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37-802: An ancient Celtiberian city called Bergidum or Bergiduna , in Roman times Barbastro (now called Brutina ) was included in the Hispania Citerior region, and later of Hispania Tarraconensis . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , it was part of the Visigoth kingdom . Barbastro and the Barbitaniya area were overtaken by Musa bin Nusair in 717, as part of the Umayyad push to conquer northern states of

74-565: A March 2019 genetic study published in Science , three Celtiberians buried at La Hoya, Alava (in Beron territory) between 400 BC and 195 BC were examined. They had high levels of north - central European ancestry compared to non-Celtic populations of Iberia. One of the males examined was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup I2a1a1a . Lusones The Lusones ( Greek : Lousones ) were an ancient Celtiberian (Pre- Roman ) people of

111-689: A bishopric seat. Barbastro since then has followed the history of Aragon and Spain. In the Middle Ages, a Sephardic Jewish community thrived in Barbastro, suffering little compared to other Jewish populations in Spain. The first written record of a Jewish presence dates to 1144. After the Disputation of Tortosa , the Jewish community ceased to exist because they had all become conversos . The old synagogue, however, became

148-575: A center for converso life. During the Spanish Civil War 51 Catholic Claretians were executed in Barbastro by militia of the Popular Front . Numerous socialist, republican and communist activists were jailed and executed in the following years after the end of the Spanish Civil War. Barbastro's economy flourished until the early 20th century, when a period of decline began, ending only in

185-794: A connection with the Lusitani , with the latter people being actually an off-shot of the Lusones that migrated to the west of the Peninsula during the 4th Century BC. The Greek geographer Strabo located the Lusones near the Tajo headwaters, whereas the historian Appian places them along the Ebro . In fact, their lands were located in the Aragonese region along the middle Ebro , on the Moncayo range (Latin: Mons Chaunus ) between

222-410: A raid into Hispania Ulterior (Farther Spain) by the Lusitani and the defeat of two successive Roman praetors encouraged the town of Segeda in Hispania Citerior (Nearer Spain) to rebel. The following year, it refused to pay tribute or provide a military contingent to Rome but formed instead a confederacy with neighboring towns and began the construction of a defensive wall. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior

259-555: The Arevaci and Pellendones the anti-Roman uprisings that rocked Celtiberia throughout most of the 1st Century BC. These revolts served only to weaken the Lusones' military however, and by mid-Century they had been driven out from the right bank of the Ebro by the Vascones , who seized four of their key border towns including Grachurris. The Lusones virtually disappear from the historical record upon

296-647: The Arevaci , who dominated their neighbors from powerful strongholds at Okilis ( Medinaceli ) and who rallied the long Celtiberian resistance to Rome. Other Celtiberians were the Belli and Titti in the Jalón valley, and the Lusones to the east. Excavations at the Celtiberian strongholds Kontebakom-Bel Botorrita , Sekaisa Segeda , Termantia complement the grave goods found in Celtiberian cemeteries, where aristocratic tombs of

333-570: The Berones , Vaccaei , Carpetani , Olcades or Lobetani . In 195 BC, part of Celtiberia was conquered by the Romans , and by 72 BC the entire region had become part of the Roman province of Hispania Citerior . The subjugated Celtiberians waged a protracted struggle against the Roman conquerors, staging uprisings in 195–193 BC, 181–179 BC , 153–151 BC , and 143–133 BC . In 105 BC, Celtiberian warriors drove

370-470: The Celtiberian Wars against Rome , until the destruction of Numantia brought the collapse of the alliance in 134-133 BC. Prior to that, they were defeated by Proconsul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus in 142 BC and despite being forcibly incorporated into Hispania Citerior province, they continued to resist Roman authority for decades. Remaining warlike as ever, the Lusones plotted with

407-583: The Germanic Cimbri from Spain in the Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) and also played an important role in the Sertorian War (80–72 BC). The term Celtiberi appears in accounts by Diodorus Siculus , Appian and Martial who recognized intermarriage between Celts and Iberians after a period of continuous warfare, though Barry Cunliffe says "this has the ring of guesswork about it." Strabo just saw

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444-488: The Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture . There is no complete agreement on the exact definition of Celtiberians among classical authors, nor modern scholars. The Ebro river clearly divides the Celtiberian areas from non-Indo-European speaking peoples. In other directions, the demarcation is less clear. Most scholars include the Arevaci , Pellendones , Belli , Titti and Lusones as Celtiberian tribes, and occasionally

481-693: The Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania ), who lived in the high Tajuña River valley, northeast of Guadalajara . They were eliminated by the Romans as a significant threat in the end of the 2nd century BC. They spoke a variety of the Celtiberian language and were a subdivision of the Celtiberians . There is an overwhelming amount of evidence that the ancestors of the Celtiberian groups were installed in

518-634: The Iberian alphabet , in the form of the Celtiberian script . The numerous inscriptions that have been discovered, some of them extensive, have enabled scholars to classify the Celtiberian language as a Celtic language, one of the Hispano-Celtic (also known as Iberian Celtic) languages that were spoken in pre-Roman and early Roman Iberia. Archaeologically, many elements link Celtiberians with Celts in Central Europe, but also show large differences with both

555-560: The Marca Hispanica and the name Madyar was given to the town. It was later settled by the Banu Jalaf who made it the capital of the Emirate of Barbineta and Huesca until 862, and was known as the Emirate of Brabstra until 882. In 1064, Sancho Ramírez , King of Aragón , and his Frankish Christian forces, led by William VIII of Aquitaine and Le Bon Normand , invaded the city, which at

592-717: The Queiles and Huecha rivers, occupying the western Zaragoza and most of Soria , stretching to the northeastern fringe of nearby Guadalajara and southern Navarre provinces. Their presumed capital was Turiaso or Turiasso ( La Oruña , Vera de Moncayo – Zaragoza; Celtiberian mint: Turiazu ); other key Lusones towns were Calagurris/Galagorina ( Calahorra – La Rioja ; Celtiberian mint: Kalacoricos ), Cascantum/Cascanton ( Cascante – Navarre; Celtiberian mint: Caiscata ), Bursau/Bursada ( Borja – Zaragoza; Celtiberian mint: Burzao ), Carabis/Caravis ( Magallón – Zaragoza; Celtiberian mint: Carauez ). They were also involved in

629-413: The 1960s due to the growth of agricultural production. Celtiberians The Celtiberians were a group of Celts and Celticized peoples inhabiting an area in the central-northeastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BC. They were explicitly mentioned as being Celts by several classic authors (e.g. Strabo ). These tribes spoke the Celtiberian language and wrote it by adapting

666-400: The 6th century BC, when the castros evinced a new permanence with stone walls and protective ditches. Archaeologists Martín Almagro Gorbea and Alberto José Lorrio Alvarado recognize the distinguishing iron tools and extended family social structure of developed Celtiberian culture as evolving from the archaic castro culture which they consider "proto-Celtic". Archaeological finds identify

703-620: The 6th to 5th centuries BC give way to warrior tombs with a tendency from the 3rd century BC for weapons to disappear from grave goods, either indicating an increased urgency for their distribution among living fighters or, as Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio think, the increased urbanization of Celtiberian society. Many late Celtiberian oppida are still occupied by modern towns, inhibiting archaeology. Metalwork stands out in Celtiberian archaeological finds, partly from its indestructible nature, emphasizing Celtiberian articles of warlike uses, horse trappings and prestige weapons. The two-edged sword adopted by

740-809: The Celtiberians as a branch of the Celti . Pliny the Elder thought that the original home of the Celts in Iberia was the territory of the Celtici in the south-west, on the grounds of an identity of sacred rites, language, and the names of cities. Strabo cites Ephorus 's belief that there were Celts in the Iberian peninsula as far as Cádiz . Celtic presence in Iberia likely dates to as early as

777-477: The Meseta area of the Iberian Peninsula from at least 1000 BC and probably much earlier. A mixed people, they included elements of early Italic ( Osco - Latin ) and Gallic affiliation, the latter possibly related to the namesake Helvetic Lusones from present-day Switzerland or from Pannonia , who migrated to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th Century BC. Some scholars also reasoned that they might bear

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814-625: The Punic army was attacked when preparing to cross the Tagus river by a coalition of Vaccei , Carpetani and Olcades . Despite these clashes, during the Second Punic War the Celtiberians served most often as allies or mercenaries of Carthage in its conflict with Rome, and crossed the Alps in the mixed forces under Hannibal 's command. Under Scipio Africanus , the Romans were able to secure alliances and change

851-521: The Roman historians called them, could make and break alliances, as surviving inscribed hospitality pacts attest, and minted coinage. The old clan structures lasted in the formation of the Celtiberian armies, organized along clan-structure lines, with consequent losses of strategic and tactical control. The Celtiberians were the most influential ethnic group in Iberia when the Mediterranean powers ( Carthage and Rome ) started their conquests. In 220 BC,

888-460: The Romans was previously in use among the Celtiberians, and Latin lancea , a thrown spear, was a Hispanic word, according to Varro . Celtiberian culture was increasingly influenced by Rome in the two final centuries BC. From the 3rd century, the clan was superseded as the basic Celtiberian political unit by the oppidum , a fortified organized city with a defined territory that included the castros as subsidiary settlements. These civitates as

925-522: The allegiances of many Celtiberian tribes, using these allied warriors against the Carthaginian forces and allies in Spain. After the conflict, Rome took possession of the Punic empire in Spain, and some Celtiberians soon challenged the new dominant power that loomed in the borders of its territory. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus spent the years 182 to 179 pacifying the Celtiberians. Gracchus boasted of destroying over 300 Celtiberian settlements. In 155 BC,

962-465: The culture as continuous with the culture reported by Classical writers from the late 3rd century onwards (Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio). The ethnic map of Celtiberia was highly localized however, composed of different tribes and nations from the 3rd century centered upon fortified oppida and representing a wide-ranging degree of local assimilation with the autochthonous cultures in a mixed Celtic and Iberian stock. The cultural stronghold of Celtiberians

999-481: The foundations of both the ‘bandit town’ of Complega (site unknown; Celtiberian mint: Kemelon ) and the Roman colony of Grachurris ( Eras de San Martín , Alhama – La Rioja ) by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the Elder in 181 BC. The Lusones joined their neighbours the Arevaci , Belli and Titii into the Celtiberian Confederacy in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC and fought alongside their allies in

1036-455: The freedom of their country. But Scipio would accept only deditio (surrender). Hearing this demand for absolute submission, the Numantines, "who were previously savage in temper because of their absolute freedom and quite unaccustomed to obey the orders of others, and were now wilder than ever and beside themselves by reason of their hardships," slew their own ambassadors. After eight months,

1073-451: The hapless Nobilior was obliged to withdraw to camp, where more men suffered frostbite and died of the winter cold. Nobilior lost over 10,000 men in his campaign. In 137 BC, the Celtiberians forced the surrender of a 20,000-man Roman consular army led by Gaius Hostilius Mancinus . In 134 BC, the consul Scipio Aemilianus took charge of the demoralized Roman troops in Spain and laid siege to Numantia . Nearby fields were laid waste and what

1110-522: The last formal resistance of the Celtiberian cities to Roman domination, which submerged the Celtiberian culture. The Celtiberian presence remains on the map of Spain in hundreds of Celtic place-names . The archaeological recovery of Celtiberian culture commenced with the excavations of Numantia , published between 1914 and 1931. A Roman army auxiliary unit, the Cohors I Celtiberorum, is known from Britain, attested by 2nd century AD discharge diplomas . In

1147-414: The starving population was reduced to cannibalism and, filthy and foul smelling, compelled to surrender. But, "such was the love of liberty and of valour which existed in this small barbarian town," relates Appian , that many chose to kill themselves rather than capitulate. Families poisoned themselves, weapons were burned, and the beleaguered town set ablaze. There had been only about 8,000 fighting men when

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1184-533: The time was part of the emirate of Zaragoza . This attack was known as the Siege of Barbastro . Contemporary sources state that 50,000 people were killed or captured in the attack, but modern historians view this as an exaggeration since the whole population of the town probably did not exceed 8,000. The following year, however, it was reconquered by the Moors. In 1101 it was captured permanently by Peter I of Aragon , who made it

1221-570: The war began; half that number survived to garrison Numantia. Only a pitiable few survived to walk in Scipio's triumph. The others were sold as slaves and the town razed to the ground, the territory divided among its neighbors. After Numantia was finally taken and destroyed, Roman cultural influences increased; this is the period of the earliest Botorrita inscribed plaque ; later plaques, significantly, are inscribed in Latin . The Sertorian War (80–72 BC) marked

1258-510: Was not used burned. The stronghold of Numantia then was circumvallated with a ditch and palisade, behind which was a wall ten feet high. Towers were placed every hundred feet and mounted with catapults and ballistae . To blockade the nearby river, logs were placed in the water, moored by ropes on the shore. Knives and spear heads were embedded in the wood, which rotated in the strong current. Allied tribes were ordered to send reinforcements. Even Jugurtha , who later would revolt from Rome, himself,

1295-470: Was sent against the Celtiberians in 153 BC, with nearly 30,000 men. But the consul was late in arriving and ambushed soon after, with 6,000 Romans slain. A siege of Numantia several days later, where the Segedans had taken refuge, was no more successful. Three elephants were brought up against the town walls but became frightened and turned on the Romans, who retreated in confusion. There were other setbacks, and

1332-571: Was sent from Numidia with twelve war elephants. The Roman forces now numbered 60,000 men and were arrayed around the besieged town in seven camps. The Numantines, "ready though they were to die, no opportunity was given them of fighting". There were several desperate attempts to break out but they were repulsed. Nor could there be any help from neighboring towns. Eventually, as their hunger increased, envoys were sent to Scipio, asking if they would be treated with moderation if they surrendered, pleading that they had fought for their women and children, and

1369-508: Was the northern area of the central meseta in the upper valleys of the Tagus and Douro east to the Iberus ( Ebro ) river, in the modern provinces of Soria , Guadalajara , Zaragoza and Teruel . There, when Greek and Roman geographers and historians encountered them, the established Celtiberians were controlled by a military aristocracy that had become a hereditary elite. The dominant tribe were

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