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51-573: Barstow-Daggett Airport covers 1,087 acres (440 ha) at an elevation of 1,930 feet (588 m) above mean sea level . It has two asphalt runways : 8/26 is 6,402 by 150 feet (1,951 x 46 m) and 4/22 is 5,123 by 100 feet (1,561 x 30 m). In the year ending February 16, 2006, the airport had 36,500 aircraft operations, an average of 100 per day: 51% general aviation and 49% military . 59 aircraft were then based at this airport: 32% single- engine , 3% multi-engine, 1.7% jet , 2% helicopter , 2% ultralight and 59% military . Just prior to World War II ,

102-501: A spacecraft in orbit, and depth is used for points below the surface. Elevation is not to be confused with the distance from the center of the Earth. Due to the equatorial bulge , the summits of Mount Everest and Chimborazo have, respectively, the largest elevation and the largest geocentric distance. In aviation, the term elevation or aerodrome elevation is defined by the ICAO as

153-764: A Modification Center. Douglas established the Modification Center and operated it until the middle of 1944, when Army Air Forces deactivated the project. According to a narrative report contained in project files, there was no evidence of the lease ever having been executed, so it was believed that Douglas occupied and used the premises without any written agreement. On November 12, 1942, the Secretary of War and Standard Oil Co. (San Francisco) entered into an agreement (unnumbered lease to run with lease W-868-ENG-4504), whereby Standard Oil agreed to install, operate, and maintain lubricating oil storage and distribution facilities at

204-566: A military reservation of approximately 1,000 square miles (3,000 km ) in the area of the present Fort Irwin. In 1942, the Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range was renamed Camp Irwin, in honor of Major General George LeRoy Irwin , commander of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade during World War I , and it was subsumed into the Desert Training Center as one of its cantonment areas and some of its ranges. Two years later, Camp Irwin

255-551: A proof of concept FX for establishing Irwin as the NTC, the 3rd Battalion 67th Armor, 2nd Armored Division from Fort Hood , Texas in operation TASK FORCE IRWIN III, 1 Aug – 14 Sept, 1979, and 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division from Fort Hood, Texas in spring 1981. Also Ft Irwin and the 1st CAV tested and implemented the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES). Infantry and armor units first augmented

306-721: A prototype by the US Army's Fort Hunter-Liggett with Systems and Software design the BDM , the NTC system was the first to augment After Action Reviews of training exercises with video and maneuver overlays including time stamped combat events. Since its activation, the NTC has witnessed many other firsts. Among the first units to train against the Opposing Force (OPFOR) were 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry and 1st Battalion 77th Armor, 4th Infantry Division (Mech) from Fort Carson , Colorado in Spring 1978 as

357-423: A result of Base Realignment and Closure Commission actions in the 1990s, USAF air support shifted to composite fighter wings from Nellis AFB, Hill AFB , Luke AFB and Davis-Monthan AFB . USMC air support shifted to MCAS Miramar (formerly NAS Miramar ), MCAS Yuma and MCAS Camp Pendleton . During the 1980s and 1990s, the NTC also showcased US Army large-scale tactics to foreign military leaders from all over

408-529: Is believed to have been the first European to make contact with the Native Americans of the area. Jedediah Smith is thought to have been the first European American to explore the area in 1826. A fur trapper, Smith was soon followed by other pioneers traveling the Old Spanish Trail between Santa Fe and Los Angeles. The trail crossed the area on the eastern edge of Fort Irwin, between Salt Spring and

459-746: Is developing a 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) to keep up with growing needs for high quality topographic data. 3DEP is a collection of enhanced elevation data in the form of high quality LiDAR data over the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and the U.S. territories. There are three bare earth DEM layers in 3DEP which are nationally seamless at the resolution of 1/3, 1, and 2 arcseconds. Fort Irwin Operations Group: Ghost Team (Information Advantage) Bronco Team (Brigade Trainers) Scorpions (the Green Team, America’s First O/C team) Cobras (the Blue Team,

510-480: Is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid , a mathematical model of the Earth 's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum ). The term elevation is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude or geopotential height is used for points above the surface, such as an aircraft in flight or

561-408: Is to paint their sign on one of the rock formations near the main gate. Units of all types and locations are represented. NTC training is not easy. The exercises incorporate complex scenarios exposing the units to detailed hybrid threats. Facing a strong opposing force and an insurgent force, at the same time, they must assist local people in towns and villages in the area in any way possible. One of

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612-628: The California Army National Guard back to the Regular Army returning into active status on 1 July 1981. The NTC was unique in its training approach in the use of Real Time Location System (originally a General Dynamics microwave transponder system; later replaced by GPS); the use of lasers to simulate direct fire (including small arms); and the use of real time interactive computer models for indirect fire along with Air to Ground and Ground to Air missile systems. Originally developed as

663-536: The Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) selected the site as an important civil air field and negotiated a standard agreement (AP 4) with the county of San Bernardino to maintain the air field. Shortly thereafter, the site was chosen by the War Department as a Modification Center. As a result, the county acquired fee interest to the additional land necessary for War Department use. On May 4, 1942,

714-510: The Fort Irwin garrison with general support facilities such as: The National Training Center element of the Post which consists of the following units: The NTC at Fort Irwin continues to serve as one of the US Army's main training centers. All US military services, as well as other government agencies and some foreign military units train at the NTC. A common tradition for any visiting military unit

765-566: The Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex . The ZIP Code is 92310, and the reservation is inside area codes 442 and 760 . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Fort Irwin has a cold desert climates , abbreviated "BWk" on climate maps. The United States Census Bureau has designated Fort Irwin as a separate census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes, covering

816-683: The Mojave River . The Old Spanish Trail passed through Silurian Valley , then west through the Avawatz Mountains at Red Pass and beyond the playa of Red Pass Lake , through a gap between the Soda and Tiefort Mountains to Bitter Spring in a wash in the next valley. Bitter Spring was the only reliable watering and grazing place along the route. From Bitter Spring the trail led 18.75 miles (30.18 km) southwest climbing Alvord Mountain to cross Impassable Pass to descend Spanish Canyon and cross

867-713: The R-2502 Special Use Airspace Complex . The Fort Irwin area has a history dating back almost 15,000 years, when Native Americans of the Lake Mojave Period were believed to have lived in the area. Native American settlements and pioneer explorations in the area were first recorded when the Spanish missionary Padre Francisco Garces traveled the Mohave Trail with Mohave Indian guides in 1776. During his travels, he noted several small bands of Indians, and

918-658: The US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). The opposing force at the National Training Center is the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment , the Blackhorse Cavalry, who are stationed at the base to provide an opposing force to units on a training rotation at Fort Irwin. In September 2017, a state-of-the-art hospital was opened that provides healthcare services to the Fort Irwin beneficiaries. Fort Irwin works within

969-554: The Army's Mormon Battalion patrolled the Fort Irwin area to control the raiding and horse stealing. By 1855 it became part of the route of the freight wagon road between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City . During the Bitter Spring Expedition in 1860 the Army constructed Camp Bitter Springs , a small stone fort overlooking Bitter Spring and patrolled the Fort Irwin area. In the 1880s the area experienced an economic boom with

1020-672: The Cavalry Trainers) Fort Irwin National Training Center ( Fort Irwin NTC ) is a major training area for the United States military in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County, California . Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of 2,454 feet (748 m). It is located 37 miles (60 km) northeast of Barstow , in the Calico Mountains . The National Training Center is part of

1071-472: The Department of the Army announced that Fort Irwin had been selected as National Training Center (NTC) . The location – an isolated area – was ideal because of its over 1,000 square miles (2,600 km ) capacity for maneuver and ranges, its uncluttered electromagnetic spectrum, and its restricted airspace. The National Training Center was officially activated 16 October 1980, and Fort Irwin was transferred from

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1122-663: The Infantry Battalion was designated as the 32nd Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment. U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), U.S. Army Reserve and Army National Guard units would support infantry roles for the OPFOR. Air support and air combat tactics came from USAF fighter wings operating from Nellis AFB and George AFB . USN strike squadrons from NAS Lemoore , USMC fighter/attack squadrons operating from MCAS El Toro , and USMC helicopter attack squadrons operating from MCAS Tustin . When George AFB, MCAS El Toro and MCAS Tustin were closed as

1173-540: The NTC features is the presence of 12 mock-up "villages" used to train troops in Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) prior to their deployment. These villages have religious sites, hotels, traffic circles, etc. filled with foreign 'locals'. These are Arabic speaking roleplaying actors portraying government officials, local militia, police, military, villagers, street vendors and insurgents. They will confront

1224-513: The NTC transformed to focus on continuous counterinsurgency ops that reflected a rapidly changing battlefield, especially in desert climate environments. Following the United States withdraw from Afghanistan in 2021 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, The National Training Center began to train soldiers for future fights against major near-peer adversaries. The Post is composed of

1275-586: The Navy Department. The San Bernardino Daily Sun reported on August 21, 1951, that the lease between the county and the Marine Corps on the Daggett Airport had been renewed by the board of supervisors on August 20. According to airport personnel interviewed during the site visit, the county obtained control of facility from the military in 1958. However, a fire during the 1960s destroyed County records of

1326-653: The Opposing Force in 1984 as a detachment of the 7th infantry Division, Fort Ord CA. June 1985 saw the first use of M1 Abrams tanks and later in the fall of 1985 saw the M2 Bradley fighting vehicles on the NTC battlefield. The first armored cav. squadron rotation occurred in November 1984. Units from the 101st Airborne Division participated in the first light force rotation in March 1985. The 197th Infantry Brigade participated in

1377-490: The US Army has based several UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters and LUH-72 Lakota helicopters operating out of the airport under the Fort Irwin National Training Center aviation company which is based on Fort Irwin. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Elevation The elevation of a geographic location

1428-526: The Vietnam buildup, many units, primarily artillery and engineer, trained and deployed from Fort Irwin. In January 1971, the garrison was deactivated again and placed in maintenance status under the control of Fort MacArthur (Los Angeles), California. The California National Guard assumed responsibility for the garrison and from 1972 to 1980, Fort Irwin was used primarily as a training area by Army National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve units. On 9 August 1979,

1479-549: The discovery of borax at Death Valley . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the area began to grow tremendously as mining operations of all types flourished. Soon railroads, workers, and businesses led to the establishment of the nearby town of Barstow . The years following the Indian Wars were quiet militarily. In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range ,

1530-706: The first extended rotation with brigade operations in June 1985. The first combined Light/Mechanized Infantry rotation took place in February 1990; the 7th Infantry Division (Light) from Fort Ord and the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) from Fort Stewart , Georgia participated. The first MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) mission was conducted at the NTC Pioneer Training Facility in December 1993. During

1581-518: The government entered into an agreement with the county to lease the 1,099-acre (445 ha) site (renewable annually but not beyond June 30, 1967). About May 29, 1942 the government and Douglas Aircraft Company , Inc., entered into a cost plus fixed fee ($ 1.00) contract (No. W-509-ENG-2557), whereby Douglas agreed to do all things necessary and incident to the procurement, furnishing, delivery and installation of equipment, machinery, machine tools, materials, supplies and facilities for proper operation of

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1632-421: The highest point of the landing area. It is often measured in feet and can be found in approach charts of the aerodrome. It is not to be confused with terms such as the altitude or height. GIS or geographic information system is a computer system that allows for visualizing, manipulating, capturing, and storage of data with associated attributes. GIS offers better understanding of patterns and relationships of

1683-579: The landscape at different scales. Tools inside the GIS allow for manipulation of data for spatial analysis or cartography. A topographical map is the main type of map used to depict elevation, often through contour lines . In a Geographic Information System (GIS), digital elevation models (DEM) are commonly used to represent the surface (topography) of a place, through a raster (grid) dataset of elevations. Digital terrain models are another way to represent terrain in GIS. USGS (United States Geologic Survey)

1734-621: The lease contained a provision for annual renewal, at the option of the government, through June 30, 1967. Upon the expiration of the permit, all CAA property was to have been removed to a condition satisfactory to the Commanding Office or other competent military authority. About 65 buildings and 20 other structures were built at the facility (headquarters and flight operations buildings, hangars, barracks, sewage treatment plants, warehouses, water wells, water and fuel storage tanks, gasoline station, etc.). The total cost of government improvements

1785-545: The military with all kinds of all-day problems. The largest two villages are known as Razish and Ujen, the closest located about 30 minutes from the main part of the post. The largest village consists of 585 buildings that can engage an entire brigade combat team into a fight. The training uses simulated as well as live Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) and incorporates multi-national forces and (social) media actions. Observer, Controller and Trainers (OCTs) are embedded with

1836-714: The plains to the location of Fork of the Road on the north side of the Mojave River where it met the Mohave Trail . In 1844, Captain John C. Fremont , accompanied by Kit Carson , was the first member of the US Army to visit the Fort Irwin area. Captain Fremont established a camp near Bitter Springs as he pioneered a route that served travelers on the Old Spanish Trail, and later the Mormon Road , linking Salt Lake City to California. This camp

1887-634: The population) lived in households, 1,338 (15.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 2,371 households, out of which 1,532 (64.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,903 (80.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 133 (5.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 54 (2.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 13 (0.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 15 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 244 households (10.3%) were made up of individuals, and 3 (0.1%) had someone living alone who

1938-510: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 7,436 people (84.1%) lived in rental housing units. According to the 2010 United States census, Fort Irwin had a median household income of $ 50,469, with 12.6% of the population living below the federal poverty line. The Fort Irwin Solar Project , launched in 2009, will be the largest renewable energy project in the DoD's history. This plan

1989-673: The re-opening of the NTC in 1980, the OPFOR consisted of re-activation of the 6th Battalion, 31st Infantry , "The Polar Bears," from the 7th Infantry Division , based in Fort Ord , California, and the 1st Battalion, 73rd Armor . Once the US Army turned to regimental units in 1985, the OPFOR was redesignated the 177th Armored Brigade (SEP). The OPFOR soldiers were dressed in Soviet-style armor uniforms including black berets, Soviet-style insignias, and used M551 Sheridans visually modified to resemble BMP-1 vehicles and T-72 tanks. In their OPFOR role

2040-548: The residential population. Per the 2020 census , the population was 8,096. Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. The 2010 United States Census reported that the Fort Irwin Census Designated Place had a population of 8,845. The population density

2091-461: The site. In addition, on December 20, 1943, the CAA was granted a permit (to run with Lease No. W-868-ENG-4505) to use and occupy two parcels of land totaling 11.2 acres at the Modification Center for a radio range and communication building site, together with a right of way between the two parcels for establishing and maintaining subsurface cable lines. The original permit period ended June 30, 1944; however,

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2142-663: The training units from brigade down to platoon level. Some villages are completely instrumented, including video recording, to assist the OC/T teams in providing feedback to the training unit. Fort Irwin has a total area of 2,579.77 km (996.05 sq mi), with only 0.3277 km of this area as water, according to the United States Census Bureau , however the CDP covers an area of 7.1 square miles (18 km ), all of it land. Within its territory on its western side lies

2193-406: The transaction. During 1946 through 1958 it is not clear which agency and jurisdiction over the facility. From 1958 through the present, the airport was controlled by the current owner, the county. According to Exhibit A of the original 1942 lease with the county, the government, at its option, may leave in place the alterations and improvements made to the landing areas in lieu of restoration. Today

2244-457: The world. The OPFOR ran 15 training rotations a year against armored brigades from both Active and Reserve Component US Army units from all over the United States. The command centers of these large-scale battles were computerized in a central command post, where each battle was recorded and analyzed. The results were subsequently debriefed to the participants. After the September 11, 2001 attacks ,

2295-496: Was $ 3,924,273, with the CAA expending an additional $ 107,235 for various improvements. Douglas built a swimming pool, paint and dope storage shed, and an air hose station for which reimbursement was not made. According to airport personnel, improvements constructed by the county (non-DOD) consisted of one building, and the addition of a small surface water pond in the vicinity. On September 25, 1945, Major General Willis H. Hale, Fourth Air Force , notified Daggett Army Air Field that it

2346-445: Was 1,254.1 people per square mile (484.2 people/km ). The racial makeup of Fort Irwin was 5,481 (62.0%) White (51.6% Non-Hispanic White), 1,086 (12.3%) African American , 103 (1.2%) Native American , 402 (4.5%) Asian , 120 (1.4%) Pacific Islander , 916 (10.4%) from other races , and 737 (8.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,261 persons (25.6%). The census reported that 7,507 people (84.9% of

2397-407: Was 23.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 132.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 147.9 males. There were 2,487 housing units at an average density of 352.6 units per square mile (136.1 units/km ), of which 18 (0.8%) were owner-occupied, and 2,353 (99.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.3%. 71 people (0.8% of

2448-411: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17. There were 2,090 families (88.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.41. The population was spread out, with 2,992 people (33.8%) under the age of 18, 1,888 people (21.3%) aged 18 to 24, 3,727 people (42.1%) aged 25 to 44, 224 people (2.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 14 people (0.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

2499-558: Was deactivated and placed on surplus status. Camp Irwin reopened its gates in 1951 as the Armored Combat Training Area and served as a training center for combat units during the Korean War . Regimental tank companies of the U.S. 43d Infantry Division from Camp Pickett, Virginia were the first to train at the new facility. The garrison was designated a permanent installation on 1 August 1961 and renamed Fort Irwin. During

2550-521: Was later to become an important water and grazing place for pioneers crossing the Mojave Desert during California's settlement and gold rush. The California Gold Rush brought prosperous trade and unexpected trouble to the area. As California grew, and more travelers and freighters used the Mormon Road to cross the territory between California and Utah, raids and horse stealing became a problem. In 1847,

2601-478: Was temporarily inactivated. The site (all 1,099 acres) was classified as surplus on November 15, 1945. According to the completed Declaration of Surplus Real Property Form (SPB 5, dated March 28, 1946), the improvements at the site were in good condition. Custody and accountability for the site was assumed by the War Assets Administration on June 27, 1946, with the installation immediately transferred to

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