The Bel Canto, Keeley also became the first music director of the Skylight Opera Theatre .) Under Keeley, the Bel Canto Chorus became known for performing Handel 's Messiah , performing it 15 times over his 32 years as director. Keeley grew the size of the chorus and the scale of its performances. The chorus grew to 180 members, often performing with the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra . The chorus engaged

684-575: The German-language productions for many years, due to declining revenues began scheduling performances in English by 1918. The Pabst has undergone several renovations, the first of which occurred in 1928. In 1976, after a long decline, it was restored to its original style. In 1989, a colonnade was added connecting the theater to the Milwaukee Center . The latest renovations took place in 2000 after

722-580: The Islamic world, including fulling mills, gristmills , paper mills , hullers , sawmills , ship mills , stamp mills , steel mills , sugar mills , and tide mills . By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from Al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia . Muslim engineers also used water turbines , employed gears in watermills and water-raising machines, and pioneered

760-657: The Measurement of Running Waters," one of the foundations of modern hydrodynamics. He served as a chief consultant to the Pope on hydraulic projects, i.e., management of rivers in the Papal States, beginning in 1626. The science and engineering of water in Italy from 1500-1800 in books and manuscripts is presented in an illustrated catalog published in 2022. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) studied fluid hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, centered on

798-610: The Pabst Theater Foundation purchased the facility. Michael Cudahy began the renovation fundraising by contributing $ 1 million. Work included adding two elevators, public restrooms, replacing some seats and upgrading the ventilation system. The theater also added Cudahy's Irish Pub in an expanded lobby space. As the Pabst Theater was designed after the best German Opera Houses, its acoustics are outstanding. Otto Strack employed many technological innovations when designing

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836-416: The basic principles of hydraulics, some teachers use a hydraulic analogy to help students learn other things. For example: The conservation of mass requirement combined with fluid compressibility yields a fundamental relationship between pressure, fluid flow, and volumetric expansion, as shown below: Assuming an incompressible fluid or a "very large" ratio of compressibility to contained fluid volume,

874-614: The chorus to perform at his Spoleto Festival in Italy . While in Italy, Bel Canto also performed a mass for Pope Paul VI at St. Peter's Basilica on July 4, 1976. In the next several years, the chorus performed Carmina Burana in Mexico City and Menotti's Missa O Pulchritudo at Spoleto and the Vatican . In 1988, Richard Hynson was selected as director of the Bel Canto Chorus after Keeley's retirement. Hynson emphasized increased musicianship, and

912-437: The chorus' size decreased to about 100 members. Hynson complemented well-known choral works such as Haydn 's Creation and Brahms ' Requiem with new and less-known choral works, such as Penderecki 's Agnus Dei and Ariel Ramírez 's Missa Criolla. Pabst Theater The Pabst Theater is an indoor performance and concert venue and landmark of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States. Colloquially known as "the Pabst",

950-406: The difference in pressure is proportional to the difference in height, and this difference remains the same whether or not the overall pressure of the fluid is changed by applying an external force. This implies that by increasing the pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other end in the container, i.e., any change in pressure applied at any point of the liquid

988-581: The director. The choir was renamed the Bel Canto Choir, and its numbers reduced to 60. Under Drabinowicz, the choir sang a mix of sacred music, folk tunes, comic ballads, and popular songs. They began to sing at least once a year in the Pabst Theater , one of the city's premier arts venues. In 1956, James Keeley took over the direction of the Bel Canto chorus. Keeley had previously served as a language teacher and organist at local Catholic churches. (While at

1026-478: The escape of water is credited to ingenuity more than 2,000 years ago. By the first century AD, several large-scale irrigation works had been completed. Macro- and micro-hydraulics to provide for domestic horticultural and agricultural needs, surface drainage and erosion control, ornamental and recreational water courses and retaining structures and also cooling systems were in place in Sigiriya , Sri Lanka. The coral on

1064-591: The inventors of the Qanat , an underground aqueduct, around the 9th century BC. Several of Iran's large, ancient gardens were irrigated thanks to Qanats. The Qanat spread to neighboring areas, including the Armenian highlands . There, starting in the early 8th century BC, the Kingdom of Urartu undertook significant hydraulic works, such as the Menua canal . The earliest evidence of water wheels and watermills date back to

1102-614: The like. Joseph Bramah (1748–1814) was an early innovator and William Armstrong (1810–1900) perfected the apparatus for power delivery on an industrial scale. In London, the London Hydraulic Power Company was a major supplier its pipes serving large parts of the West End of London , City and the Docks , but there were schemes restricted to single enterprises such as docks and railway goods yards . After students understand

1140-452: The massive rock at the site includes cisterns for collecting water. Large ancient reservoirs of Sri Lanka are Kalawewa (King Dhatusena), Parakrama Samudra (King Parakrama Bahu), Tisa Wewa (King Dutugamunu), Minneriya (King Mahasen) In Ancient Greece , the Greeks constructed sophisticated water and hydraulic power systems. An example is a construction by Eupalinos , under a public contract, of

1178-417: The principles of hydraulic fluids. His discovery on the theory behind hydraulics led to his invention of the hydraulic press , which multiplied a smaller force acting on a smaller area into the application of a larger force totaled over a larger area, transmitted through the same pressure (or exact change of pressure) at both locations. Pascal's law or principle states that for an incompressible fluid at rest,

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1216-496: The services of such renowned soloists as Robert Merrill , Eileen Farrell and Jan Peerce . Keeley changed the repertoire of the chorus to focus on works such as Verdi 's Requiem , Walton 's Belshazzar's Feast , and Berlioz 's Requiem . The chorus commissioned Gian-Carlo Menotti to write Landscapes and Remembrances for the United States' bicentennial. The work was also recorded and broadcast by PBS . Menotti also invited

1254-711: The stage. The theater features a historic organ , which once provided accompaniment for silent films . The instrument is a 4 manuals; 20 ranks opus of M.P. Moller . Brewer Frederick Pabst purchased the Nunnemacher Grand Opera House in 1890 from Jacob Nunnemacher and his son, Hermann, and renamed it Das Neue Deutsche Stadt-Theater (The New German City Theater). The structure was damaged by arson in 1893, and subsequently completely destroyed by fire in January 1895. Pabst ordered it rebuilt at once, and it reopened as The Pabst Theater later in 1895. The Pabst

1292-473: The theater hosts about 100 events per year. Built in 1895, it is the fourth-oldest continuously operating theater in the United States, and has presented such notables as pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff , actor Laurence Olivier , and ballerina Anna Pavlova , as well as various current big-name musical acts. The Pabst is known for its opulence as well as its role in German-American culture in Milwaukee. It

1330-447: The theater, including one of the country's first fire curtains , all-electrical illumination, and a very early air conditioning system which employed fans and large amounts of ice. The theater also contained an electric organ , an innovation at that time. The theater is believed to be the first in Milwaukee to employ a counterweight system for hoisting scenery, which was installed after World War I and remains in use today. In 2016,

1368-435: The use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Al-Jazari (1136–1206) described designs for 50 devices, many of them water-powered, in his book, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices , including water clocks, a device to serve wine, and five devices to lift water from rivers or pools. These include an endless belt with jugs attached and

1406-516: The water streams were used to erode the soft deposits, and then wash the tailings for the valuable gold content. In the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and Arab Agricultural Revolution (8th–13th centuries), engineers made wide use of hydropower as well as early uses of tidal power , and large hydraulic factory complexes. A variety of water-powered industrial mills were used in

1444-533: Was designed by architect Otto Strack in the tradition of European opera houses and the German Renaissance Revival style. He made it one of the most fire-proof theaters of its day, as well as one of the most opulent. The Pabst played an important role in the German American culture of early 20th century Milwaukee, when the city was known as Deutsch Athen (German Athens). The venue was home to

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