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85-587: The Baroque Revival , also known as Neo-Baroque (or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany), was an architectural style of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculptures which display important aspects of Baroque style, but are not of the original Baroque period. Elements of the Baroque architectural tradition were an essential part of

170-555: A chorus, Orpheus in the Underworld . It was a popular and critical triumph, playing for two hundred twenty-eight nights. After the final night, Napoleon III granted Offenbach French citizenship, and his name changed formally from Jacob to Jacques. Grand opera and other musical genres also flourished under Napoleon III. The construction of the railroad stations in Paris brought thousands of tourists from around France and Europe to

255-613: A complete catalogue of past styles, the ability to mix and combine styles allowed for more expressive freedom and provided an endless source of inspiration. Whilst other design professionals (referred to as ' revivalists ') aimed to meticulously imitate past styles, Eclecticism differed, as the main driving force was creation, not nostalgia and there was a desire for the designs to be original. Eclectic architecture first appeared across continental Europe in various countries such as France ( Beaux-Arts architecture ), England ( Victorian architecture ) and Germany ( Gründerzeit ), in response to

340-604: A consistency of urban planning that was unusual for the period. Numerous public edifices: railway stations, the tribunal de commerce de Paris , and the Palais Garnier were constructed in the style. The major buildings, including the Opera House and the Church of Saint Augustine, were designed to be the focal points of the new avenues, and to be visible at a great distance. Napoleon III also built monumental fountains to decorate

425-519: A former actress from the Comédie-Française to perform scenes of classic plays in costume. The law was revised in 1867, which opened the way to an entirely new institution in Paris, the music hall, with comedy, sets, and costumed singers and dancers. For the first time, the profession of singer was given formal status and composers could seek royalties for the performance of their songs. Eclecticism in architecture Eclecticism in architecture

510-764: A map of the Bois de Boulogne on the wall of his office. Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco both show the influence of the Napoleon ;III parks. Napoleon III's taste in paintings was quite traditional, favoring the academic style cultivated in the Académie des Beaux-Arts . His favorite artists included Alexandre Cabanel , Ernest Meissonier , Jean-Léon Gérôme , and William-Adolphe Bouguereau who received important commissions. Ingres near

595-536: A mason, his early studies were under François Rude . Carpeaux entered the École des Beaux-Arts in 1844 and won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo , Donatello and Verrocchio . Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. Carpeaux sought real life subjects in

680-535: A mix of earlier European styles, most notably the Baroque, often combined with mansard roofs and/or low, square-based domes. The style quickly spread and evolved as Baroque Revival architecture throughout Europe and across the Atlantic. Its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the United States, where one of the leading architects working in

765-520: A new theater, the Bouffes-Parisiens , which opened in 1855 with a work called Ba-ta-clan , a Chinese-style Musical . Offenbach's theater attracted not only the working and middle class audiences, the traditional audience of the music halls, but also the upper classes. The comic opera scenes alternated with musical interludes by Rossini , Mozart , and Pergolesi . In 1858 he took a step further with his first full-length operetta, with four acts and

850-512: A park or square. In addition, they planted tens of thousands of trees along the new boulevards that Haussmann created, reaching out from the center to the outer neighborhoods. The parks of Paris, provided entertainment and relaxation for all classes of Parisians during the Second Empire. The Napoleon III style of landscape design for urban parks was very influential outside of France. The American landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted had

935-429: A single singer with a piano to elegant cafes with orchestras. A city ordinance, designed to protect the traditional musical theaters, forbid the performers in cafés from wearing costumes, dancing, or pantomime , or the use of sets or scenery; they were also forbidden to sing more than forty songs in an evening, and had to present the program in advance each day. This law was challenged by one café-concert owner, who hired

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1020-544: A terrorist bomb in 1858; the Théâtre Lyrique ; and Les Italiens , where only Italian works were presented, in Italian. The major French composers of the period included Charles Gounod , Hector Berlioz , Félicien David , and Gabriel Fauré . While Verdi and Wagner certainly attracted the most attention, young new French composers were also striving to win attention. Charles Gounod wrote his first opera, Sapho , in 1851 at

1105-431: Is a 19th and 20th century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates eclecticism , a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original . In architecture and interior design , these elements may include structural features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries , with

1190-568: Is a 19th-century addition to the building. Another characteristic of the Napoleon III style is the adaptation of the design of the building to its function and the characteristics of the material used. Examples include the Gare du Nord railway station by Jacques Ignace Hittorff , the Church of Saint Augustine by Victor Baltard , and particularly the iron-framed structures of the market of Les Halles and

1275-902: The Ladies Home Journal . Publishing the lavish interiors of these magnificent homes helped to spread the eclectic style to the middle classes, and less extravagant imitations or the incorporation of similar decorative elements became a desirable feature in domestic decoration. Aesthetic preferences varied from region to region across America, with Spanish styles being favoured in California , and elements of American Colonial architecture being popular in New England . In contemporary society, styles that draw from many different cultural and historical styles are loosely described as "eclectic" though references to eclectic architecture within literature and media are usually about buildings constructed within

1360-696: The Folies Concertantes on the Boulevard du Temple , the main theater district of Paris, and they were also staged at other theatres around the city. A new composer, Jacques Offenbach , soon emerged to challenge Hervé. Born in Germany, Offenbach was first a cello player with the orchestra of the Opéra-Comique , then the conductor of the orchestra for the Comédie-Française , composing music performed between

1445-460: The French Revolution , or were threatened with destruction by the growth of cities. This program was largely carried out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , whose neo-Gothic design for a new Paris Opera later came in second to that of Garnier. The restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris , begun in 1845, continued for twenty-five years. Some of its additions varied from the originals. Viollet-le Duc restored

1530-545: The Legion of Honour to Courbet, but Courbet disdainfully rejected the offer. The term Impressionist was not invented until 1874, but during the Second Empire, all the major impressionist painters were at work in Paris, inventing their own personal styles. Claude Monet exhibited two of his paintings, a landscape and portrait of his future wife Camille Doncieux , at the Paris Salon of 1866. A major decorative painter whose career

1615-497: The flèche , or spirelet, of the cathedral, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the French Revolution , in a slightly different style, and added gargoyles which had not originally been present to the façade. In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle , and in 1862 he declared it a national historical monument. He also began restoration programs of

1700-404: The 1930s and eclecticism was phased out in the curriculums of design schools, in favour of a new style. The shift towards Late Modernism , Postmodernism , Brutalism , Art Deco and Streamline Moderne was significant as it was seen by many as avant-garde and the new technology and materials being produced at the time allowed for greater innovation . Despite the move away from eclecticism,

1785-627: The Chapelle des Anges at the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris . They included "The Battle of Jacob with the Angel", "Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon", and "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple". Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot began his career with study at the École des Beaux-Arts as an academic painter, but gradually began painting more freely and expressing emotions and feelings through his landscapes. His motto

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1870-623: The Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry." Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the Salon des Refusés , was held in another part of

1955-534: The Louvre originally featured an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Antoine-Louis Barye over the central arch, which was removed during the Third Republic . Comfort was the first priority of Second Empire furniture. Chairs were elaborately upholstered with fringes, tassels, and expensive fabrics. Tapestry work on furniture was very much in style. The structure of chairs and sofas was usually entirely hidden by

2040-623: The Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the Prussian Army captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, "Ode to the German Army at Paris". During the Second Empire, before the contraction of the Opéra Garnier , Paris had three major opera houses: The Salle Le Pelletier , where the Emperor barely escaped

2125-561: The Opéra Garnier employed seventeen different colored materials, including various marbles, stones, and bronze. Second Empire is an architectural style most popular in the latter half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. It was so named for the architectural elements in vogue during the era of the Second French Empire . As the Second Empire style evolved from its 17th-century Renaissance foundations, it acquired

2210-501: The Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings as Édouard Manet 's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe and James McNeill Whistler 's Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl . The journalist Émile Zola reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of

2295-593: The Second Empire was Church of Saint Augustine (1860–71) by Victor Baltard , the designer of the metal pavilions of the market of Les Halles . While the façade was eclectic, the structure inside was modern, supported by slender cast iron columns. Not all churches under Napoleon III were built in the Gothic style. Marseille Cathedral , constructed from 1852 to 1896, was designed in a Byzantine Revival style from 1852 to 1896, principally by Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu . Napoleon III's many projects included

2380-434: The Second Empire, under the influence particularly of the architect and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , French religious architecture broke away from the neoclassical style which had dominated Paris church architecture since the 18th century. Neo-Gothic and other historical styles began to be built, particularly in the eight new arrondissements farther from the center added by Napoleon III in 1860. The first neo-Gothic church

2465-526: The USA. In the case of Hunt and many other eclectic architects, his 'typically eclectic viewpoint' enabled him to make stylistic choices based on whatever suited the particular project or the client. This flexibility to adapt, and to blend freely between styles gave eclectic designers more appeal to clients. The creation of skyscrapers and other large public spaces such as churches, courthouses, city halls, public libraries and movie theatres, meant that eclectic design

2550-573: The acts. In 1853, he wrote a short musical scene performed between acts, then a more ambitious short comedy, Pepito , for the Théâtre des Variétés . He was unable to have his work performed in the major theaters, so he tried a different approach. In 1855, taking advantage of the first Paris Universal Exposition , which brought enormous crowds to the city, he rented a theater on the Champs-Élysées and put on his musicals to full houses. He then opened up

2635-500: The center of the city, Napoleon's Prefect of the Seine destroyed the crumbling and overcrowded neighborhoods in the heart of the city and built a network of grand boulevards. The expanded use of new building materials, especially iron frames , allowed the construction of much larger buildings for commerce and industry. Another aspect of the Napoleon III style was the restoration of historical monuments which had been badly damaged during

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2720-564: The cities served by the railway. Baltard also used a steel frame in building the largest new church to be built in Paris during the Empire, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871). While the structure was supported by cast iron columns, the façade was eclectic. Henri Labrouste (1801–1875) also used iron and glass to create a dramatic cathedral-like reading room for the National Library , Richelieu site (1854–1875). The Second Empire also saw

2805-470: The city limits by Napoleon III and Haussmann's new boulevards called for the construction of a variety of new public buildings, including the new tribunal de commerce (1861–67), influenced by the French Renaissance style, by Théodore Ballu ; and the new city hall of the 1st arrondissement, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1855–60), in a combination of Renaissance and Gothic styles. The new city hall

2890-451: The city's first Director of the new Service of Promenades and Plantations; Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps , the city's first gardener-in-chief; Eugène Belgrand , a hydraulic engineer who rebuilt the city's sewers and water supply, and provided the water needed for the parks; and Gabriel Davioud , the city's chief architect, who designed chalets, temples, grottos, follies , fences, gates, lodges, lampposts, and other park architecture. Over

2975-482: The city, and increased the demand for music and entertainment. Operas and musicals could play to larger houses, and play for much longer. The old theaters on the "Boulevard of Crime" were demolished to make way for a new boulevard, but larger new theaters were constructed in the center of the city. Verdi signed a contract in 1852 to create a new work for the Paris Opera, in collaboration with Eugène Scribe . The result

3060-617: The completion of the Louvre Palace , which adjoined his own residence in the Tuileries Palace . The Nouveau Louvre project was led by architect Hector Lefuel between 1852 and 1857. Between 1864 and 1868, Napoleon III also commissioned Lefuel to rebuild the Pavillon de Flore ; Lefuel added many of his own decorations and ideas to the pavilion, including a celebrated sculpture of Flore by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux . Lefuel's grands guichets of

3145-577: The completion or restoration of several architecture treasures: the Nouveau Louvre project realized a longstanding ambition of rationalizing the Louvre Palace , the famed stained glass windows and structure of the Sainte-Chapelle were restored by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame underwent extensive restoration. In the case of the Louvre in particular, the restorations were sometimes more imaginative than precisely historical. During

3230-448: The course of seventeen years, Napoleon III, Haussmann and Alphand created 1,835 hectares of new parks and gardens, and planted more than six hundred thousand trees, the greatest expansion of Paris green space before or since. They built four major parks in the north, south, east, and west of the city, replanted and renovated the historic parks, and added dozens of small squares and gardens, so that no one lived more than ten minutes from

3315-567: The curriculum of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, the pre-eminent school of architecture in the second half of the 19th century, and are integral to the Beaux-Arts architecture it engendered both in France and abroad. An ebullient sense of European imperialism encouraged an official architecture to reflect it in Britain and France, and in Germany and Italy the Baroque Revival expressed pride in

3400-606: The end of his life, was also still an important figure in both portrait and history painting. During the Second Empire, the Paris Salon was the most important event of the year for painters, engravers and sculptors. It was held every two years until 1861, and every year thereafter, in the Palais de l'Industrie , a gigantic exhibit hall built for the Paris Exposition Universelle (1855) . The Salon granted medals based around

3485-511: The enormous increase in travel that it caused required new train stations, large hotels, exposition halls and department stores in Paris. While the exteriors of most Second Empire monumental buildings usually remained eclectic, a revolution was taking place inside; based on the model of The Crystal Palace in London (1851), Parisian architects began to use cast iron frames and walls of glass in their buildings. The most dramatic use of iron and glass

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3570-469: The era still remains historically significant as it "re-opened the doors to innovation and new forms" for architecture in the following years. The rise in eclectic architecture created a need for interior specialists who had the skill, understanding and knowledge of past historical styles, to produce suitable accompanying interiors. This resulted in the emergence of interior designer as a regarded profession. Prominent interior designers in this era (between

3655-453: The growing push amongst architects to have more expressive freedom over their work. The École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , considered to be one of the first professional architectural schools , trained students in a rigorous and academic manner, equipping them with skills and professional prestige. Teachers at the École were some of the leading architects in France, and this new method of teaching

3740-580: The heart of the city; his Paris city architect, Gabriel Davioud , designed the polychrome Fontaine Saint-Michel (officially the Fontaine de la Paix) at the beginning of Haussmann's new Boulevard Saint-Michel . Davioud's other major Napoleon III works included the two theatres at the Place du Châtelet , as well as the ornamental fence of Parc Monceau and the kiosks and temples of the Bois de Boulogne , Bois de Vincennes , and other Paris parks. The expansion of

3825-457: The inconveniences of a vendetta infinitely prolonged too long and Agamemnon, or the Camel with Two Humps . The early works were limited to two performers on the stage at a time, and usually were no longer than a single act. After 1858, they became longer and more elaborate, with larger casts and several acts, and took the name first of operas bouffes , then operettas . Hervé opened his own theater,

3910-515: The interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces: grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private boxes . Another example was the Mairie , or city hall, of the 1st arrondissement of Paris , built in 1855–1861 in a neo-Gothic style by the architect Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1792–1867). The Industrial Revolution was beginning to demand a new kind of architecture: bigger, stronger and less expensive. The new age of railways and

3995-408: The late 19th and early 20th century) include Elsie De Wolfe , Rose Cumming , Nancy McClelland, Elsie Cobb Wilson , Francis Elkins, Surie Maugham and Dorothy Draper . Whilst the clientele of these early designers consisted exclusively of wealthy families and businesses, the works of such decorators were regularly featured in popular publications such as House and Garden , House Beautiful , and

4080-450: The laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting. The government of Napoleon III also commissioned artists to produce decorative works for public buildings. Ingres

4165-556: The medieval walls of the Cité de Carcassonne and other sites. Viollet-le-Duc's restoration was criticized in the late 20th century for sometimes pursuing the spirit of the original work, rather than strict accuracy (for example, by using a type of Gothic tower cap from northern France for the walls of the Cité de Carcassonne, rather than a tower design from that region), but in Carcassonne and other cases

4250-495: The mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value. The term is also used of the many architects of the 19th and early 20th centuries who designed buildings in a variety of styles according to the wishes of their clients, or their own. The styles were typically revivalist , and each building might be mostly or entirely consistent within the style selected, or itself an eclectic mixture. Gothic Revival architecture , especially in churches,

4335-526: The new power of the unified state. There are also number of post-modern buildings with a style that might be called "Baroque", for example the Dancing House in Prague by Vlado Milunić and Frank Gehry , who have described it as "new Baroque". Second Empire architecture The Napoleon III or Second Empire style took its inspiration from several different periods and styles, which were often combined in

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4420-567: The orchestra sixty-three times for the first French production of Tannhäuser on March 13, 1861. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the Jockey Club , an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances,

4505-540: The other artists of a new, more natural school, and began to develop his own style. The most prominent sculptor of the reign of Napoleon III was Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux , who contributed to the decoration of several Napoleon III landmarks, including the façade of the Opéra Garnier and the new additions to the Louvre . His style perfectly complemented the historical styles, but was original and bold enough to stand on its own. Born in Valenciennes , Nord , son of

4590-510: The reading room of the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, both also by Victor Baltard. A basic principle of Napoleon III interior decoration was leave no space undecorated. Another principle was polychromy , an abundance of color obtained by using colored marble, malachite , onyx , porphyry , mosaics, and silver or gold plated bronze. Wood panelling was often encrusted with rare and exotic woods, or darkened to resemble ebony . The façade of

4675-466: The same building or interior. The interior of the Opéra Garnier by Charles Garnier combined architectural elements of the French Renaissance , Palladian architecture , and French Baroque , and managed to give it coherence and harmony. The Lions Gate of the Louvre Palace by Hector Lefuel is a Louis-Napoléon version of French Renaissance architecture; few visitors to the Louvre realize it

4760-403: The streets and broke with the classical tradition. His sculpture La Danse for the façade of the Paris Opera (1869) caused a scandal when it was installed, because of the flamboyant pose of the nude figures. A young new sculptor, Auguste Rodin , attempted to break into the sculptural profession during the Second Empire, with no success; he applied three times to the École des Beaux-Arts, but

4845-538: The style was Alfred B. Mullett , buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the style found in Europe. The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was eclecticism , drawing liberally from the Gothic style , Renaissance style , and the styles dominant during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI . The combination was derided by Émile Zola as "the opulent bastard child of all

4930-462: The styles". The best example was the Opéra Garnier , begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was Charles Garnier (1825–1898), who won the competition for the design when he was only thirty-seven. When asked by the Empress Eugénie what the style of the building was called, he replied simply, "Napoleon III". At the time, it was the largest opera house in the world, but much of

5015-463: The time were the primary form of overseas transport). The lavish interiors were crafted with a mix of traditional styles—in an attempt to ease the discomfort of months abroad and to create the illusion of established grandeur. At a similar time, such vessels were being used to transport colonists to undeveloped areas of the world. The colonisation of such areas, further spread the Eclectic architecture of

5100-530: The traditional hierarchy of genres , and a medal from the Salon assured an artist of commissions from wealthy patrons or from the French government. Painters devoted great effort and intrigue to win approval from the jury to present their paintings at the Salon and arrange for good placement in the exhibit halls. The Paris Salon was directed by the Count Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the Superintendent of Fine Arts, who

5185-557: The upholstery or ornamented with copper, shell, or other decorative elements. Novel and exotic new materials, such as bamboo , papier-mâché , and rattan , were used for the first time in European furniture, along with polychrome wood, and wood painted with black lacquer . The upholstered pouffe , or footstool, appeared, along with the angle sofa and unusual chairs for intimate conversations between two persons ( Le confident ) or three people ( Le indiscret ). The crapaud (or toad) armchair

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5270-423: The urging of his friend, the singer Pauline Viardot ; it was a commercial failure. He had no great theatrical success until Faust , derived from Goethe , which premiered at the Théâtre Lyrique in 1859. This remains the composition for which he is best known; and although it took a while to achieve popularity, it became one of the most frequently staged operas of all time, with no fewer than 2,000 performances of

5355-577: The western world, as newly settled colonists built structures commonly featuring Roman classicism and Gothic motifs. To a lesser extent, Eclecticism appeared across Asia, as Japanese and Chinese architects who had trained at American Beaux-Arts influenced schools, returned to produce eclectic designs across Asia such as the Bank of Japan (1895) by Tatsuno Kingo . The so-called Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture , which added details from traditional Indian architecture , mostly Mughal architecture , to essentially Western forms of public buildings and palaces,

5440-422: The work having occurred by 1975 at the Paris Opéra alone. Georges Bizet wrote his first opera, Les pêcheurs de perles , for the Théâtre Lyrique company. It had its first performance on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it "does M. Bizet the greatest honour". Public reaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It

5525-419: The works would have been destroyed entirely without the intervention of Napoleon III and Viollet-le-Duc. Napoleon III named Georges-Eugène Haussmann his new Prefect of Seine in 1853, and commissioned him to build new parks on the edges of the city, on the model of Hyde Park in London, the parks he had frequented when he was in exile. Haussmann assembled a remarkable team: Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand ,

5610-541: Was Les vêpres siciliennes . Verdi complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard-of one hundred and sixty-one times before he felt they were ready. His work was rewarded. The opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival, Meyerbeer ; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He

5695-469: Was "never lose that first impression which we feel." He made sketches in the forests around Paris, then reworked them into final paintings in his studio. He was showing paintings in the Salon as early as 1827, but he did not achieve real fame and critical acclaim before 1855, during the Second Empire. While the academic painters dominated the Salon, new artists and new movements rose to prominent prominence under Napoleon III. Gustave Courbet (1819–1872)

5780-429: Was an inherently eclectic style. Most of the architects were British. As a style that offered so much creative freedom, and no guiding rules, the risk of creating an unsuccessful design was apparent to all. Projects that failed to harmoniously blend the different styles were subject to criticism from professionals (particularly those who opposed the movement). Enthusiasm for historical imitation began to decline in

5865-530: Was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the main salon of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris with the Apotheosis of Napoleon , the Emperor's uncle. The painting was destroyed in 1871 when the building was set afire by the Paris Commune . Napoleon III named Ingres a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur . In 1862 he was awarded the title of Senator, and made a member of the Imperial Council on Public Instruction. Eugène Delacroix also received important official commissions. From 1857 to 1861 he worked on frescoes for

5950-417: Was in the new central market of Paris, Les Halles (1853–1870), an ensemble of huge iron and glass pavilions designed by Victor Baltard (1805–1874) and Félix Callet (1792–1854). Jacques Ignace Hittorff also made extensive use of iron and glass in the interior of the new Gare du Nord train station (1842–1865), although the façade was perfectly neoclassical , decorated with classical statues representing

6035-436: Was known for his conservative tastes. He was scornful of the new school of Realist painters led by Gustave Courbet . In 1863, the jury of the Paris Salon refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by Édouard Manet , Camille Pissarro , and Johan Jongkind . The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to

6120-763: Was launched under Napoleon III was Puvis de Chavannes . He became known in the Paris in the Belle Époque for his murals in the Paris Panthéon , the Sorbonne and the Hôtel de Ville, Paris . Edgar Degas (1834–1917), the son of a banker, studied academic art at the École des Beaux-Arts and travelled to Italy to study the Renaissance painters. In 1868, he began to frequent the Café Guerbois , where he met Manet, Monet, Renoir, and

6205-487: Was located next to the Gothic church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois . Between the two structures, the architect Théodore Ballu constructed a Gothic bell tower (1862), to link the two buildings. New types of architecture connected with the economic expansion: railroad stations, hotels, office buildings, department stores, and exposition halls, occupied the center of Paris, which previously had been largely residential. To improve traffic circulation and bring light and air to

6290-537: Was low, with a thickly padded back and arms, and a fringe that hid the legs of the chair. The French Renaissance and the Henry II style were popular influences on chests and cabinets, buffets and credences, which were massive and built like small cathedrals, decorated with columns, frontons, cartouches , mascarons , and carved angels and chimeras. They were usually constructed of walnut or oak, or sometimes of poirier stained to resemble ebony . Another popular influence

6375-469: Was most likely to strive for a relatively "pure" revival style from a particular medieval period and region, while other revived styles such as Neoclassical , Baroque , Palazzo style , Jacobethan , Romanesque and many others were likely to be treated more freely. Eclecticist architecture came into practice during the late 19th century, as architects sought a style that would allow them to retain previous historic precedent, but create unseen designs. From

6460-521: Was no longer only for members of high-society, but was also accessible to the general public. While some of these buildings have since been demolished (including the original Pennsylvania station and the first Madison Square garden—both in New York City ), projects that remain from this era are still valued as some of the most important structures in the USA. Some of the most extreme examples of eclectic design could be seen onboard ocean liners (which at

6545-404: Was not performed again until 1886. Bizet did not have a major success until Carmen in 1875. He died after the thirty-third performance. Carmen went on to become one of the most performed operas of all time. The styles of popular music also evolved under Napoleon III. The café-concert or café-concert was a Paris institution, with at least one in every neighborhood. They ranged from

6630-475: Was persuaded to return to stage Don Carlos , commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together". Napoleon III intervened personally to have Richard Wagner come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed

6715-595: Was rejected each time. Under Napoleon III, a new, lighter musical genre, the operetta , was born in Paris, and flourished especially in the work of Jacques Offenbach . It emerged not from the classical opera, but from the comic opera and vaudeville , which were very popular at the time. Its characteristics were a light subject, an abundance of amusement and comedy, spoken dialogue mixed with songs, and instrumental music. The first works were staged in 1848 by August Florimond Ronger, better known as Hervé . The works of Hervé included Latrouillatt and Truffaldini, or

6800-483: Was said to be the cornerstone of eclectic architecture in North America. At a time of increasing prosperity and commercial pride, many eclectic buildings were commissioned in large cities around the USA. The style thrived, as it introduced historical features, previously only seen in the aristocratic architecture of European countries such as Britain and France, contributing to a richer sense of culture and history within

6885-553: Was seen in America – as it was assumed that the presence of old, authentic architecture, reduced the appeal of historical imitation in new buildings. The end of the 19th century saw a profound shift in North American Architecture. Architects educated at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, such as Richard Morris Hunt and Charles Follen McKim were responsible for bringing the beaux-arts approach back from Europe, which

6970-418: Was so successful, that it attracted students from across the globe. Many of the graduates went on to become pioneers of the movement, and used their Beaux-Arts training as a foundation for new eclectic designs. Whilst the practise of this style of architecture was widespread (and could be seen in many town halls constructed at the time), eclecticism in Europe did not achieve the same level of enthusiasm that

7055-666: Was the Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde , begun by Franz Christian Gau in 1841 and finished by Théodore Ballu in 1857. During the Second Empire, architects began to use metal frames combined with the Gothic style: the Eglise Saint-Laurent , a 15th-century church rebuilt in neo-Gothic style by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65), Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cecile by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Louis-Adrien Lusson (1854–55), and Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville by Jean-Baptiste Lassus (1854–59). The largest new church built in Paris during

7140-530: Was the Louis XVI style , or French neoclassicism , which was preferred by the Empress Eugénie . Her rooms at the Tuileries Palace and other palaces were decorated in this style. The Napoleon III style is inseparable from renovation of Paris under Georges-Eugène Haussmann , the Emperor's Prefect of the Seine between 1852 and 1870. The buildings of the renovation show a singularity of purpose and design,

7225-490: Was the leader of the school of realist painters during the Second Empire who depicted the lives of ordinary people and rural life, as well as landscapes. He delighted in scandal and condemned the art establishment, the Academy of Fine Arts , and Napoleon III. In 1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving

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