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29-570: There are several theories for the origin of the name Avawatz. It could be derived from the Mohave Indian term "Avi-Ahwat", or "red rock". Alternatively, the name comes from the Southern Paiute word iva-wätz , meaning "white mountain sheep," or another Southern Paiute word, ávawatz , meaning " gypsum ". The range lies to the west of State Route 127 ; between the Owlshead Mountains in

58-517: A new state of consciousness . Much of early Mojave history remains unrecorded in writing, since the Mojave language was not written in precolonial times. They depended on oral communication to transmit their history and culture from one generation to the next. Disease, outside cultures and encroachment on their territory disrupted their social organization. Together with having to adapt to a majority culture of another language, this resulted in interrupting

87-523: Is Mastamho , who gave them the River and taught them how to plant. Historically this was an agrarian culture; they planted in the fertile floodplain of the untamed river, following the age-old customs of the Aha cave. They have traditionally used the indigenous plant Datura as a deliriant hallucinogen in a religious sacrament. A Mohave who is coming of age must consume the plant in a rite of passage, in order to enter

116-578: Is closed to the public. The Avawatz Mountains reach an elevation of 1,872.7 meters (6,144 ft). Mohave people Mohave or Mojave ( Mojave : ' Aha Makhav ) are a Native American people indigenous to the Colorado River in the Mojave Desert . The Fort Mojave Indian Reservation includes territory within the borders of California , Arizona , and Nevada . The Colorado River Indian Reservation includes parts of California and Arizona and

145-637: Is held annually in Parker, from Thursday through Sunday during the first week of October. The Megathrow Traditional Bird Singing & Dancing social event is also celebrated annually, on the third weekend of March. RV facilities are available along the Colorado River. Frederick W. Hodge Frederick Webb Hodge (October 28, 1864 – September 28, 1956) was an American editor, anthropologist , archaeologist , and historian . Born in England, he immigrated at

174-558: Is shared by members of the Chemehuevi , Hopi , and Navajo peoples . The original Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations were established in 1865 and 1870, respectively. Both reservations include substantial senior water rights in the Colorado River; water is drawn for use in irrigated farming. The four combined tribes sharing the Colorado River Indian Reservation function today as one geo-political unit known as

203-835: The American Journal of Physical Anthropology . Hodge was chosen to be the director of the Southwest Museum of the American Indian in Los Angeles . He also served as executive officer at the Smithsonian Institution . There he was chairman of the Committee of Editorial Management and the Committee dealing with the Linguistic Families North of Mexico. He was a member of the Committee on Archaeological Nomenclature,

232-840: The Heye Foundation to support archeological work. Heye founded the Museum of the American Indian in 1916 in New York, where Hodge later served as editor and assistant director. During his time at the Smithsonian, Hodge also conducted archeological expeditions and excavations at Nacoochee Mound in Georgia, and at Hawikuh , near Zuni Pueblo . Frederick Webb Hodge was born in 1864 in Plymouth , England to Edwin and Emily (née Webb) Hodge. His parents immigrated to Washington, D.C. , United States when Frederick

261-484: The Museum of the American Indian , founded in 1916 by George Gustav Heye , and his Heye Foundation . In 1915, accompanied by Heye, the museum's director, and staff member George H. Pepper , Hodge undertook archeological excavations at the Nacoochee Mound near Helen, Georgia . These three men published a report on the mound excavations in 1918. It was the first scientific excavation in the state. The museum opened to

290-520: The River Yuman branch of the Yuman language family. In 1994 approximately 75 people in total on the Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations spoke the language, according to linguist Leanne Hinton . The tribe has published language materials, and there are new efforts to teach the language to their children. The Mohave creator is Matevilya, who gave the people their names and their commandments. His son

319-460: The Rose-Baley Party were massacred by the Mojave. The Mojave warriors withdrew as Hoffman's armada approached and the army, without conflict, occupied land near the future Fort Mojave . Hoffman ordered the Mojave men to assemble on April 23, 1859 at the armed stockade adjacent to his headquarters, to hear Hoffman' terms of peace. Hoffman gave them the choice of submission or extermination and

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348-505: The 22 traditional clans had survived. Estimates of the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Mohave at 3,000 and Francisco Garcés , a Franciscan missionary-explorer, also estimated the population at 3,000 in 1776 (Garcés 1900(2):450). A.L. Kroeber estimate of the population in 1910

377-542: The American Indians North of Mexico (1917). This incorrectly defined the name Mohave as being derived from hamock, (three), and avi, (mountain). According to this source, the name refers to the mountain peaks known as The Needles in English, located near the Colorado River. (The city of Needles, California is located a few miles north from here). But, the Mojave call these peaks Huukyámpve , which means "where

406-518: The Colorado, moved upriver into Mojave country with the well-publicized objective of establishing a military post. By this time, white immigrants and settlers had begun to encroach on Mojave lands and the post was intended to protect east-west European-American emigrants from attack by the Mojave. Hoffman sent couriers among the tribes, warning that the post would be gained by force if they or their allies chose to resist. During this period, several members of

435-619: The Mojave chose submission. At that time the Mojave population was estimated to be about 4,000, which composed 22 clans identified by totems . Under American law the Mohave were to live on the Colorado River Reservation after its establishment in 1865. However, many refused to leave their ancestral homes in the Mojave Valley. At this time, under jurisdiction of the War Department, officials declined to try to force them onto

464-517: The Mojave transmission of their stories and songs to the following generations. The tribal name has been spelled in Spanish and English transliteration in more than 50 variations, such as Hamock avi , Amacava, A-mac-ha ves , A-moc-ha-ve , Jamajabs , and Hamakhav . This has led to misinterpretations of the tribal name, also partly traced to a translation error in Frederick W. Hodge 's 1917 Handbook of

493-517: The age of seven with his family to Washington, DC. He was educated at American schools, and graduated from Cambridge College (now George Washington University ). He became very interested in Native American history and cultures, and worked for the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1905 to 1918. He collaborated with George Gustav Heye , who had been collecting Native American artifacts, and established

522-601: The assimilation the administrators assigned English names to the children and registered as members of one of two tribes, the Mojave Tribe on the Colorado River Reservation and the Fort Mojave Indian Tribe on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. These divisions did not reflect the traditional Mojave clan and kinship system. By the late 1960s, thirty years after the end of the assimilation program 18 of

551-553: The battle took place," referring to the battle in which the God-son, Mastamho, slew the sea serpent. The Mojave held lands along the river that stretched from Black Canyon , where the tall pillars of First House of Mutavilya loomed above the river, past Avi kwame or Spirit Mountain , the center of spiritual things, to the Quechan Valley, where the lands of other tribes began. As related to contemporary landmarks, their lands began in

580-463: The children follow them; students were required to adopt European-American hairstyles (which included hair cutting), clothing, habits of eating, sleeping, toiletry, manners, industry, and language. Use of their own language or customs was a punishable offense; at Fort Mojave five lashes of the whip were issued for the first offense. Such corporal punishment of children scandalized the Mojave, who did not discipline their children in that way. As part of

609-492: The federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes ; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities. In the 1930s, George Devereux , a Hungarian-French anthropologist, did fieldwork and lived among the Mohave for an extended period of study. He published extensively about their culture and incorporated psychoanalytic thinking in his interpretation of their culture. The Mojave language belongs to

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638-467: The north at Hoover Dam and ended about one hundred miles below Parker Dam on the Colorado River , or aha kwahwat in Mojave. The most famous incident in the 19th century was the adoption of Olive Oatman after her family was massacred by another tribe, all prior to them living on the reservation. In mid-April 1859, United States troops, led by Lieutenant Colonel William Hoffman , on the Expedition of

667-461: The public in 1922. Hodge directed excavations of the ruins of Hawikuh , near Zuni Pueblo , during the period 1917–23, with what was known as the Hendricks -Hodge Expedition. He researched and reported on the interactions of these aborigines with the Spanish conquerors, travelers and priests since 1539, when Estevanico and Spanish Franciscan friars had intended to set up a mission here. He founded

696-840: The reservation and the Mojave in the area were relatively free to follow their tribal ways. In the midsummer of 1890, after the end of the Indian Wars , the War Department withdrew its troops and the post was transferred to the Office of Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior. Beginning in August 1890, the Office of Indian Affairs began an intensive program of assimilation where Mohave, and other native children living on reservations, were forced into boarding schools in which they learned to speak, write, and read English. This assimilation program, which

725-837: The southern end of Death Valley National Park , and the Soda Mountains near the town of Baker . The range is at the intersection of the Garlock Fault and the Death Valley Fault Zone . As such, it is considered the southern end of the Walker Lane geologic trough . Part of the Avawatz Mountain range lies in the National Training Center, which is part of the Fort Irwin Military Reservation , and

754-789: Was 1,050. By 1963 Lorraine M. Sherer's research revealed the population had shrunk to approximately 988, with 438 at Fort Mojave and 550 at the Colorado River Reservation. The Mohave, along with the Chemehuevi , some Hopi , and some Navajo , share the Colorado River Indian Reservation and function today as one geopolitical unit known as the federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes ; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities. The Colorado River Indian Tribes headquarters, library and museum are in Parker, Arizona , about 40 miles (64 km) north of I-10 . The Colorado River Indian Tribes Native American Days Fair & Expo

783-585: Was Federal policy, was based on the belief that this was the only way native peoples could survive. Fort Mojave was converted into a boarding school for local children and other "non-reservation" Indians. Until 1931, forty-one years later, all Fort Mojave boys and girls between the ages of six and eighteen were compelled to live at this school or to attend an advanced Indian boarding school far removed from Fort Mojave. The assimilation helped to break up tribal culture and governments. In addition to English, schools taught American culture and customs and insisted that

812-546: Was married to expedition leader Frank Hamilton Cushing . By 1901 Hodge worked as executive assistant in charge of International Exchanges at the Smithsonian Institution . In 1905 he transferred to the Bureau of American Ethnology , now part of the Smithsonian, where he worked on topics in anthropology and Native American culture until February 28, 1918. Hodge was the editor for Edward S. Curtis 's monumental photography series, The North American Indian . Hodge moved to New York City to serve as editor and assistant director at

841-567: Was seven years old. He attended local schools and then studied at Cambridge College (now George Washington University ). He was associated with Columbia University and the U.S. Geological Survey . Hodge began working in archeology early in his career. He participated in part of the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition (1886–1894). There he met Margaret Magill, and they later married. She had accompanied her sister, Emily Tennison Magill Cushing, who

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