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53-585: Barkol was made an autonomous county on October 1, 1954. It is noted for camel breeding and horse breeding with the Barkol horse well known throughout China. Due to the large number of camels, which is unparalleled in China, the county is nicknamed the "county of ten thousand camels". Barkol was a territory of Pulei country in ancient times. During the continuous Han–Xiongnu War , in 72 BC, Emperor Xuan of Han sent Zhao Chongguo as general of Pulei, together with Wusun to attack

106-556: A national key cultural relic protection unit, Yuegongtai-Xiheigou site group, a key cultural relics protection unit in the autonomous region, the ancient city site of Barkol and the Dongheigou site, one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China in 2007. There are 29 beacon sites built in the Tang and Qing dynasties that stretch for more than 200 kilometers, the Renshang Stele during

159-636: A professor's yamen was set up in Zhenxi Prefecture, and an education yamen was set up in Yihe County. In 1855, the Zhenxi Hall set up a school and political yamen, and established Songfeng Academy in Wenchang Palace, East Street of Hancheng. In 1906, the school palace of Yuanyuan Temple was changed to a primary school. In 1908, the elementary school was changed to the second-class school in Zhenxi Hall. In

212-611: A receptive female are also utilized. The rock ptarmigan is a sedentary species which breeds across Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia and North America (including Greenland ) on rocky mountainsides and tundra . It is widespread in the Arctic Cordillera and is found in isolated populations in the mountains of Norway , Sweden , Scotland , the Pyrenees , the Alps , Bulgaria , the Urals ,

265-405: A significant seasonal mass gain. Larger fat deposits can help them survive during periods of low food availability. However, this alone is not an adequate source of energy to survive during winter. Additional stored fat does not appear to increase the energetic cost in these birds' locomotion. This adaptation is key for a species that must move frequently to forage. Fat assimilation in these birds

318-429: A staple winter diet. They transition their diets over to crowberries and lingonberry shrubs during the spring. The greatest variety in its diet occurs during early summer, when it feeds on willow leaves, as well as the leaves and flowers of Dryas and locoweed . It also feeds on berries, bistort seeds, and birch buds from late summer to autumn. Insects , larvae and snails are eaten by chicks. Apart from

371-469: A strong correlation between the comb size and the level of testosterone in males; one report from 1981 showed that the amount of testosterone is correlated to aggressiveness against other males. The male's comb has been the focus of studies regarding sexual selection . Studies of a population of male rock ptarmigans in Scarpa Lake , Nunavut, have shown that during the first year, mating success among males

424-480: A technological development volume of 48.97 million kilowatts. The installed capacity is 450,000 kilowatts, and the grid-connected power generation is 35 kilowatts, with a cumulative power generation of 889 million kWh. Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County belongs to the temperate continental cool arid climate zone, with an average altitude of 1,650 meters. It is cold in winter and cool in summer, with sufficient sunlight and four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature

477-737: A total annual runoff of 72,000,000 cubic metres (2.5 × 10 cu ft). The rivers are mainly concentrated in the mountains around the Balikun Basin and flow to the Barkol Lake. Most of them are seasonal rivers with small water volume, short flow and large seepage. Most of the rivers infiltrate underground soon after exiting the mountain pass. Barkol Lake is a salt water lake with a total area of about 113 square kilometres (44 sq mi). There are 556 large and small springs in Barkol, 45 of which can be used for agriculture and animal husbandry . There are 15 glaciers in Barkol, which are distributed on

530-471: A total area of 38,400 square kilometres (14,800 sq mi), including 25,500 square kilometres (9,800 sq mi) of mountains and the Gobi Desert , accounting for 66% of the total area of the autonomous county . The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, with an average elevation of 1,650 metres (5,410 ft). In the south is Mount Barkol, in the middle is Mount Moqinura, and in

583-405: A weight of 440–640 g ( 15 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 22 + 1 ⁄ 2  oz). It is smaller than the willow ptarmigan by about ten percent. The rock ptarmigan is seasonally camouflaged ; its feathers moult from white in winter to brown in spring or summer. The breeding male has greyish upper parts with white wings and under parts. In winter, its plumage becomes completely white except for

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636-417: Is 1°C, the extreme maximum temperature is 35°C, and the extreme minimum temperature is -43.6°C. The frost-free period is 98 to 104 days. The annual precipitation is only about 220 mm, and the evaporation is 1638 mm. The air is dry, the atmospheric transparency is good, the cloud cover is less, the sunshine is sufficient, and the light energy resources are abundant. The annual sunshine hours are 3,170 hours, which

689-543: Is 2,250 millimetres (89 in). Ancient shorelines show up as concentric rings on the satellite photo at right, indicating that water levels have varied many times in the past. One study identified five climates at Lake Barkol over the past 8,000 years, ranging from warm and wet to cold and wet and finally cold and dry at present. The average annual temperature in the area is now just 1 °C (34 °F), though temperatures swing from extreme highs (33.5 °C (92.3 °F)) to extreme lows (−43.6 °C (−46.5 °F)). In

742-472: Is correct. The word ptarmigan comes from the Scottish Gaelic tarmachan , meaning croaker. The silent initial p was added in 1684 by Robert Sibbald through the influence of Greek , especially pteron (πτερόν pterón ), "wing", "feather", or "pinion". The rock ptarmigan is 34–36 cm (13–14 in) long with an 8 cm (3.1 in) tail and with a wingspan of 54–60 cm (21–24 in) and

795-452: Is correlated to changes in liver weight. Most rock ptarmigan have no more than 20 grams of adipose tissue year round. Without food, these reserves can supplement energy for 2 days. The Svalbard rock ptarmigan, however, gains about 100 grams of adipose tissue. This can serve as an energy source for up to 10 days of starvation. The Svalbard subspecies inhabits the northern extent of the rock ptarmigans range. During winter, food availability

848-462: Is illegal. In Thomas Bewick 's A History of British Birds (1797) the species is named as "White Grouse" with alternatives "White Game, or Ptarmigan". The birds feed, records Bewick, "on the wild productions of the hills, which sometimes give the flesh a bitter, but not unpalatable taste: it is dark coloured, and has somewhat the flavour of the hare." The rock ptarmigan is the official territorial bird of Nunavut , Canada. Its Inuktitut name

901-617: Is lower in Svalbard than in other parts of their range, which accounts for the necessary increased fat reserves not found in other sub populations. Rock ptarmigan meat is a popular part of festive meals in Icelandic cuisine . Hunting of rock ptarmigans was banned in Iceland in 2003 and 2004 due to its declining population. Hunting has been allowed again since 2005, but is restricted to selected days, which are revised yearly and all trade of rock ptarmigan

954-945: Is mainly based on resource-based industry, agriculture, animal husbandry and tourism. In 1996, it was designated as an animal husbandry county by the autonomous region. There are 28.66 million mu of natural grassland and 19.98 million mu of usable grassland, including 180,000 mu of high-quality mowing fields. The main specialty livestock are Barkol horse, Barkol Bactrian camel, Xinjiang brown cattle, Barkol Kazakh meat sheep, and Barkol velvet. Goats, Altai big-tailed sheep, etc. Among them, Barkol's "Likun" brand beef and mutton, and potatoes have been certified by China's national "green food". Barkol has 504,000 mu of arable land, including 366,000 mu of basic farmland, and about 300,000 mu of sown annually. The main agricultural products are potatoes, Dalu vegetables, barley, wheat, late-ripening cantaloupe, etc. Chinese herbal medicines include snow lotus, cistanche, licorice, ephedra , mint, motherwort, wolfberry, etc. Since

1007-415: Is often described as that of a stick being pulled rapidly across the slats of a picket fence. On the ground, male ptarmigans defend their space by calling and giving chase to other males. Physical conflicts between territorial males rarely occur, while confrontations between the former toward subordinate males are intensified. Other signals via fanning their tails, extended necks, lowered wings and circling

1060-483: Is one of the areas with the most sunshine hours in the country. Among them, the Santang Lake Basin has 3,350 sunshine hours throughout the year. hours or more. Lake Barkol is an alkali lake in a closed basin located at 43°40′05″N 92°48′11″E  /  43.668°N 92.803°E  / 43.668; 92.803 . Current rainfall averages 210 millimetres (8.3 in), while the annual evaporation rate

1113-801: Is the Moqin Wula Mountain, a branch of the Tianshan Mountains. The Moqin Wula Mountain extends from the northwest to the southeast. The northernmost part is the Beita Mountain, part of the Altai Mountains , which belongs to the Eastern Junggar fault block mountain system. There are 1.34 million mu of wetlands. The woodland is 1.227 million mu, the forest coverage rate is 1.45%, and there are more than 500 kinds of wild plants. Wild animals in

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1166-415: Is to the ovary, oviduct and hypertrophy, in preparation for the spring breeding season. Rock ptarmigan maximize assimilation of nutrient poor foods with their elongated ceca. Metabolic requirements can be partially supplemented by fermentation, the energy gain from fermentation alone, however, is not independently significant. The Svalbard subspecies of rock ptarmigan is the only subspecies that exhibits

1219-567: The 2010 Chinese Census , the total resident population of Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County was 75,442, up from 85,964 in the 2000 Chinese Census . As of 2010, the autonomous county has 27,236 registered permanent households and 75,442 registered permanent residents, including 40,038 males, 35,404 females, and 50,775 agricultural populations. In 2000, the autonomous county had 22,257 registered permanent households and 85,964 registered permanent residents, including 44,068 males, 41,896 females, and 68,857 agricultural populations. The economy of Barkol

1272-715: The Pamir Mountains , the Altay Mountains , and Japan —where it occurs only in the Japanese Alps and on Mount Haku . Because of the remote habitat in which it lives, it has only a few predators—such as golden eagles —and it can be surprisingly approachable. It has been introduced to New Zealand , South Georgia , the Kerguelen Islands , and the Crozet Islands . The small population living on Franz Josef Land in

1325-517: The Russian High Arctic overwinters during the polar night and survives by feeding on rich vegetation on and underneath high cliffs where seabird colonies are located in summer. During the last ice age , the species was far more widespread in continental Europe . Food sources can vary tremendously depending on the region of their distribution. In Alaska, rock ptarmigans consume aspen buds, dwarf birch and willow buds and catkins as

1378-540: The 1960s, the construction of the reservoir has provided a good environment for fish growth. In 2010, the water surface area of Barkol was 256.33 hectares, and the main fish were carp and crucian carp. But the water temperature is low, the fish has a long wintering period and a short growth period. The large quantity of Artemia in Lake Barkol is a high-quality fish bait. The main industrial products are coal, wind power, thenardite, alkali sulfide, crude oil, gold, etc. In 2019,

1431-487: The Barkol County Transportation Station was established, and the passenger shuttle bus to and from Hami was opened. In the 1980s, the reconstruction and expansion of rural roads began, and in the 1990s, the roads from county towns to townships were basically smooth. In 2010, the county's provincial highway mileage reached 209 kilometers. On May 20, 2021, the Barkol section of Beijing-Xinjiang Expressway

1484-1075: The Eastern Han Dynasty, the Barkol Mingsha Mountain, the Barkol Grassland, the Balikun Lake and tens of thousands of rock paintings and other cultural relics. There are 3 national 4A-level scenic spots, namely, the ancient city of Balikun scenic spot, the scenic spot of Gaojia Lake wetland and the scenic spot of Barkol Lake. Balikun's specialty snacks mainly include grilled meat, lamb stewed pancakes, soil hot pot, wild mushroom stewed chicken, shaozi noodles, steamed pancakes, barbecued meat, roasted lamb chops, and stewed meat including eight bowls of Xinjiang intangible cultural heritage Barkol soil mat , steamed meat, finger meat, Baoer Shake, horse meat Naren, pilaf, milk tea, etc. The characteristic wild vegetables mainly include Artemisia vulgaris, shallots, wild mushrooms, endives, and wild mustards. In 1773,

1537-720: The Huns. After the Northern Wei dynasty, Rouran and Gaoche competed for the Pule grassland for a long time. Under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang in 710, 3,000 Yiwu troops were sent to build a city in Ganluchuan (now the ancient city of Dahe, located in Dongtouqu Village, Dahe Town, Balikun). In the Yuan dynasty, it belonged to the eastern border of Bechbaliq Province, and was originally called Barkule. In

1590-696: The Ming dynasty, it belonged to the Oirat Heshuo Special Department. In 1697 during the Qing dynasty, it was annexed to Hami, and in the 1731, the city of Barkule was built, and Anxi Tongzhi was established. In 1760, the Barkun Zhili Hall was built. In 1762, Barkol set up the Admiral's House. In 1764, it was changed to the town standard of Barkol. In 1772, a military city was built in Barkol. In 1773, Zhenxi House

1643-565: The Santanghu Basin, with predicted oil and gas reserves of 930 million tons, proven oil reserves of 570 million tons and natural gas reserves of 10,000,000,000 cubic metres (3.5 × 10 cu ft). Barkol Santanghu wind area is one of the nine major wind areas in Xinjiang, with an average annual wind speed of 8.2 metres per second (27 ft/s), an annual effective wind speed of 7,344 hours, more than 2,300 hours of full-load power generation, and

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1696-455: The Santanghu coalfield and the western coalfield, of which the Santanghu coalfield reserves 58.5 billion tons and the western coalfield reserves 31.2 billion tons. The net reserves of thenardite are 48.93 million tons, mainly distributed in Barkol Lake. It is one of the three major alkali sulfide production bases in the country, with a market share of 25% in the country. Oil is mainly distributed in

1749-459: The added value of industries above designated size reached 3 billion yuan. Planting 261,300 mu of wheat, 15,000 mu of edible sunflower, 8,000 mu of open field vegetables and 4,500 mu of potatoes, the coverage rate of good crop varieties is 98%; 6,094 cattle have been improved in cold breeding, with an improvement rate of 75%; 435,100 livestock of various types have been slaughtered. First, the commodity rate reached 85.7%. The annual output of wind power

1802-650: The autonomous county include red deer , snow leopards , wild asses , Mongolian gazelles , wild boar , wolves , Corsac foxes , pine martens , marmots , snow chickens , quails , eagles , and falcons . The total amount of water resources in Barkol County is 559,000,000 cubic metres (1.97 × 10 cu ft), including 357,000,000 cubic metres (1.26 × 10 cu ft) of surface runoff and 202,000,000 cubic metres (7.1 × 10 cu ft) of groundwater resources. The area mainly relies on alpine glaciers melt water and atmospheric precipitation recharge. At present,

1855-468: The bird's feathered legs. The species name, muta , comes from Neo-Latin and means "mute", referring to the simple croaking song of the male. It was for a long time misspelt mutus , in the erroneous belief that the ending of Lagopus denotes masculine gender . However, as the Ancient Greek term λαγώπους lagṓpous is of feminine gender, and the species name has to agree with that, the feminine muta

1908-540: The black outer tail feathers and eye line. It can be distinguished from the winter willow ptarmigan by habitat and markings—the rock ptarmigan prefers higher elevations and more barren habitat. It also has a slender bill and a black eye stripe, which is absent in the willow ptarmigan. The rock ptarmigan has 23 recognized subspecies: Male rock ptarmigans emit a repertoire of guttural snores and rattles, most often directed to other males during breeding season. On open leks , single or multiple males also carry out displays on

1961-491: The early years of the Republic of China, 7 schools and schools in the county were merged into Zhenxi County National School. In 1950, there were 15 primary schools with a total of 1232 students. In October 1951, 5 tent primary schools were set up in each of the east and west pastoral areas, recruiting 335 students from pastoral areas. In 2010, there were 25 primary schools, 6 junior middle schools, and 2 senior middle schools. In 2005,

2014-515: The former are found everywhere else. Lenzsanh Bouxcuengh Yauzcuz Swciyen Rock ptarmigan some 20–30, including: The rock ptarmigan ( Lagopus muta ) is a medium-sized game bird in the grouse family . It is known simply as the ptarmigan in Europe. It is the official bird for the Canadian territory of Nunavut , where it is known as the aqiggiq (ᐊᕿᒡᒋᖅ), and the official game bird for

2067-399: The ground and in the air to assert their territory, including chasing other males while flying. Aerial courtship rituals involve fast forward flight with rapidly-beating wings followed by an upward glide, tail fanned out. The male, at the peak of the display, belts out a rasping " ah-AAH-ah-AAAAH-a-a-a-a-a-a! ", with the sung latter part coinciding with a gliding descent afterwards. The sound

2120-559: The nine-year compulsory education schools in Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County were adjusted and merged from 41 to 29. At present, there are 31 primary and secondary schools in the county, including 21 primary schools, 1 high school, 1 complete middle school, and 8 nine-year schools. In 1939, a simple road was built from Hami to Zhenxi County via Songshutang. In 2002, it was extended westward from Barkol County to Fukang , called Hafu Line, that is, Provincial Road 303. In 1956,

2173-532: The north is Mount Beita. Barkol Mountain is located on the southern edge of the county and is the eastern section of the Tianshan Mountains . It stretches for more than 160 kilometres (99 mi) within the county, with an average elevation of 3,300 metres (10,800 ft). The peaks above 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) above sea level are covered with snow all year round and there are a large number of glaciers . The central part of Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County

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2226-542: The northern slope of Mount Barkol in the south of the county. There are many small-scale ice bucket glaciers and hanging glaciers. There are flat-topped glaciers on the quasi-plain on the top of the mountain. The glacier area is 8.64 square kilometres (3.34 sq mi), and has ice reserves of 351,000,000 cubic metres (1.24 × 10 cu ft). More than 30 kinds of mineral resources in Barkol County have been proved, including coal , petroleum , mirabilite , gold , and bentonite . Coal resources are mainly distributed in

2279-491: The province of Newfoundland and Labrador . In Japan, it is known as the raichō (雷鳥), which means "thunder bird". It is the official bird of Gifu , Nagano , and Toyama Prefectures and is a protected species nationwide. Unlike many arctic bird species, ptarmigan do not gain substantial mass to hibernate over winter. The ptarmigan's genus name, Lagopus , is derived from Ancient Greek lagos (λαγώς lagṓs ), meaning " hare ", + pous (πούς poús ), "foot", in reference to

2332-399: The red eye combs, male rock ptarmigans have no 'distinct' plumage (other than the black eye stripe) that are more typical for other grouse in temperate regions. Studies on other grouses have shown that much variation in comb size and colour exists between the species, and that the comb is used in courtship display and aggressive interactions between males. Many studies have shown that there is

2385-442: The regional GDP of Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County was 7.86806 billion yuan, the added value of the primary industry was 1.00353 billion yuan, the added value of the secondary industry was 4.35177 billion yuan, the general public budget revenue was 585.06 million yuan, and the general public budget expenditure was 2.1399 billion yuan. The disposable income of urban and rural residents reached 32,387 yuan and 14,758 yuan respectively, and

2438-427: The size of the comb influenced mating success. The rock ptarmigan becomes sexually mature at six months of age and commonly has up to six chicks. Because of this high breeding rate, the size of the population is affected very little by factors such as hunting. Rock ptarmigan have a limited capacity for fat storage, which requires overwintering birds to forage frequently. Most of the minuscule mass gained over winter

2491-487: The total annual development and utilization of water resources is 186,000,000 cubic metres (6.6 × 10 cu ft), including 123,000,000 cubic metres (4.3 × 10 cu ft) of surface water and 63,000,000 cubic metres (2.2 × 10 cu ft) of groundwater. There are 46 large and small rivers in the county, with an annual runoff of 212,000,000 cubic metres (7.5 × 10 cu ft). The larger rivers include Xiheigou, Dongheigou, Hongshankougou and Liutiao River, with

2544-559: The west of the town, and the west of the town gradually became an important military town. After 1883, Kazakh herdsmen from Altay and other places moved in one after another. In 1913, the office was withdrawn and Zhenxi County was established. In 1934, it was placed under the Hami Administrative Region. At the beginning of 1954, the name of Barkol County was restored, and then the Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Region

2597-421: Was 5.5 billion kWh, and the output value of agricultural product processing enterprises was 109 million yuan, with online purchases of 27.95 million yuan and sales of 11.38 million yuan, an increase of 67% and 74% respectively. It received 2 million tourists throughout the year, achieved tourism revenue of 500 million yuan, and tax revenue of 119 million yuan. Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County has Dahe Ancient City,

2650-453: Was established to implement regional autonomy and belong to Hami County. In 1955, the Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Region was changed to Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County. In October 2017, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County officially withdrew from China's national poverty-stricken county. Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County is divided into five towns , seven townships , and four other township-level divisions . Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County spans

2703-501: Was established. Barkol was the regional command center for the pacification of the Dzungar in the early Qing dynasty. After the establishment of Dihua City, the status of Barkol was replaced by it. In 1855, the government was changed to Zhili Hall in the west of the town. In the 1874, Zuo Zongtang smashed Agubai, and took the town west as the army's military station and grain station. A large number of people from Shaanxi and Gansu moved to

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2756-1415: Was fully completed. Autonomous county Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present Autonomous counties ( Chinese : 自治县 ) and autonomous banners ( Chinese : 自治旗 ) are county-level autonomous administrative divisions of China . The two are essentially identical except in name. There are 117 autonomous counties and three autonomous banners . The latter are found in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and

2809-401: Was influenced by comb size and condition, and bigamous males had larger combs than monogamous males. The correlation to size disappeared after the first year, but the correlation to comb condition remained. This is consistent with another study of the same population of L. muta that showed that mating success overall is correlated to comb condition. Exceptions were first-time breeders, in which

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