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49-541: The Bayezid II Mosque and külliye is one of the oldest examples of an imperial mosque complex in Istanbul (preceded only by the Fatih Mosque complex ). It was constructed between 1500 and 1505 and the complex included an imaret ( public kitchen ), a caravanserai , several mausoleums ( türbe s) and a medrese ( madrasa ), completed in 1507. The architect's name has not been firmly established although Yakubşah ibn Islamşah

98-399: A cement based primer, or a vapor-permeable, water-resistant weather barrier; typically an asphalt -saturated paper or one of a variety of manufactured plastic-based sheets, known as " building wraps " or "stucco wraps". The properties of the weather barrier must not only protect the framing from rain and moisture, but at the same time allow the free passage of any water vapor generated inside

147-470: A library, a hospital ( darüşşifa ), a dervish inn ( taphane ), a caravanserai , a market, a hamam , a primary school ( mektep ) a public kitchen ( imaret ) for poor and a collection of 280 shops. Various tombs ( türbes ) were added at a later date. The original complex covered an almost square area of 325 metres (1,066 feet) extending along the Golden Horn side of Fevzi Paşa Caddesi. The first mosque

196-505: A material for sculpture in an architectural context. It is rare in the countryside. In Roman art of the late Republic and early Empire, stucco was used extensively for the decoration of vaults. Though marble was the preferred sculptural medium in most regards, stucco was better for use in vaults because it was lighter and better suited to adapt to the curvature of the ceiling. Baroque and Rococo architecture makes heavy use of stucco. Examples can be found in churches and palaces, where stucco

245-399: A proprietary mix of additives including fibers and synthetic acrylics that add strength and flexibility. Modern synthetic stucco can be applied as one base layer and a finish layer, which is thinner and faster to apply, compared to the traditional application of three-coat stucco. Imitation stone stucco can also be produced using the traditional application, but with marble dust being added to

294-406: A rough modelling over a framework and then painted. Similar techniques are used for the life-size statues decorating the gopurams of Hindu temples in modern South Asia . Since stucco can be used for decoration as well as for figurative representation, it provides an ideal transitive link from architectural details to wall paintings such as the typically Baroque trompe-l'œil ceilings, as in

343-508: A sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco can be applied on construction materials such as metal , expanded metal lath , concrete , cinder block , or clay brick and adobe for decorative and structural purposes. In English, "stucco" sometimes refers to a coating for the outside of a building and " plaster " to a coating for interiors. As described below, however, the materials themselves often have little or no difference. Other European languages, notably Italian, do not have

392-463: A similar layout but with four instead of three wings, arranged in a cross , each with a dome, and with another domed room in each corner. The camekan 's domes have grooved squinches , the warm room's domes have muqarnas squinches, and the hot room's domes have pendentives with arabesque -like carvings. The interior featured carved stucco decoration similar to earlier examples in Edirne , with some of

441-518: A state of disrepair. In 2000 the hamam was expropriated and transferred to the ownership of Istanbul University . It then underwent a long restoration process starting in 2003 and continuing until 2010. In 2013 the building's conversion into a museum began, and in May 2015 it reopened as the Turkish Hamam Culture Museum ( Türk Hamam Kültürü Müzesi ), with exhibition halls and exhibits focusing on

490-571: Is mostly used to provide a smooth, decorative transition from walls to ceiling, decorating and giving measure to ceiling surfaces. Stucco is an integral part of the art of belcomposto , the Baroque concept that integrates the three classic arts , architecture , sculpture , and painting . The Greco-Buddhist art of modern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan made extensive use in monasteries and temples of stucco for three-dimensional monumental sculpture as well as reliefs. These were usually carved from

539-432: Is supported by other Turkish academics that state Ottoman architecture is an extension of "Near Eastern architectural tradition". (See also: Ottoman architectural decoration ) Stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates , a binder , and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as

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588-413: Is the most likely chief architect, the other likely candidate being Hayreddin; at least one of Yakubşah's assistants helped finish off the medrese . The Bayezid Hamam is mentioned in historical documents of 1507, meaning it must have been completed before that date. Soon after construction the hamam was donated to a vakfiye ( waqf ) for another külliye commissioned by Gülbahar Hatun , Bayezid's wife and

637-485: Is the predominant exterior for both residential and commercial construction. Stucco exterior (with wood frame interior) became a popular alternative in the southwestern United States during the 1970s, as the masonry labor costs for adobe rose. Stucco has also been used as a sculptural and artistic material. Stucco relief was used in the architectural decoration schemes of many ancient cultures. Examples of Egyptian , Minoan , and Etruscan stucco reliefs remain extant. In

686-433: Is usually white; color comes from the aggregate or any added pigments . Lime stucco has the property of being self-healing to a limited degree because of the slight water solubility of lime (which in solution can be deposited in cracks, where it solidifies). Portland cement stucco is very hard and brittle and can easily crack and separate from the surcface if the base on which it is applied is not stable. Typically its color

735-749: The Fatih district of Istanbul , Turkey. The original mosque was constructed between 1463 and 1470 on the site of the Church of the Holy Apostles . Seriously damaged in the 1766 earthquake , it was rebuilt in 1771 to a different design. It is named after the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror , known in Turkish as Fatih Sultan Mehmed , who conquered Constantinople in 1453. The Sahn-ı Seman Medrese , once an important center for

784-485: The art of Mesopotamia and ancient Persian art there was a widespread tradition of figurative and ornamental internal stucco reliefs, which continued into Islamic art , for example in Abbasid Samarra , now using geometrical and plant-based ornament. As the arabesque reached its full maturity, carved stucco remained a very common medium for decoration and calligraphic inscriptions. Indian architecture used stucco as

833-419: The cold room or soğukluk ), an ılıklık ( warm room or intermediate room) and a hararet ( hot room ). The women's camekân is slightly smaller than the men's. The dome of the men's camekân has a diameter of 15 meters. The warm room consists of a three-winged room with a central dome and three other domes arranged at right angles around it, with two other rooms in the corners between them. The hot room has

882-555: The Great . Before the construction of the mosque, his sarcophagus had been placed in the middle of twelve other sarchophagi representing the Twelve Apostles , in the symbolic place of Christ . The Fatih Mosque was the first monumental project in the Ottoman imperial architectural tradition. It was built by the Greek architect Atik Sinan . The original complex included eight medreses ,

931-595: The Holy Apostles was demolished to make way for the mosque. The Byzantine church had fallen into disrepair since the Fourth Crusade . Even though it was the cathedral church of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , the Ecumenical Patriarch was not permitted to carry out essential repairs to the structure. The church was the burial place of numerous Roman emperors , including Constantine

980-462: The Suleymaniye Library. The caravanserai was repaired in the 1980s and combined with new shops to begin functioning as a workplace. The hospital, market, kitchens and hamam of the original complex have been lost. According to the Turkish historian Mehmet Aga-Oglu , the mosque is a representation of Islamic Persian medresse architecture and not Byzantine church architecture. This opinion

1029-414: The architect Mehmet Tahir Ağa . The first Fatih Mosque had one central dome supported by a single semi-dome of the same diameter on the qibla side and suspended on four arches. its dome was 26 meter in diameter. The second Baroque mosque built after the 1766 earthquake had a square plan. It has one central dome supported by four semi-domes. Only the courtyard, main entrance portal and lower portions of

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1078-405: The bathhouses, and new workers had to be from either Istanbul or Anatolia, in an effort to push remaining Albanians out of the workers' guild. Although the intended effect was slow to take hold, in the long term it resulted in a greater number of Istanbul bathhouse workers coming from Anatolia, especially from Sivas and Tokat , something that remains true today. The hamam is one of the largest in

1127-410: The brittle, cured stucco; while the increased thickness and number of layers helped control cracking. The traditional application of stucco and lath occurs in three coats—the scratch coat, the brown coat and the finish coat. The two base coats of plaster are either hand-applied or machine sprayed. The finish coat can be troweled smooth, hand-textured, floated to a sand finish or sprayed. Originally,

1176-414: The building to escape through the wall. A wide variety of stucco accessories, such as weep screeds , control and expansion joints, corner-aids and architectural reveals are sometimes also incorporated into the lath. Wire lath is used to give the plaster something to attach to and to add strength. Types include expanded-metal lath, woven-wire lath, and welded-wire lath. If applied during very dry weather,

1225-421: The city and is considered a good example of hamam design in the era of classical Ottoman architecture . Its monumental appearance from the outside and its tall entrance portal earned it the name Hamam-ı Kebir ('Grand Bathhouse'). It is a double hamam, meaning that there are separate facilities for women and men. Each side consisted of an enormous domed chamber, the camekân ( undressing room ; also referred to as

1274-542: The earthquake. The türbe of the Conqueror has a lavishly decorated interior and is a popular site for official ceremonies. It was customary for new sultans to visit the tomb immediately after being invested with the Sword of Osman at Eyüp Sultan Mosque . Gulbahar's türbe is more simple, with classic lines, and may closely resemble the original. The graveyard also contains the last resting places of many important state officials, including field marshal Gazi Osman Pasha whose tomb

1323-561: The historical culture surrounding the hamams of Istanbul. It is also possible to view the remains of a couple of Byzantine churches that were uncovered during the restoration process. They are popularly associated with Patrona Halil , the Albanian leader of an uprising that deposed Ahmed III in 1730, who is said to have been employed as an hamam attendant ( tellak ) here. The uprising, motivated by economic grievances, resulted in Mahmud I coming to

1372-512: The introduction of metal wire mesh , or netting, replaced the use of wood lath. Galvanizing the wire made it corrosion resistant and suitable for exterior wall applications. At the beginning of the 21st century, this "traditional" method of wire mesh lath and three coats of exterior plaster was still widely used. In some parts of the United States with a warmer climate (like California , Nevada , Arizona , New Mexico and Florida ), stucco

1421-440: The lath material was strips of wood installed horizontally on the wall, with spaces between, that would support the wet plaster until it cured. This lath and plaster technique became widely used. In exterior wall applications, the lath is installed over a weather-resistant asphalt - impregnated felt or paper sheet that protects the framing from the moisture that can pass through the porous stucco. Following World War II ,

1470-581: The minarets survive from the original construction. The present interior of the Fatih Mosque is essentially a copy of earlier designs invented by Sinan re-used repeatedly by himself and his successors throughout Istanbul (this technique is emulative of the Hagia Sophia). The 26 meter diameter center dome is supported by four semi-domes on each axis supported by four large marble columns. There are two minarets each with twin galleries. The calligraphy within

1519-413: The mixture. As with any cement-based material, stucco must be reinforced to resist movement cracking. Plastic or wire mesh lath , attached with nails or screws to the structural framing, is embedded into the base coat to provide stiffening for the stucco. Where stucco is to be applied to a structure of wood-framing or light-gauge steel framing, the framing is protected from moisture damage by applying

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1568-473: The mosque and the mimbar exhibit a Baroque influence, but the white tiles lack the splendor of the İznik tiles used in other mosques such as the Rüstem Pasha Mosque . The mihrab survived from the original construction. As with other imperial mosques in Istanbul, the Fatih Mosque was designed as a kulliye , or complex with adjacent structures to service both religious and cultural needs. To

1617-476: The mosque precincts, has a courtyard supported by 16 different columns of verd antique and granite, probably salvaged from the Church of the Holy Apostles. Facing the dervish inn is the large Baroque türbe of Sultan Mahmud II 's mother, Nakşidil Sultan (1761-1817). The graveyard beside the mosque contains the tombs ( türbes ) of Sultan Mehmed II and his consort Gülbahar Hatun . Both were reconstructed after

1666-467: The mother of Selim I . (Though there is some confusion on this point, with some sources saying that Gülbahar commissioned the hamam herself and donated it to Bayezid II's complex.) Fragments of the ancient triumphal column from the Forum of Theodosius that once stood nearby were built into the hamam's foundation. The baths were renovated following a fire in 1714 but by the end of the 20th century they were in

1715-461: The north and south of the mosque are the Sahn-ı Seman , eight great medreses, four on each side. These buildings are symmetrical, and each contains 18 cells for four students and a dershane . Annexes behind the medrese itself were lost to road construction. The medreses provided for about a thousand students, making it a large university for its time. The dervish inn, outside the southeast corner of

1764-450: The original decoration remaining in the corners of the domes. 41°0′35.8″N 28°57′41.4″E  /  41.009944°N 28.961500°E  / 41.009944; 28.961500 (See also: Ottoman architectural decoration ) Fatih Mosque, Istanbul The Fatih Mosque ( Turkish : Fatih Camii , "Conqueror's Mosque" in English ) is an Ottoman mosque off Fevzi Paşa Caddesi in

1813-453: The same distinction: stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both. The basic composition of stucco is lime , water, and sand. The difference in nomenclature between stucco, plaster , and mortar is based more on use than composition. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, it was common that mortar as well as plaster , which was used inside a building, and stucco, which

1862-431: The stones are incorporated directly into the stucco, used mainly from the early 20th through the early 21st centuries. As a building material, stucco is a durable, attractive, and weather-resistant wall covering. It was traditionally used as both an interior and exterior finish applied in one or two thin layers directly over a solid masonry , brick , or stone surface. The finish coat usually contained an integral color and

1911-574: The study of theology, law, medicine, astronomy, physics and mathematics, formed part of the Fatih Mosque. It was founded by the Turkic astronomer Ali Qushji who had been invited by Mehmed to his court in Istanbul. The mosque complex was completely restored in 2009 and again ten years later. It reopened to worshippers in 2021. The Fatih Mosque complex was a religious and social building of unprecedented size and complexity built in Istanbul between 1463 and 1470 by order of Mehmed II . The 4th-century Church of

1960-402: The throne. In the aftermath Patrona was executed along with thousands of his supporters, and bathhouses became places that governments viewed with suspicion. In 1734-35 an imperial decree ruled that all bathhouse workers needed to be registered, and measures discriminating against Albanian workers were introduced; those who left Istanbul to visit their hometown were barred from returning to work in

2009-581: The work of the Wessobrunner School . Here, the real architecture of the church is visually extended into a heavenly architecture with a depiction of Christ , the Virgin Mary or the Last Judgment at the center. Stucco is used to form a semi-plastic extension of the real architecture that merges into the painted architecture. Because of its " aristocratic " appearance, Baroque-looking stucco decoration

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2058-406: Was added with increasing frequency to cover surfaces in contact with soil or water. At the same time, traditional lime plasters were often being replaced by gypsum plaster. Lime is almost as good in balancing humidity as clay. It prevents moisture accumulation inside the building as well as in the wall by its excellent permeability- It is more elastic and workable than cement render. Lime itself

2107-428: Was badly damaged in the 1509 earthquake . After that it was repaired, but was then damaged again by earthquakes in 1557 and 1754 and repaired yet again. It was then completely destroyed by an earthquake on 22 May 1766 when the main dome collapsed and the walls were irreparably damaged. Commissioned by Sultan Mustafa III , the current mosque (designed on a completely different plan) was built between 1767 and 1771 by

2156-467: Was designed by Kemaleddin Bey . The distinguished Ottoman scholar and university professor Halil İnalcık was buried here in 2016. On one side of the mosque and connected to it is the domed Carullah Efendi Library which was built in 1724. One of its doors opens onto the street, while the other two open onto the inner courtyard of the mosque. The library is undergoing repairs, and the books are under protection at

2205-418: Was gray, from the innate color of most Portland cement, but white Portland cement is also available. Today's stucco manufacturers offer a very wide range of colors that can be mixed integrally in the finish coat. Other materials such as stone and glass chips are sometimes "dashed" onto the finish coat before drying, with the finished product commonly known as "rock dash", "pebble dash", or also as roughcast if

2254-403: Was still employed in the 1950s in molded forms for decorating the joints between walls and ceilings inside houses. It was generally painted the same colour as the ceiling and used in designs where a picture rail or rat rail was in use. Modern stucco is used as an exterior cement plaster wall covering. It is usually a mix of sand , Portland cement , lime and water, but may also consist of

2303-423: Was typically textured for appearance. Then with the introduction and development of heavy timber and light wood-framed construction methods, stucco was adapted for this new use by adding a reinforcement lattice, or lath , attached to and spanning between the structural supports and by increasing the thickness and number of layers of the total system. The lath added support for the wet plaster and tensile strength to

2352-422: Was used frequently in upper-class apartments of the 19th and early 20th century. Beginning in the 1920s, stucco, especially in its Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque materialization, became increasingly unpopular with modern architects in some countries, resulting not only in new buildings without stucco but also in a widespread Movement  [ de ] to remove the stucco from existing tenements. Stucco

2401-445: Was used outside, would consist of the same primary materials: lime and sand . Animal or plant fibers were often added for additional strength. Sometimes additives such as acrylics and glass fibers are added to improve the structural properties of the stucco. This is usually done with what is considered a one-coat stucco system, as opposed to the traditional three-coat method. In the latter nineteenth century, Portland cement

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