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32-659: The company was set up by an Act of Parliament (the London Hydraulic Power Act 1884 ), sponsored by railway engineer Sir James Allport , to install a network of high- pressure cast iron water mains under London . It merged the Wharves and Warehouses Steam Power and Hydraulic Pressure Company , founded in 1871 by Edward B. Ellington , and the General Hydraulic Power Company , founded in 1882. The network gradually expanded to cover an area mostly north of

64-462: A bill , which the legislature votes on. Depending on the structure of government, this text may then be subject to assent or approval from the executive branch . A draft act of parliament is known as a bill . In other words, a bill is a proposed law that needs to be discussed in the parliament before it can become a law. In territories with a Westminster system , most bills that have any possibility of becoming law are introduced into parliament by

96-499: A B2B white paper can include prospective customers, channel partners, journalists, analysts, investors, or any other stakeholders. White papers are considered to be a form of content marketing or inbound marketing; in other words, sponsored content available on the web with or without registration, intended to raise the visibility of the sponsor in search engine results and build web traffic. Many B2B white papers argue that one particular technology , product , ideology, or methodology

128-693: A department of the UK government. The term white paper originated with the British government , with the Churchill White Paper of 1922 being an early example. In the British government, a white paper is usually the less extensive version of the so-called blue book , both terms being derived from the colour of the document's cover. White papers are a "tool of participatory democracy ... not [an] unalterable policy commitment". "White papers have tried to perform

160-401: A number of stages before it can become law. In theory, this allows the bill's provisions to be debated in detail, and for amendments to the original bill to also be introduced, debated, and agreed to. In bicameral parliaments, a bill that has been approved by the chamber into which it was introduced then sends the bill to the other chamber. Broadly speaking, each chamber must separately agree to

192-460: A private member's bill). In Australia, the bill passes through the following stages: In Canada, the bill passes through the following stages: The committee considers each clause of the bill, and may make amendments to it. Significant amendments may be made at the committee stage. In some cases, whole groups of clauses are inserted or removed. However, if the Government holds a majority, almost all

224-453: A problem, or make a decision. Since the 1990s, this type of document has proliferated in business. Today, a business-to-business (B2B) white paper is closer to a marketing presentation, a form of content meant to persuade customers and partners and promote a certain product or viewpoint. That makes B2B white papers a type of grey literature . The term originated in the 1920s to mean a type of position paper or industry report published by

256-665: A sharp turn against Zionism in British policy and at the time greeted with great anger by the Jewish Yishuv community in Mandatory Palestine ;– is remembered as " The White Paper" (in Hebrew Ha'Sefer Ha'Lavan הספר הלבן  – literally "The White Book"). Since the early 1990s, the terms "white paper" or "whitepaper" have been applied to documents used as marketing or sales tools in business. These white papers are long-form content designed to promote

288-572: A specific chamber. For example, bills imposing a tax , or involving public expenditure , are introduced into the House of Commons in the United Kingdom, Canada's House of Commons , Lok Sabha of India and Ireland's Dáil as a matter of law. Conversely, bills proposed by the Law Commission and consolidation bills traditionally start in the House of Lords . Once introduced, a bill must go through

320-651: A strategy to implement in the details of other legislation, or they may set out proposals on which the government wishes to obtain public views and opinion. Examples of governmental white papers include, in Australia, Full Employment in Australia and, in the United Kingdom , the White Paper of 1939 and the 1966 Defence White Paper . In Israeli history, the British White Paper of 1939  – marking

352-589: Is presented to the Governor General , who gives it royal assent . Although the Governor General can refuse to assent a bill, this power has never been exercised. Bills being reviewed by Parliament are assigned numbers: 2 to 200 for government bills, 201 to 1000 for private member's bills , and 1001 up for private bills . They are preceded by C- if they originate in the House of Commons, or S- if they originate in

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384-417: Is superior to all others for solving a specific business problem. They may also present research findings, list a set of questions or tips about a certain business issue, or highlight a particular product or service from a vendor. There are, essentially, three main types of commercial white papers: While a numbered list may be combined with either other type, it is not workable to combine a backgrounder with

416-608: The Leicester Square theatre and the complete Palm Court orchestra platform), and the backup mechanism of Tower Bridge . It was also used to supply fire hydrants , mostly those inside buildings. The water, pumped straight from the Thames, was heated in winter to prevent freezing. The pressure was maintained at a nominal 800 pounds per square inch (5.5 MPa) (55 BAR) by five hydraulic power stations, originally driven by coal -fired steam engines . These were at: Short-term storage

448-618: The Thames from Hyde Park in the west to Docklands in the east. The system was used as a cleaner and more compact alternative to steam engines , to power workshop machinery, lifts , cranes , theatre machinery (including revolving stages at the London Palladium and the London Coliseum , safety curtains at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane , the lifting mechanism for the cinema organ at

480-648: The Irish Parliament, the Oireachtas , bills pass through the following stages. Bills may be initiated in either the Dáil or the Seanad, and must pass both houses. In New Zealand, the bill passes through the following stages: A draft piece of legislation is called a bill ; when this is passed by Parliament it becomes an act and part of statute law. There are two types of bill and act, public and private . Public acts apply to

512-591: The Magistrate's Court Act 1980 (c. 43). Until the 1980s, acts of the Australian state of Victoria were numbered in a continuous sequence from 1857; thus the Age of Majority Act 1977 was No. 9075 of 1977. White paper A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter. It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve

544-631: The Senate. For example, Bill C-250 was a private member's bill introduced in the House. Bills C-1 and S-1 are pro forma bills, and are introduced at the beginning of each session in order to assert the right of each Chamber to manage its own affairs. They are introduced and read a first time, and then are dropped from the Order Paper . In the Parliament of India , every bill passes through following stages before it becomes an Act of Parliament of India : In

576-412: The amendments which are agreed to in committee will have been tabled by the Government to correct deficiencies in the bill or to enact changes to policy made since the bill was introduced (or, in some cases, to import material which was not ready when the bill was presented). The debate on each stage is actually debate on a specific motion. For the first reading, there is no debate. For the second reading,

608-423: The calendar year, with the first act passed being chapter 1, and so on. In the United Kingdom, legislation has referenced by year and chapter number since 1963 ( Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962 ). Each act is numbered consecutively based on the date it received royal assent, for example the 43rd act passed in 1980 would be 1980 chapter 43. The full reference includes the (short) title and would be

640-460: The company and used the pipes as telecommunications ducts . Wapping Hydraulic Power Station, the last of the five to close, later became an arts centre and restaurant. Act of Parliament An act of parliament , as a form of primary legislation , is a text of law passed by the legislative body of a jurisdiction (often a parliament or council ). In most countries with a parliamentary system of government, acts of parliament begin as

672-413: The dual role of presenting firm government policies while at the same time inviting opinions upon them." In Canada , a white paper is "a policy document, approved by Cabinet , tabled in the House of Commons and made available to the general public". The "provision of policy information through the use of white and green papers can help to create an awareness of policy issues among parliamentarians and

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704-468: The following stages: There are special procedures for emergency bills, member's bills (similar to private member's bills in the UK Parliament), committee bills, and private bills. In Singapore, the bill passes through these certain stages before becoming into an Act of Parliament. Acts passed by the Parliament of England did not originally have titles, and could only be formally cited by reference to

736-534: The government. This will usually happen following the publication of a " white paper ", setting out the issues and the way in which the proposed new law is intended to deal with them. A bill may also be introduced into parliament without formal government backing; this is known as a private member's bill . In territories with a multicameral parliament, most bills may be first introduced in any chamber. However, certain types of legislation are required, either by constitutional convention or by law, to be introduced into

768-550: The motion is "That this bill be now read a second time and be referred to [name of committee]" and for third reading "That this bill be now read a third time and pass." In the Committee stage, each clause is called and motions for amendments to these clauses, or that the clause stand part of the bill are made. In the Report stage, the debate is on the motions for specific amendments. Once a bill has passed both Houses in an identical form, it

800-457: The network consisted of 180 miles (290 km) of pipes, and the total power output was about 7,000 horsepower (5.2 MW). The system finally closed in June 1977. The company, as a UK statutory authority , had the legal right to dig up the public highways to install and maintain its pipe network. This made it attractive to Mercury Communications (a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless ) who bought

832-426: The parliamentary session in which they were passed, with each individual act being identified by year and chapter number. Descriptive titles began to be added to the enrolled acts by the official clerks, as a reference aid; over time, titles came to be included within the text of each bill. Since the mid-nineteenth century, it has also become common practice for acts to have a short title , as a convenient alternative to

864-428: The products or services from a specific company. As a marketing tool, these papers use selected facts and logical arguments to build a case favorable to the company sponsoring the document. B2B (business-to-business) white papers are often used to generate sales leads, establish thought leadership , make a business case, grow email lists, grow audiences, increase sales, or inform and persuade readers. The audiences for

896-515: The public and to encourage an exchange of information and analysis. They can also serve as educational techniques." White papers are a way the government can present policy preferences before it introduces legislation. Publishing a white paper tests public opinion on controversial policy issues and helps the government gauge its probable impact. By contrast, green papers , which are issued much more frequently, are more open-ended. Also known as consultation documents , green papers may merely propose

928-473: The same version of the bill. Finally, the approved bill receives assent; in most territories this is merely a formality and is often a function exercised by the head of state . In some countries, such as in France, Belgium, Luxembourg , Spain and Portugal, the term for a bill differs depending on whether it is initiated by the government (when it is known as a "draft"), or by the parliament (a "proposition", i.e.,

960-469: The sometimes lengthy main titles. The Short Titles Act 1892 , and its replacement the Short Titles Act 1896 , gave short titles to many acts which previously lacked them. The numerical citation of acts has also changed over time. The original method was based on the regnal year (or years) in which the relevant parliamentary session met. This has been replaced in most territories by simple reference to

992-553: The whole of the UK or a number of its constituent countries – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Private acts are local and personal in their effect, giving special powers to bodies such as local authorities or making exceptions to the law in particular geographic areas. In the United Kingdom Parliament, each bill passes through the following stages: In the Scottish Parliament, bills pass through

London Hydraulic Power Company - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-727: Was provided by hydraulic accumulators , which were large vertical pistons loaded with heavy weights. The mains crossed the River Thames via Vauxhall Bridge , Waterloo Bridge and Southwark Bridge and via the Rotherhithe Tunnel as well as the Tower Subway . The system pumped 6.5 million gallons of water each week in 1893; this grew to 32 million gallons in 1933. From about 1904, business began to decline as electric power became more popular. The company began to replace its steam engines with electric motors from 1923. At its peak,

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