Bayil ( Azerbaijani : Bayıl ; also known as Bailov and Bailovo ) is a settlement in Baku , Azerbaijan .
66-530: In March 2000, a major landslide in the Bayil slope destroyed dozens of shops, apartments and gas stations. The slope in later years also experienced few minor landslides which led Baku City Administration to examine the area and make a final decision on razing houses in this territory. Neighborhoods are largely composed of block after block of picturesque rowhouses and a few mansions, hotels and some office buildings. In 1235, Shirvanshah Fariburzom III on one of
132-403: A debris flow or mud flow . However, also dry debris can exhibit flow-like movement. Flowing debris or mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, and block bridges and rivers causing flooding along its path. This phenomenon is particularly hazardous in alpine areas, where narrow gorges and steep valleys are conducive of faster flows. Debris and mud flows may initiate on the slopes or result from
198-466: A depth from few decimeters to some meters) is called a shallow landslide. Debris slides and debris flows are usually shallow. Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils on top of low permeable soils. The low permeable soil traps the water in the shallower soil generating high water pressures. As the top soil is filled with water, it can become unstable and slide downslope. Deep-seated landslides are those in which
264-411: A higher shear resistance (mechanical cohesion). The shape of the grain can have an impact on the angle of repose and the stability of the slope. The more rounded the grain is, the lower the angle of repose. A decrease in roundness, or an increase in angularity, results in interlocking via particle contact. This linear relationship between the angle of repose and the roundness of grain can also be used as
330-441: A limited portion of the slope (for instance only within its toe). Values of the global or local safety factors close to 1 (typically comprised between 1 and 1.3, depending on regulations) indicate marginally stable slopes that require attention, monitoring and/or an engineering intervention ( slope stabilization ) to increase the safety factor and reduce the probability of a slope movement. A previously stable slope can be affected by
396-544: A low shearing resistance. On the slopes, some earthflow may be recognized by their elongated shape, with one or more lobes at their toes. As these lobes spread out, drainage of the mass increases and the margins dry out, lowering the overall velocity of the flow. This process also causes the flow to thicken. Earthflows occur more often during periods of high precipitation, which saturates the ground and builds up water pressures. However, earthflows that keep advancing also during dry seasons are not uncommon. Fissures may develop during
462-540: A number of predisposing factors or processes that make the safety factor decrease - either by increasing the shear stress or by decreasing the shear strength - and can ultimately result in slope failure. Factors that can trigger slope failure include hydrologic events (such as intense or prolonged rainfall, rapid snowmelt, progressive soil saturation, increase of water pressure within the slope), earthquakes (including aftershocks ), internal erosion (piping), surface or toe erosion, artificial slope loading (for instance due to
528-462: A potential (or actual) sliding surface. A slope can be globally stable if the safety factor, computed along any potential sliding surface running from the top of the slope to its toe, is always larger than 1. The smallest value of the safety factor will be taken as representing the global stability condition of the slope. Similarly, a slope can be locally stable if a safety factor larger than 1 is computed along any potential sliding surface running through
594-425: A predictor of the angle of repose if the roundness of the grain is measured. Since the stability of the slope can be impacted by external events such as precipitation , an important concern in civil/ geotechnical engineering is the stabilization of slopes. The application of vegetation to increase the slope stability against erosion and landslide is a form of bioengineering that is widely used in areas where
660-530: A reconstruction of the evolution of a particular landslide. Therefore, landslide hazard mitigation measures are not generally classified according to the phenomenon that might cause a landslide. Instead, they are classified by the sort of slope stabilization method used: Climate-change impact on temperature, both average rainfall and rainfall extremes, and evapotranspiration may affect landslide distribution, frequency and intensity (62). However, this impact shows strong variability in different areas (63). Therefore,
726-402: A slope movement, resulting in a landslide , as well as at preventing the initiation of such movement, slowing it down or arresting it through mitigation countermeasures. The stability of a slope is essentially controlled by the ratio between the available shear strength and the acting shear stress , which can be expressed in terms of a safety factor if these quantities are integrated over
SECTION 10
#1732847965115792-542: A slope prone to failure. In many cases, the landslide is triggered by a specific event (such as a heavy rainfall , an earthquake , a slope cut to build a road, and many others), although this is not always identifiable. Landslides are frequently made worse by human development (such as urban sprawl ) and resource exploitation (such as mining and deforestation ). Land degradation frequently leads to less stabilization of soil by vegetation . Additionally, global warming caused by climate change and other human impact on
858-411: A smaller surface area on which gravitational forces can act. Smaller surface area also leads to more capillary action, more water retention, more infiltration, and less runoff. The presence of vegetation does not directly impact the angle of repose, but it acts as a stabilizing factor in a hillslope , where the tree roots anchor into deeper soil layers and form a fiber‐reinforced soil composite with
924-430: A very wide range, from as low as 1 mm/yr to many km/h. Though these are a lot like mudflows , overall they are more slow-moving and are covered with solid material carried along by the flow from within. Clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained, pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows. These flows are usually controlled by the pore water pressures within the mass, which should be high enough to produce
990-518: A wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls , mudflows , shallow or deep-seated slope failures and debris flows . Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or gentle slope gradients, from mountain ranges to coastal cliffs or even underwater, in which case they are called submarine landslides . Gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, but there are other factors affecting slope stability that produce specific conditions that make
1056-404: Is a static or dynamic, analytical or empirical method to evaluate the stability of slopes of soil- and rock-fill dams, embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and rock. It is performed to assess the safe design of a human-made or natural slopes (e.g. embankments , road cuts , open-pit mining , excavations, landfills etc.) and the equilibrium conditions. Slope stability
1122-719: Is an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display, and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and effectively. Cardenas reported evidence on the exhaustive use of GIS in conjunction of uncertainty modelling tools for landslide mapping. Remote sensing techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors like slope, lithology , and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events. Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how
1188-443: Is dependent on soil properties such as grain size, which can impact infiltration rate, runoff, and water retention. Generally, finer-grained soils rich in clay and silt retain more water than coarser sandy soils. This effect is mainly due to capillary action , where the adhesive forces between the fluid, particle, and the cohesive forces of the fluid itself counteract gravitational pull. Therefore, smaller grain size results in
1254-434: Is determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the same conditions as past events. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the expected future conditions. Natural disasters are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for
1320-514: Is essentially due to a decrease in the shear strength of the slope material, an increase in the shear stress borne by the material, or a combination of the two. A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting together or alone. Natural causes of landslides include: Landslides are aggravated by human activities, such as: In traditional usage, the term landslide has at one time or another been used to cover almost all forms of mass movement of rocks and regolith at
1386-457: Is fluid-like and generally much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower shear resistances and steeper slopes. Typically, debris slides start with the detachment of large rock fragments high on the slopes, which break apart as they descend. Clay and silt slides are usually slow but can experience episodic acceleration in response to heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. They are often seen on gentle slopes and move over planar surfaces, such as over
SECTION 20
#17328479651151452-424: Is locating the most-probable slip plane for any given situation. Many landslides have only been analyzed after the fact. More recently slope stability radar technology has been employed, particularly in the mining industry, to gather real-time data and assist in determining the likelihood of slope failure. Real-life failures in naturally deposited mixed soils are not necessarily circular but, prior to computers, it
1518-544: Is provided below. Under this classification, six types of movement are recognized. Each type can be seen both in rock and in soil. A fall is a movement of isolated blocks or chunks of soil in free-fall. The term topple refers to blocks coming away by rotation from a vertical face. A slide is the movement of a body of material that generally remains intact while moving over one or several inclined surfaces or thin layers of material (also called shear zones) in which large deformations are concentrated. Slides are also sub-classified by
1584-467: Is the resistance of inclined surface to failure by sliding or collapsing. The main objectives of slope stability analysis are finding endangered areas, investigation of potential failure mechanisms, determination of the slope sensitivity to different triggering mechanisms, designing of optimal slopes with regard to safety , reliability and economics , and designing possible remedial measures, e.g. barriers and stabilization . Successful design of
1650-531: The Guinness Book of Records , the flag flies on a pole 162 meters high and measures 70 by 35 meters, which made it at the time the world's highest flag. Baku Crystal Hall , which hosted Eurovision Song Contest 2012 , is located next to it. The development of the area replaced another landmark, Bayil prison – one of the Russian Empire 's and USSR 's strictest prisons and the same prison in which Joseph Stalin
1716-518: The Bayil Thermal power station and controlled it after completion of construction until 1904. In 2010, restoration works are held at the Bayil stadium with 3000 attendance after Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan 's proposal to increase popularity in Baku. In 2011, government unveiled restored Gafur Mammadov park on Victory Day . Bayil is the site of National Flag Square . Confirmed by
1782-557: The Bayil Bay has been constructed building, later named Sabayil Castle . The area also called Shahri Saba , Shahri nau , underwater city, a caravanserai and Bayil stones . In 1858, Marine Administration of Russian Empire began construction of municipality on local admiralty's drafts. On 6 May 1868 in Cape Bayil, in the presence of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia , was founded five-domed church. The first residential areas in
1848-591: The Bayil formed along the pilgrimage road passes on Bayil cape and leading to the Bibi-Heybat Mosque . Development of the Black City and the discovery of oilfields in the Bibiheybət stimulated the expansion of Bayil in the direction of Baku. By the late 19th century, residential part of the occupied steep slopes and developed in the direction of the city, which went beyond the boundaries of their land and merged with
1914-462: The Earth's surface. In 1978, geologist David Varnes noted this imprecise usage and proposed a new, much tighter scheme for the classification of mass movements and subsidence processes. This scheme was later modified by Cruden and Varnes in 1996, and refined by Hutchinson (1988), Hungr et al. (2001), and finally by Hungr, Leroueil and Picarelli (2014). The classification resulting from the latest update
1980-440: The angle of repose decreases since there is less friction between the soil grains. When the angle of repose is exceeded, mass wasting and rockfall can occur. It is important for many civil and geotechnical engineers to know the angle of repose to avoid structural and natural disasters . As a result, the application of retaining walls can help to retain soil so that the angle of repose is not exceeded. The angle of repose and
2046-626: The area of the Val Pola disaster (Italy). Evidence of past landslides has been detected on many bodies in the solar system, but since most observations are made by probes that only observe for a limited time and most bodies in the solar system appear to be geologically inactive not many landslides are known to have happened in recent times. Both Venus and Mars have been subject to long-term mapping by orbiting satellites, and examples of landslides have been observed on both planets. Landslide mitigation refers to several human-made activities on slopes with
Bayil - Misplaced Pages Continue
2112-521: The average precipitation is expected to decrease or increase regionally (63), rainfall induced landslides may change accordingly, due to changes in infiltration, groundwater levels and river bank erosion. Weather extremes are expected to increase due to climate change including heavy precipitation (63). This yields negative effects on landslides due to focused infiltration in soil and rock (66) and an increase of runoff events, which may trigger debris flows. Slope failure Slope stability refers to
2178-430: The condition of inclined soil or rock slopes to withstand or undergo movement ; the opposite condition is called slope instability or slope failure . The stability condition of slopes is a subject of study and research in soil mechanics , geotechnical engineering , and engineering geology . Analyses are generally aimed at understanding the causes of an occurred slope failure, or the factors that can potentially trigger
2244-408: The construction of a building), slope cutting (for instance to make space for roadways, railways, or buildings), or slope flooding (for instance by filling an artificial lake after damming a river). Earthen slopes can develop a cut-spherical weakness area. The probability of this happening can be calculated in advance using a simple 2-D circular analysis package. A primary difficulty with analysis
2310-470: The degree of weathering in the exposure and excavation damage. A new slope can then be designed in the ‘reference’ rock mass with compensation anticipating further damage due to excavation and future weathering. If an existing slope's stability is assessed, the ‘exposure’ and ‘slope’ rock mass values are the same. The failure mechanisms are divided into orientation dependent and orientation independent . Orientation dependent failure mechanisms depend on
2376-431: The destabilizing forces. Once the slip has occurred, however, a weakness along the slip circle remains, which may then recur at the next monsoon. The angle of repose is related to the shear strength of geologic materials, which is relevant in construction and engineering contexts. For granular materials, the size and shape of grains can impact angle of repose significantly. As the roundness of materials increases,
2442-579: The development of guidelines for sustainable land-use planning . The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides, estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis can usually be grouped into geomorphology , geology , land use/land cover, and hydrogeology . Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, GIS
2508-468: The effects of climate change on landslides need to be studied on a regional scale. Climate change can have both positive and negative impacts on landslides Temperature rise may increase evapotranspiration, leading to a reduction in soil moisture and stimulate vegetation growth, also due to a CO2 increase in the atmosphere. Both effects may reduce landslides in some conditions. On the other side, temperature rise causes an increase of landslides due to Since
2574-406: The environment , can increase the frequency of natural events (such as extreme weather ) which trigger landslides. Landslide mitigation describes the policy and practices for reducing the risk of human impacts of landslides, reducing the risk of natural disaster . Landslides occur when the slope (or a portion of it) undergoes some processes that change its condition from stable to unstable. This
2640-452: The fluidization of landslide material as it gains speed or incorporates further debris and water along its path. River blockages as the flow reaches a main stream can generate temporary dams. As the impoundments fail, a domino effect may be created, with a remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass, and in its destructive power. An earthflow is the downslope movement of mostly fine-grained material. Earthflows can move at speeds within
2706-713: The form of the surface(s) or shear zone(s) on which movement happens. The planes may be broadly parallel to the surface ("planar slides") or spoon-shaped ("rotational slides"). Slides can occur catastrophically, but movement on the surface can also be gradual and progressive. Spreads are a form of subsidence, in which a layer of material cracks, opens up, and expands laterally. Flows are the movement of fluidised material, which can be both dry or rich in water (such as in mud flows). Flows can move imperceptibly for years, or accelerate rapidly and cause disasters. Slope deformations are slow, distributed movements that can affect entire mountain slopes or portions of it. Some landslides are complex in
Bayil - Misplaced Pages Continue
2772-462: The goal of lessening the effect of landslides. Landslides can be triggered by many, sometimes concomitant causes. In addition to shallow erosion or reduction of shear strength caused by seasonal rainfall , landslides may be triggered by anthropic activities, such as adding excessive weight above the slope, digging at mid-slope or at the foot of the slope. Often, individual phenomena join to generate instability over time, which often does not allow
2838-480: The landscape changed after an event, what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and recovery. Using satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides. Such maps should show the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future events. In general, to predict landslides, one must assume that their occurrence
2904-502: The landslide depth is shallow. Vegetation increases the stability of the slope mechanically, by reinforcing the soils through plant roots, which stabilize the upper part of the soil. Vegetation also stabilizes the slope via hydrologic processes, by the reduction of soil moisture content through the interception of precipitation and transpiration . This results in a drier soil that is less susceptible to mass wasting. Stability of slopes can also be improved by: Slope stability analysis
2970-440: The long runout can be different, but they typically result in the weakening of the sliding mass as the speed increases. The causes of this weakening are not completely understood. Especially for the largest landslides, it may involve the very quick heating of the shear zone due to friction, which may even cause the water that is present to vaporize and build up a large pressure, producing a sort of hovercraft effect. In some cases,
3036-406: The materials that make up the pit slope will reduce the strength of those materials. Choice of correct analysis technique depends on both site conditions and the potential mode of failure, with careful consideration being given to the varying strengths , weaknesses and limitations inherent in each methodology . Various classification and rating systems exist for the design of slopes and to assess
3102-588: The most famous hotel in Baku was "Intourist". The new hotel, which was completed in 2015, attracts attention with its unique architectural structure, while keeping alive the memories of the old "Intourist". The area also contains the main naval base of the Azerbaijani Navy . E119 Highway by pass Bayil. The Bayil Metro Station is planned in this area by Baku Metro in the future. Landslide Landslides , also known as landslips , or rockslides , are several forms of mass wasting that may include
3168-413: The most important factors that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save lives, property, and money. Since the ‘90s, GIS have been also successfully used in conjunction to decision support systems , to show on a map real-time risk evaluations based on monitoring data gathered in
3234-431: The movement of a mass over a planar or curvilinear surface or shear zone. A debris slide is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of material mixed with water and/or ice. It is usually triggered by the saturation of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and other debris. Debris flows and avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement
3300-471: The movement of clayey materials, which facilitate the intrusion of water into the moving mass and produce faster responses to precipitation. A rock avalanche, sometimes referred to as sturzstrom , is a large and fast-moving landslide of the flow type. It is rarer than other types of landslides but it is often very destructive. It exhibits typically a long runout, flowing very far over a low-angle, flat, or even slightly uphill terrain. The mechanisms favoring
3366-451: The negative impacts felt by landslides. GIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively. Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many layers of data to develop a full and accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the Earth's surface. Researchers need to know which variables are
SECTION 50
#17328479651153432-421: The orientation of the slope to the discontinuities in the rock mass, i.e., sliding (plane and wedge sliding) and toppling failure. Orientation independence relates to the possibility that a slope fails independently from its orientation, e.g., circular failure entirely through newly formed discontinuities in intact rock blocks or failing partially following existing and partially new discontinuities. In addition,
3498-402: The reduction of property damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a good understanding as to what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply avoid them when they do occur. Sustainable land management and development is also an essential key to reducing
3564-489: The sense that they feature different movement types in different portions of the moving body, or they evolve from one movement type to another over time. For example, a landslide can initiate as a rock fall or topple and then, as the blocks disintegrate upon the impact, transform into a debris slide or flow. An avalanching effect can also be present, in which the moving mass entrains additional material along its path. Slope material that becomes saturated with water may produce
3630-412: The sliding surface is mostly deeply located, for instance well below the maximum rooting depth of trees. They usually involve deep regolith , weathered rock, and/or bedrock and include large slope failures associated with translational, rotational, or complex movements. They tend to form along a plane of weakness such as a fault or bedding plane . They can be visually identified by concave scarps at
3696-438: The slope requires geological information and site characteristics, e.g. properties of soil / rock mass, slope geometry , groundwater conditions, alternation of materials by faulting , joint or discontinuity systems, movements and tension in joints, earthquake activity etc. The presence of water has a detrimental effect on slope stability. Water pressure acting in the pore spaces, fractures or other discontinuities in
3762-433: The stability of a slope are impacted by climatic and non-climatic factors. Water content is an important parameter that could change the angle of repose. Reportedly, a higher water content can stabilize a slope and increase the angle of repose. However, water saturation can result in a decrease in the slope's stability since it acts as a lubricant and creates a detachment where mass wasting can occur. Water content
3828-460: The stability of slopes. The systems are based on empirical relations between rock mass parameters and various slope parameters such as height and slope dip. The slope stability probability classification (SSPC) system is a rock mass classification system for slope engineering and slope stability assessment. The system is a three-step classification: ‘exposure’ , ‘reference’ , and ‘slope’ rock mass classification with conversion factors between
3894-541: The surrounding areas, with the center Bayil was kept in the Baku International Sea Trade Port area. Despite the extensive construction in the direction of Baku and economic relationship with the capital, Bayil until 1912 remained legally independent maritime province. In 1900, Leonid Krasin arrived to the Bayil at the invitation of the Robert Classon. He became deputy head of the construction of
3960-413: The three steps depending on existing and future weathering and depending on the damage incurred by excavation. The stability of a slope is expressed as the probability of different failure mechanisms. A rock mass is classified following a standardized set of criteria in one or more exposures ( ‘exposure’ classification). These values are converted per exposure to a ‘reference’ rock mass, compensating for
4026-716: The top and steep areas at the toe. Deep-seated landslides also shape landscapes over geological timescales and produce sediment that strongly alters the course of fluvial streams . Landslides that occur undersea, or have impact into water e.g. significant rockfall or volcanic collapse into the sea, can generate tsunamis . Massive landslides can also generate megatsunamis , which are usually hundreds of meters high. In 1958, one such tsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska. Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in
SECTION 60
#17328479651154092-481: The top of the slip may also fill with rain water, pushing the slip forward. At the other extreme, slab-shaped slips on hillsides can remove a layer of soil from the top of the underlying bedrock. Again, this is usually initiated by heavy rain, sometimes combined with increased loading from new buildings or removal of support at the toe (resulting from road widening or other construction work). Stability can thus be significantly improved by installing drainage paths to reduce
4158-413: The underlying bedrock. Failure surfaces can also form within the clay or silt layer itself, and they usually have concave shapes, resulting in rotational slides Slope failure mechanisms often contain large uncertainties and could be significantly affected by heterogeneity of soil properties. A landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered bedrock (typically to
4224-474: The very high temperature may even cause some of the minerals to melt. During the movement, the rock in the shear zone may also be finely ground, producing a nanometer-size mineral powder that may act as a lubricant, reducing the resistance to motion and promoting larger speeds and longer runouts. The weakening mechanisms in large rock avalanches are similar to those occurring in seismic faults. Slides can occur in any rock or soil material and are characterized by
4290-475: Was far easier to analyze such a simplified geometry. Nevertheless, failures in 'pure' clay can be quite close to circular. Such slips often occur after a period of heavy rain, when the pore water pressure at the slip surface increases, reducing the effective normal stress and thus diminishing the restraining friction along the slip line. This is combined with increased soil weight due to the added groundwater. A 'shrinkage' crack (formed during prior dry weather) at
4356-460: Was kept in the early years of the 20th century by the Tsarist authorities because of his criminal activities in Baku, organizing oil worker strikes. Another famous inmate was Andrey Vyshinsky , who was imprisoned for revolutionary activities and where he first met Stalin. The former "Intourist" hotel, opened in 1934, has been Baku's favorite place for 70 years of operation. Even in the 1950s and 1960s,
#114885