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69-439: Kottabos is one of the earliest known drinking games from ancient Greece , dated to the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Players would use dregs (remnants of what was left in their cup) to hit targets across the room with their wine. Often, there were special prizes and penalties for one's performance in the game. Drinking games were enjoyed in ancient China , usually incorporating the use of dice or verbal exchange of riddles . During

138-724: A Kranz ("wreath"). The Willibecher or Willybecher ("Willi glass") is common in Germany. Its invention in 1954 is commonly attributed to an employee of Ruhrglas GmbH named Willy Steinmeier. It is characterized by its shape: conical to the top portion where it curves inward to converge back to the top of a smaller diameter opening. The Willibecher is produced in sizes of 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 ml (0.35, 0.44, 0.53, 0.70, and 0.88 imp pt; 6.8, 8.5, 10.1, 13.5, and 16.9 US fl oz). Boot- and shoe-shaped drinking vessels have been found at archaeological sites dating back to

207-498: A champagne flute is often the preferred serving vessel for Belgian lambics and fruit beers . The narrow shape helps maintain carbonation, while providing a strong aromatic front. Flute glasses display the lively carbonation, sparkling color, and soft lacing of this distinct style. Chalices and goblets are large, stemmed , bowl-shaped glasses considered suitable for serving heavy Belgian ales , German bocks , and other big sipping beers. The distinction between goblet and chalice

276-478: A movie (sometimes a TV show or a sporting event) and have a set of rules for who drinks when and how much based on on-screen events and dialogue. The rules may be the same for all players, or alternatively players may each be assigned rules related to particular characters. The rules are designed so that rarer events require larger drinks. Rule sets for such games are usually arbitrary and local, although they are sometimes published by fan clubs. In reference to film,

345-512: A particular type of beer 's temperature, appearance and aroma, as in the case of its head . Drinking vessels intended for beer are made from a variety of materials other than glass , including pottery , pewter , and wood . In many countries, beer glasses are served placed on a paperboard beer mat , usually printed with brand advertising, in commercial settings. A pilsner glass is used for many types of light beers, including pale lager or pilsner . Pilsner glasses are generally smaller than

414-514: A servant attending the symposium with the players. The kottabos game seems to have originated in Sicily, or the land of the Sikels, but it spread through Greece, from Thessaly to Rhodes, becoming especially fashionable at Athens. Evidence of its origin can be found on an Attic red-figure psykter by Euphronios , depicting four hetairai . One of the hetairai on the vase, Smikra, is swinging her cup, as

483-400: A snifter is ideal for capturing the volatiles of aromatic beers such as Double/Imperial IPAs , Belgian ales, barley wines and wheat wines . The shape helps trap the volatiles, while allowing swirling to agitate them and produce an intense aroma. Tasting glasses, also known as testers, are small, versatile glasses designed for sampling a variety of beers in small amounts. These glasses are

552-416: A 'coward' for dropping out of the game, he could be branded as a 'deserter' and not invited back to further drinking bouts. There was another game where little puppets and dolls dressed as western foreigners with blue eyes ( Iranian peoples ) were set up and when one fell over, the person it pointed to had to empty his cup of wine. Drinking games became popular among elites in the late Qing period as part of

621-413: A 'registrar of the rules' who knew all the rules to the game, a 'registrar of the horn' who tossed a silver flag down on calling out second offenses, and a 'governor' who decided one's third call of offense. These referees were used mainly for maintaining order (as drinking games often became rowdy) and for reviewing faults that could be punished with a player drinking a penalty cup. If a guest was considered

690-523: A balance), the lecanis (λεκανίς, a large saucer), and the manes (μάνης, a bronze figurine). The discovery in Etruscan burial sites (by Wolfgang Helbig in 1886) of two sets of actual apparatus in Umbria , near Perugia , as well as various representations on Greek vases help explain the somewhat obscure accounts of how kottabos was played. The rhabdus (pole) had a flat base, and the main structure tapered towards

759-469: A basis for drinking games. The song "Thunderstruck" by AC/DC is used in which a player begins drinking when the word thunder is sung and switches to the next player the next time it is sung. Sport related drinking games involve the participants each selecting a scenario of the game resulting in their drink being downed. Examples of this include participants each picking a footballer in a game while other versions require multiple players to be selected. Should

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828-509: A card was played, it was supposed to be accompanied by humorous words, so if a Jack or Unter was played, the player might say something like "my merry Unterkasser " ( Lustig mein Unterkasser ) or "long live my Unterkasser " ( Vivat mein Unterkasser ). If his opponent beat it, he might say "hang the Unterkasser " ( Hängt den Unterkasser ). The loser had to chalk up a figure such as a swallow,

897-684: A case of beer the fastest. Often drinking large amounts will be combined with a stylistic element or an abnormal method of drinking, as with the boot of beer , yard of ale , or a keg stand . Tolerance games are simply about seeing which player can last the longest. It can be as simple as two people matching each other drink for drink until one of the participants "passes out". Power hour and its variant, centurion , fall under this category. Many pub or bar games involve competitive drinking for speed. Examples of such drinking games are Edward Fortyhands, boat races , beer bonging , shotgunning , flippy cup (a team-based speed game), and yard . Some say that

966-512: A century an English expression for a traditional German beer mug made out of stoneware , whether simple and serviceably sturdy, or elaborately ornamental with either a traditionally cultural theme, or so embellished as to be sold as a souvenir or a collectible . The former may be made out of stoneware , but rarely the inferior earthenware or wood, while the latter is usually of glazed pottery , but often porcelain or pewter , or even silver or crystal . It may have either an uncovered mouth or

1035-454: A circle, and players take turns choosing a glass to take a shot from at random. There is also a game called "Beer Hunter" (titled after the Russian roulette scenes in the film The Deer Hunter ). In this game, six cans of beer are placed between the participants: one can is vigorously shaken, and the cans are scrambled. The participants take turns opening the cans of beer right under their noses;

1104-405: A drinking horn (or "rhytum"). According to Helbig, three games were played with this apparatus: The plastinx (small saucer) was fixed on top of the rhabdus (pole), with the lecanis (large saucer) below. The players tried to fill the plastinx with enough wine to tip it over (with a crash) onto the lecanis. Played exactly the same as method No. 1, except that the plastinx was supposed to hit

1173-399: A gift. Wooden and leather tankards were popular before the 17th century, but being made of organic materials have rarely survived intact to the present day. A yard of ale or yard glass is a very tall glass used for drinking around 2.5 imperial pints (1,400 ml) of beer, depending upon the diameter. The glass is approximately 1 yard (90 cm) long, shaped with a bulb at the bottom, and

1242-408: A hinged pewter lid with a thumb- lever . The capacity of a German "stein" indicated by its fill line on its side ranged from "0.4l" (4 deci-litre), through "0.5l" (half a litre) or a full litre (or comparable historic sizes). Like decorative tankards , steins are often decorated in a culturally nostalgic, often German or Bavarian , theme. Some believe the lid that excludes flies from the beer today

1311-460: A kottabos player. The inscription beside her is Doric , the dialect used by the Sicilians. As Antiphanes wrote in his play: "the kottabos player puts the index finger of the right-hand through the handle of the drinking cup, palm upwards; and the remaining fingers are spread as playing a flute." The player reclines on the couch, leaning on the left elbow; and, moving only the right-forearm, throws

1380-425: A pint glass, usually in 200 millilitres (7.0 imperial fluid ounces), 250 ml (8.8 imp fl oz), 300 ml (11 imp fl oz), 330 ml (12 imp fl oz) or 400 ml (14 imp fl oz) sizes. In Europe, 500 ml (18 imp fl oz) glasses are also common. They are tall, slender and tapered. The slender glass reveals the colour , and carbonation of

1449-404: A player score or be sent off, a drink must be taken. Another version requires a drink for every touch a player takes of the ball. Some drinking games can fall into multiple categories such as a Power hour which is a primarily an endurance-based game, but can also incorporate the arts if players are prompted to drink by a playlist that changes songs every 60 seconds. Similarly, Flip cup combines

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1518-417: A pole and a bowl at the bottom. It combines the kottabos kataktos with the variation involving oxybapha. The lower was probably the lekane used to float the oxybapha, while the pole can be used to play the original form. Sunken kottabos (Κότταβος κατακτός) is not so simple. The apparatus (kottabeion, pl. kottabeia) were the rhabdus (ῥάβδος, a bronze pole), the plastinx (πλάστιγξ, a small saucer like that on

1587-545: A popular game among young adults consists of printing out a mustache and taping it on the television screen. Every time the mustache fits appropriately to a person on the screen, one must drink the designated amount. Live drinking games such as Los Angeles–based "A Drinking Game" involve recreating films of the 80s in a "Rocky Horror" fashion, with gift bags, drinking cues, and costumed actors. A suggestion to "do six shots for SEAL Team 6 " following every mention of Osama bin Laden at

1656-874: A regular foot, this cup has a conical-shaped projection at the bottom. It is said to be a cup customized for playing the kottabos. Wear on the handles accords with the way a kottabos player would employ the cup. With its special foot, it would be conveniently carried as a personal kottabos cup to symposiums. Boot of beer Beer glassware comprise vessels, today usually made of glass, designed or commonly used for serving and drinking beer . Styles of beer glasses vary in accord with national or regional traditions; legal or customary requirements regarding serving measures and fill lines ; such practicalities as breakage avoidance in washing, stacking or storage; commercial promotion by breweries; artistic or cultural expression in folk art or as novelty items or usage in drinking games ; or to complement, to enhance, or to otherwise affect

1725-477: A serving of beer be fixed at the imperial pint (568 ml ≈ 1.2  US pints ). Half-pint glasses of 10 imp fl oz (284 ml) are generally smaller versions of pint glasses. Quarter-pint glasses of 5 imp fl oz (142 ml) also exist, and are popular in Australia (now 140 ml from metrication), where they are known as a "pony". These may simply be smaller pint glasses, or may be

1794-437: A small piece of absorbent paper is placed around the base to absorb any drips from spilling or condensation. Stronger or bottled beers are frequently served in specially-made, elaborately-branded glassware. In addition to the profusion of glasses provided by brewers, some Belgian beer cafés serve beer in their own "house" glassware, which avoids having to keep a large number of different glass types in stock. A vessel similar to

1863-596: A special pony glass . In the US, a pint is 16 US fl oz (473 ml), but the volume is not strictly regulated and glasses may vary somewhat. Glasses of 500 ml are usually called pints in American parlance. The common shapes of pint pint glasses are: Beer connoisseurs sometimes invest in special, non-traditional glassware to enhance their appreciation. An example was the range marketed by Michael "Beer Hunter" Jackson . Typically used for serving brandy and cognac,

1932-469: A staple at beer festivals, tasting events, and breweries , allowing drinkers to explore different styles without committing to a full glass. Glasses holding 1/3 of a pint or less may be used to: Plastic beer vessels are usually shaped in imitation of whichever glasses are usual in the locality. They are mainly used as a substitute for glass vessels where breakages would be particularly problematic or likely, for instance at outdoor events. A weizen glass

2001-437: A target in the middle of the room. The winner would receive a prize (κοττάβιον or " kottabion "), comprising cakes, sweetmeats, or kisses. Ancient writers, including Dionysius Chalcus , Alcaeus , Anacreon , Pindar , Bacchylides , Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Aristophanes , and Antiphanes , make frequent and familiar allusion to the practice; and it is depicted on contemporaneous red-figure vases. References to

2070-414: A tripod which is placed on a flat pan. The pan is inscribed KOTABOS, so it is certain which game is played. This target is unique, and it emphasizes the erotic side of both the game and the symposium. Before the kottabos player throws the wine-lees, the turn is dedicated to a lover . The player's words can be a sort of toast or dedication to the person of affection. The toast can serve as a question about

2139-403: A wheel or a pair of scissors depending on the number of minus points gained and was only allowed to erase them once he had drunk the associated amount of beer. Silver wager cups, also known as wedding cups, were used in Germany from the late 16th to mid 17th century. The smaller cup is on a pivot so both vessels can be face-up and filled with liquor. In wedding ceremonies, the man would drink from

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2208-459: A widening shaft which constitutes most of the height. The glass most likely originated in 17th-century England where the glass was known also as a "Long Glass", a "Cambridge Yard (Glass)" and an " Ell Glass". It is associated by legend with stagecoach drivers, though was mainly used for drinking feats and special toasts. (Compare with the Pauwel Kwak glass). Drinking a yard glass full of beer

2277-501: Is made in the tavern Oepfelchammer in Zürich, Switzerland. It is called "Balkenprobe" and one has therefore to climb up a beam at the ceiling and move to another beam and then to drink a glass of wine with the head hanging down. Thinking games rely on the players' powers of observation, recollection, logic and articulation. Numerous types of thinking games exist, including Think or Drink, 21 , beer checkers , bizz buzz , buffalo , saved by

2346-401: Is traditionally used for Kölsch . A Becher , traditionally used for Altbier , is similar, though slightly shorter and fatter. The Stange usually holds between 100 and 200 ml ( 1 ⁄ 8 and 3 ⁄ 8  imp pt), though larger ones are now sometimes used to reduce serving work. Stangen are carried by slotting them into holes in a special tray called

2415-547: Is typically in the glass thickness. Goblets tend to be thick, while the chalice is thin walled. Some chalices are even etched on the bottom to nucleate a stream of bubbles for maintaining a nice head. A tulip glass has a shape similar to a brandy snifter . The body is bulbous, like a snifter, but the top flares out to form a lip which helps head retention. It is recommended for serving Scottish ales , American double/imperial IPAs, barley wines , Belgian ales and other aromatic beers. Some pint glasses that taper outwards towards

2484-499: Is typically used only for measuring beer sold for immediate on-site consumption. Because the Maß is a unit of measure, it can come in the form of a glass or stoneware mug. The endurance sport of Maßkrugstemmen involves holding a filled, 2.4-kilogram (5.3 lb) Maß at arm's length. The world record is 45   minutes and 2   seconds. The high, narrow and cylindrical Stange (German for "stick" or "rod", plural Stangen )

2553-408: Is used to serve wheat beer . Originating in Germany, the glass is narrow at the bottom and slightly wider at the top; the width both releasing aroma, and providing room for the often thick, fluffy heads produced by wheat beer. It tends to be taller than a pint glass, and generally holds 500 ml ( 7 ⁄ 8  imp pt) with room for foam or " head ". In some countries, such as Belgium,

2622-433: The 2012 Democratic National Convention necessitated a prominent disclaimer on the satire site that posted it, as the quantity of alcohol ingested would probably have been lethal. "Datsyuk Game" involves a Datsyuk highlight reel being played and contestants drink every time the word Datsyuk is mentioned. The ceremonial playing of the Russian national anthem before the game is another tradition. Music can also be used as

2691-555: The Tang dynasty (618–907), the Chinese used a silver canister where written lots could be drawn that designated which player had to drink and specifically how much; for example, from 1, 5, 7, or 10 measures of drink that the youngest player, or the last player to join the game, or the most talkative player, or the host, or the player with the greatest alcohol tolerance, etc. had to drink. There were even drinking game referee officials, including

2760-478: The beer in his leather boot. Since then, soldiers have enjoyed toasting to their victories with a beer boot. At gatherings in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, beer boots are often passed among the guests for a festive drinking challenge. Since the movie Beerfest premiered in 2006, beer boots have become increasingly popular in the United States. It is an old joke to hand the boot to a young novice drinker with

2829-454: The beer, and the broad top helps maintain a beer head . Weizen glasses are sometimes mistakenly called pilsner glasses because they are somewhat similar in appearance, but true pilsner glasses have an even taper without any amount of curvature. The definition of a pint differs by country, thus a pint glass will reflect the regular measure of beer in that country. In the UK, law stipulates that

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2898-596: The bell, bullshit , tourettes, matchboxes , never have I ever , roman numerals , fuzzy duck , pennying , wine games, and Zoom Schwartz Profigliano . Trivia games, such as Trivial Pursuit , are sometimes played as drinking games. Drinking games involving cards include president , horserace , Kings , liar's poker , pyramid , ring of fire , toepen , ride the bus and black or red . Dice games include beer die , dudo , kinito , liar's dice , Mexico , mia , ship, captain, and crew , three man , and Triple Snakes . Movie drinking games are played while watching

2967-423: The bronze-age Urnfield cultures . Modern beer boots (German: Bierstiefel ) have over a century of history and culture behind them. It is commonly believed that a general somewhere promised his troops to drink beer from his boot if they were successful in battle. When the troops prevailed, the general had a glassmaker fashion a boot from glass to fulfill his promise without tasting his own feet and to avoid spoiling

3036-516: The cups were frequently manufactured during the 1880s to 1910s. The simplest drinking games are endurance games in which players compete to out-drink one another. Players take turns taking shots, and the last person standing is the winner. Some games have rules involving the "cascade", "fountain", or "waterfall", which encourages each player to drink constantly from their cup so long as the player before him does not stop drinking. Such games can also favor speed over quantity, in which players race to drink

3105-735: The four laps. A variant is known in German speaking countries as Bierkastenlauf (beer crate running) where a team of two carries a crate of beer along a route of several kilometers and must consume all of the bottles prior to crossing the finish line. Some party and pub games focus on the performance of a particular act of skill, rather than on either the amount a participant drinks or the speed with which they do so. Examples include beer pong , quarters , chandeliers (also known as gauchoball, rage cage, stack cup), caps, polish horseshoes , pong , baseball , and beer darts. Pub golf involves orienteering and pub crawling together. A unique drinking game

3174-525: The glass may be 250 ml ( 1 ⁄ 2  imp pt) or 330 ml ( 5 ⁄ 8  imp pt). Wheat beers tend to foam a lot, especially if poured quickly. In pubs, if the bottle is handed to the patron for self pouring, it is customary for the glass to be taken to the patron wet or with a bit of water in the bottom to be swirled around to wet the entire glass to keep the beer from foaming excessively. Beer stein or simply "stein" ( / ˈ s t aɪ n / STYNE ) has been for over

3243-429: The larger vessel first, then turning the figure right side up, pass it to the woman, who would drink from the smaller cup; the challenge was for the two drinkers not to spill any liquor. They were also sometimes used during wine drinking boughts were a wager was placed if participant(s) could drink the contents of both sides without spilling a drop. In Germany they are known as Jungfrauenbecher , or maiden cups. Replicas of

3312-427: The manes (figurine) on the way down to the lecanis. Played exactly the same as method No. 1, except that the manes (instead of the plastinx) was fixed on top of the rhabdus, and it was at this that the wine was thrown. Another variation of the kottabos involves a different kind of target. On a red-figure cup by Apollodoros, it shows some symposiasts aiming at a target with a phallus-headed bird balancing on top of

3381-431: The most important skill to improving speed is to relax and take fewer but larger gulps. There are a variety of individual tactics to accomplishing this, such as bending the knees in anticipation, or when drinking from a plastic cup , squeezing the sides of the cup to form a more perfect funnel. Athletic races involving alcohol including the beer mile , which consists of a mile run with a can of beer consumed before each of

3450-441: The person who opens the shaken can (and thus sprays beer up their nose) is deemed the loser. Both are non-lethal compared to the game with the firearm which is almost always lethal. Kottabos (game) Kottabos ( Ancient Greek : κότταβος ) was a game of skill played at Ancient Greek and Etruscan symposia (drinking parties) , especially in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. It involved flinging wine-lees (sediment) at

3519-471: The plastinx fall to the manes, causing a bell-like sound. Both the wine thrown, and the noise made, were called latax (λάταξ). Kottabos kataktos was the traditional and correct way of playing, but there were various modifications that were acceptable: In Kottabos with an oxybaphon (Κότταβος δι᾽ ὀξυβάφων), or kottabos in a bowl, the target of the throw is a bowl, or lekane. The lekane is filled with water, and empty shallow saucers (ὀξύβαφα or oxybapha) float on

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3588-476: The plastinx falls, or the oxybapha are sunk. This break in equilibrium symbolizes the uncertainty a person may feel when a lover is present. So when balance is broken, the sound of the plastinx falling onto the manes, and the sunk of the oxybapha , serves as a good omen, indicating that the love of the player is assured. The successful play of the kottabos game would represent success when pursuing love or being loved by young men and women. Women were not usually

3657-403: The players might easily be arranged around the target, and follow each other in rapid succession. Like all games in which the element of chance found a place, it was regarded as more or less ominous of the future success of the players, especially in matters of love – and the excitement was sometimes further augmented by some object of value being staked on the event. The stake in the game was often

3726-451: The possibility of success in love, which would be answered by the outcome of the throw. It emphasizes the love nature of this game, and the core idea of bonding at the symposium. One of the most famous inscriptions is on the red-figure psykter of the four hetairai by Euphronios . On this psykter , Smikra is dedicating her turn to Leagros. The inscription says: " Tin tande latasso leagre (I am throwing this for you, Leagros)." Leagros

3795-496: The practice by the writers of the Roman and Alexandrian periods show that the fashion had died out. In Latin literature, it is almost entirely unknown. Dexterity was required to succeed in the game, and unusual ability was rated as highly as corresponding excellence in throwing the javelin . Kottabos was customary, and, at least in Sicily , special circular buildings were established, so

3864-462: The privileged class' urban leisure aesthetics. Novelists who invented literary-themed drinking games included Li Boyuan and Sun Yusheng. Drinking games also increasingly appeared as elements in novels of the period such as Yu Da's The Dream in the Green Bower . Drinking games in 19th century Germany included Bierskat , Elfern , Rammes and Quodlibet , as well as Schlauch and Laubober, probably

3933-455: The recipient of the kottabos toast, so a scene depicting women kottabos players, like the four hetairai by Euphronios , naming a popular youth as the subject of the toast, might be a joke. Another interpretation of the four hetairai is that these female symposiasts are Spartans. This would account for the Doric dialect used on the inscription and also the absence of couches, which is consistent with

4002-506: The same game as Grasobern . But the "crown of all drinking games" was one with an ancient and distinctive name: Cerevis. One feature of the game was that everything went under a different name from normal. So the cards ( Karten ) were called 'spoons' ( Löffel ), the Sevens were 'Septembers' and the Aces were the 'Juveniles' ( junge Leichtsinn ). A player who used the normal names was penalised. Every time

4071-439: The sentence: " lykoi (for Lykos)", who was a youth popular at the time, and known from other inscriptions. Apparently, the god is used as a mouthpiece for a human to speak of his affection. On another red-figure cup, the inscription, " ho pais kalos (the youth is beautiful)", seems to spring out from the player's cup, and follow the trajectory of the wine that is being thrown. Kottabos involves disruption of equilibrium when

4140-402: The skill of flipping cups with the speed of drinking quickly prior to flipping. There is a drinking game based on Russian roulette . The game involves six shot glasses filled by a non-player: five are filled with water, but the sixth with vodka. Among some groups, low quality vodka is preferred, as it makes the glass representing the filled chamber less desirable. The glasses are arranged in

4209-531: The stereotypes about Sparta held by the Athenians. The use of female symposiasts as a humorous trope is consistent with several black-figure vases with figures that are interpreted as Etruscan women. As with Spartan women, they were considered to be uncivilized. Most of the cups being used to play the kottabos game were regular kylikes as shown on painted pots. But there is a unique kottabos cup in Oxford: instead of

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4278-592: The toe pointing away from his person, which will result in beer pouring over the drinker's face uncontrollably when air enters the toe; seasoned drinkers always point the toe towards their body until the glass is sufficiently drained. The Pilstulpe ("Pilsner Tulip") or Biertulpe ("Beer tulip") is the traditional glass used for German pilsner beers. Sizes are typically around 300 millilitres (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz), but can be as large as 500 millilitres (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz). When used in restaurant settings,

4347-689: The top are also called tulip glasses, despite having noticeably less curvature. A tankard is a form of drinkware consisting of a large, roughly cylindrical , drinking cup with a single handle. Tankards are usually made of silver, pewter , or glass, but can be made of other materials, for example wood, ceramic or leather. A tankard may have a hinged lid , and tankards featuring glass bottoms are also fairly common. Tankards are shaped and used similarly to beer steins . Metal tankards were popular in 18th and early 19th century Britain and Ireland, but were largely superseded by glass vessels. They are now seen as collector's items, or may be engraved and presented as

4416-414: The top, with a blunt end (on which the plastinx or manes was balanced). The plastinx (small saucer) had a hole near the edge and was slightly concave in the middle. About two-thirds of the way down, the rhabdus was encircled by the lecanis (large saucer). A socket near the top of the rhabdus held the manes (figurine). The manes was in the shape of a man, with his right arm and leg uplifted, sometimes holding

4485-450: The water. The object is to throw the wine-lees onto the oxybapha, to sink them, which is easier than the kottabos kataktos. The player who sank the most was the winner. This form of playing is rarely found on vases, presumably because it would be difficult to paint the interior of the lekane, with oxybapha floating in it, on a vase. There is a special kottabos stand found in Italy, Etruscan with

4554-408: The wine-lees. When playing kottabos kataktos, also called kottabos with a pole, the target is the plastinx (πλάστιγξ), a small disc, balanced horizontally atop a bronze lamp stand. Halfway down the stand is a larger disc called the manes (μάνης). Sometimes a bronze statuette is used, with the plastinx balanced on its extended arms, or on its head. Some refer to this statuette as the manes, since Manes

4623-429: Was a Phrygian slave name; and it would make sense to connect that name with this small figure. But according to Antiphanes, the plastinx should fall onto the manes with a loud noise, which seems unlikely if the manes is the statuette. The player is expected to throw the wine-lees found in the drinking cup, in such a way that it does not break bulk in its passage through the air, towards the plastinx. Success entails making

4692-465: Was a popular youth frequently named in kalos inscriptions on sympotic vases around this period. Sometimes painters would use gods as representations of a kottabos player when giving a kottabos toast. On a red-figure stamnos by the Copenhagen painter, Dionysus is painted as one of these representations. The inscription beside his arm says: " tot tende (this is for you)." On the left, a satyr completes

4761-581: Was originally intended for those so diseased in the age of the Black Plague . The Maß ( [ˈmas] ) is a one-litre (1.8-imperial-pint; 34-US-fluid-ounce) quantity of beer, most commonly used in Bavaria and Austria. It is served in a Maßkrug (pl. Maßkrüge ), which is sometimes simply referred to as a Maß . As a feminine noun, it is die Maß , though commonly confused with the grammatically neuter noun das Maß , meaning "measure". The unit of volume

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