The Banu Sumadih ( Arabic : بنو صمادح ) were an 11th-century Arab dynasty that ruled the Moorish Taifa of Almería (present day Almería province, Spain) in Al-Andalus . The family also produced several renowned poets, including Umm Al-Kiram .
91-575: The Banu Sumadih family were a branch of the Banu Tujib of the Upper March . A former military leader under Almanzor , Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Sumadih, was ruling as governor of Huesca during the reign of his distant cousin, al-Mundir I (ruled 1018–1021) of the Taifa of Zaragoza , but ran afoul of his emir and al-Mundir attacked him and forced him into exile in the Taifa of Valencia . His son Ma'n ibn Muhammad
182-458: A battle won by the latter. Al-Mundhir then returned to Zaragoza, and declared independence, establishing the Taifa of Zaragoza , which he ruled as emir until his death in 1023/4. Al-Mundhir (I) was succeeded by his son Yahya ibn al-Mundhir . He married the sister of Ismaʿil ibn Dhi-l-Nun, and fought a war with the widow of his father's ally, Ramon Borrell, Ermesinde , the countess-dowager of Barcelona. He initially, nominally, recognized
273-530: A branch of the family known as the Banu Sumadih . A member of this line, Abu Yahya Muhammad ibn Ahmad, had served as governor of Huesca under Almanzor, but early in the next century found himself at odds with his distant kinsman, al-Mundhir I, who attacked him and Muhammad and his family were forced to flee. They took refuge in the Taifa of Valencia , where he was welcomed by ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn Amir, Almanzor's grandson. His sons Maʿn and Abu al-ʿUtbi married
364-536: A campaign against Castile, but while some call the leader Yahya, others name him as ʿAbd al-Rahman, the name of Yahya's brother and successor. Yahya also took part in the campaign against Africa at this time, returning to Zaragoza before his death. About this time, the governor of Lérida and Monzón, Rashiq al-Barghawati, was ordered to turn over his charges to Hashim ibn Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tujubi, younger brother of Yahya and ʿAbd al-Rahman. After Almanzor had consolidated his power in 983, he formed an alliance with
455-531: A container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations: By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport , the fourth largest in Andalusia. The winter timetable includes flights to Madrid , Barcelona , Melilla , London , and Seville, with international connections to Manchester , Birmingham , Brussels , Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports being added during
546-594: A different branch of the family. In the late 9th century, Al-Mundhir, son of ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, succeeded his father in Calatayud. He became embroiled in a private conflict with Mutarrif ibn Dhi-l-Nun, which resulted in a series of battles, and in one of these in May 921 he was killed, and ʿAbd al-Rahman III named al-Mundhir's son, ʿAbd al-Rahman, to succeed him as governor of Calatayud. ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn al-Mundhir continued his father's private war with
637-530: A haven for pirates and political dissidents. It sustained intense trading relations with Aragon and the African port of Honaine . Almería endured a brutal siege by Aragonese forces in 1309 that, while eventually unsuccessful, left the city battered. The city submitted to the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs on 22 December 1489. Relatively isolated and within the range of attacks from Barbary pirates ,
728-582: A part of its territory in the Alboran Sea, Alboran Island . The island has a small cemetery, a harbor, and a lighthouse, built in the 19th century. According to the Köppen climate classification , Almería has a transitional climate between hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) and a hot desert climate ( Köppen BWh ). Almería is the driest city in Europe and it is the only one with a hot desert climate, starting in
819-457: A plot in which Muhammad feigned a dispute with his father so that he and his men would be admitted to the city and gain trusted access to Ahmad's inner circle. Muhammad then murdered Ahmad, but when ʿAbd al-Rahman came to claim the city Muhammad barred him entry and successfully petitioned the emir to be named governor in Ahmad's place. ʿAbd al-Rahman died shortly thereafter, in 277 A.H. (890/1) at
910-478: A precipitation amount of 156 mm (6.1 in), and an annual temperature of 19.1 °C (66.4 °F), while mountainous areas (such as the Tabernas Desert ) receive a precipitation amount of 220 mm (8.7 in) per year, and an average temperature of 17.9 °C (64.2 °F), so it would be classified as a cold desert climate ( BWk ) bordering a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Inland areas of
1001-451: A ruler from Al-Andalus is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Banu Tujib The Banu Tujib ( Arabic : بنو تجيب ), the Tujibids ( Arabic : التجيبيون , al-Tujibiyyun, sing. Tujibi) or Banu al-Muhajir , were an Arab dynasty on the Upper March of Al-Andalus active from the ninth to the eleventh centuries. They were given control of Zaragoza and Calatayud by
SECTION 10
#17328590351831092-480: A siege of Zaragoza that he was then forced to abandon as he was faced with rebellion on several fronts until he executed an Umayyad rival in 936, and he then sent an army to subjugate Zaragoza in 937. Christian and Muslim sources paint the relationship between Muhammad al-Tujibi and Ramiro II in different ways. According to Ibn Hayyan , after inconclusively confronting al-Tujibi on the Ebro, ʿAbd al-Rahman briefly forced
1183-459: A small desert, Almería has an exceptionally dry climate by European standards. The name "Almería" comes from the city's former Arabic name, Madīnat al-Mariyya , meaning "city of the watchtower". As the settlement was originally the port or coastal suburb of Pechina , it was initially known as Mariyyat al-Bajjāna ( Bajjāna being the Arabic name for Pechina). The origin of Almería is connected to
1274-415: A team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 8 by 1.8 by 1.7 metres (26.2 ft × 5.9 ft × 5.6 ft), may be the largest geode ever found. The entrance of the cave was blocked by five tons of rocks, and was under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models,
1365-586: Is a city and municipality of Spain , located in Andalusia . It is the capital of the province of the same name . It lies in southeastern Iberia on the Mediterranean Sea . Caliph Abd al-Rahman III founded the city in 955. The city grew wealthy during the Islamic era, becoming a world city throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. It enjoyed an active port that traded silk , oil, and raisins. Being adjacent to
1456-466: Is also said by Ibn Hazm to have been killed, though it is unclear if this happened at the same time. To mollify the Tujibies, Almanzor soon replaced the executed rebel with his nephew, ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Yahya al-Tujibi, but there is no further mention of the family during the chaos of the collapsing Umayyad caliphate. When they next appear, early in the following century, control of Zaragoza had passed to
1547-442: Is apparently the ʿAbd Allah ibn al-Muhajir who first came to Iberia in the 710s. A Muhammad ibn Fath al-Tujibi was reported killed at Barbastro in 929, and Ibn Hayyan names numerous family members, some of whom are not found in the genealogy of the family by Ibn Hazm. In 975, the governor of Lérida captured a rebel, Abu-l-Ahwas Maʿn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, who for the previous six years had taken refuge at Castillonroy under
1638-520: Is known only as ancestor of the Banu Sumadih , who would take power in Almería in the 11th century. The accession of emir Abdullah led to shuffling of the court, and the father of Ahmad al-Qurashi, who had been the visier , fell out of favor. The new emir then encouraged the Tujibies to take action against the governor. In events concluding in January 890, ʿAbd al-Rahman and his son Muhammad carried out
1729-466: Is not known exactly when it will re-open. Passengers currently start their journey by being bussed a few kilometres to Huercal de Almería station. By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla , Algeria , Morocco , and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into
1820-477: Is one of the sunniest cities in Europe. Almería is the only city in Continental Europe that has never registered any temperature below freezing in its recorded weather history. The coldest temperature recorded was 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) at the airport in January 2005. Before that, the previous record was 0.2 °C (32.4 °F) on 9 February 1935. Settled snow is unknown since 1935, although during
1911-707: Is presumably from him that the Zaragoza branch of the Banu Tujib came to be called the Banu Hashim. ʿAbd al-Rahman III , now caliph, was hesitant to allow Muhammad ibn Hashim to succeed his father as governor of Zaragoza. He and his family, along with the Banu Shabrit sons of Muhammad al-Tawil of Huesca , went to the caliph to plead their loyalty, and on acceding to his demands that Muhammad pay an unspecified tribute and agree to participate in military raids on Córdoba's behalf, he
SECTION 20
#17328590351832002-506: Is produced, and inequality is reduced. Concretely, Almería is made up of 12,500 farms with an extension of 2,5 hectares and a 30% of familiar labour. It is also important the high education levels of the farmers, who shows an innovative and receptive character when it comes to continuing learning: 81,2% have some type of official academic training. At the same time, a commercial system based on social economy enterprises has been developed, e.g. as cooperative societies. These companies represent
2093-510: Is said to have served as governor of Barcelona for two years, while ʿAbd Allah was ancestor of the later family. The 11th century historian al-Udri claimed the Banu Salama , who governed Zaragoza in the late 8th century were a branch of the Banu Tujib, but his contemporary Ibn Hazm included in the earliest generation of the Banu Qasi a son named Abu Salama, apparently hinting at a derivation of
2184-511: Is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are much less common than in the interior because of its coastal location; The hottest temperature recorded was 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) in August 2022. The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) on 31 July 2001, which is also the highest ever recorded in peninsular Spain and Iberian Peninsula . In 2000,
2275-421: Is well-documented widespread exploitation of workers from North Africa who work and live in terrible conditions, earning much lower than the minimum wage. From a social point of view, Almería and Granada are an example of family-owned and smallholder agriculture, with small farms and little concentration of land. This social nature generates high equity in the level of income and welfare, that is, social cohesion
2366-579: The Almoravids were encamped outside the walls of Almería. When the fall of Seville the following September freed up additional Almoravid forces, making his position untenable, Abu Yahya's son and successor Ahmad Muʿizz al-Dawla abandoned the taifa and fled to Algeria , where he lived the remainder of his life in exile in the port city of Dellys . Almer%C3%ADa Almería ( UK : / ˌ æ l m ə ˈ r iː ə / , US also / ˌ ɑː l -/ , Spanish: [almeˈɾi.a] )
2457-540: The Banu Hud , would continue to rule Zaragoza until it was taken from his great-grandson by the Almoravids in 1110. With the flight of ʿAbd Allah al-Tujibi and his prisoner cousins, the Zaragoza branches of the Banu Tujib family passed into obscurity; the deaths of al-Mundhir II's brothers without issue left no descendants of al-Mundhir I. Another son of the late-9th-century family patriarch ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, named Sumadih, would give rise to
2548-627: The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park . This park is of volcanic origin, and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea . The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar , Almerimar and Carboneras . Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing , have become tourism spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction. Almería has one islet that it administers as
2639-480: The Kingdom of Pamplona into submission, ravaged Castile and Alava , and met Ramiro in an inconclusive battle. Ibn Hayyan, basing himself on ʿIsa al-Razi , stated that al-Tujbi voluntarily sought an alliance with Ramiro II in order to avoid submitting to ʿAbd al-Rahman, but ʿAbd al-Rahman negotiated a truce with Ramiro in order to isolate al-Tujibi, and then forced al-Tujibi's surrender in 937. However, according to
2730-603: The Spanish A-92 that unites it with the rest of Andalusia. Almería railway station is served by Renfe Operadora with direct rail services to Granada , and Madrid Atocha using a branch off the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway ; the Linares Baeza–Almería railway . In the future, high-speed rail AVE services will link Almería to Madrid via Murcia . The central railway station has been closed for several months and it
2821-521: The Umayyads as a counterweight to the independence-minded Muwallad nobility of the region. In Zaragoza, they developed a degree of autonomy that served as the precursor to their establishment of an independent Taifa of Zaragoza after the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba . They ruled this taifa from 1018 until they were expelled by another Arab dynasty, the Banu Hud , in 1039. An exiled junior line of
Banu Sumadih - Misplaced Pages Continue
2912-489: The kunya Abu Yahya. He initially ruled under the regency of his uncle Abu ʿUtba al-Sumadih. His 41-year tenure was marked by frequent warfare with neighboring taifas, but he was also a noted poet. He married the daughter of Ali ibn Muyahid of Denia and had four children, all themselves poets, sons Ahmad Muʿizz al-Dawla, Rafi-l-Dawla, and Abu Jaʿfar Ahmad, and daughter Umm Al-Kiram . At the time of his death in April/May 1091,
3003-454: The 20th century, light flurries (without settling) occurred on few occasions. The most important settled snowfall event occurred in 1926 and the snow arrived even at the coastline of the city. The last event with settled snowfall happened on 9 February 1935. During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). At night, the minimum temperature is usually around 8–10 °C (46–50 °F). This makes
3094-482: The 62% of production and sales. They assure the access to the market in optimal conditions, because they increase its position inside the agri-food supply chain, facilitate financing, technical advice, and incorporation of technology. Moreover, local ties increase environmental sustainability. By land, Almería can be reached by the A-7 Mediterranean Highway , which connects the Mediterranean area with
3185-463: The 9th-century establishment of the so-called Republic of Pechina (Bajjana) some kilometres to the north, which was for a time autonomous from the Cordobese central authority : the settlement of current-day Almería initially developed as a humble trading port of Pechina known as Al-Mariyya Bajjana. Pechina and its maritime port experienced divergent fortunes, and while the former progressively depopulated,
3276-449: The Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) in summer. Though temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) are very rare in the city of Almería. During the summer, the skies are usually sunny and almost no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around 30 °C (86 °F) during the day while the minimum temperatures stay around 22 °C (72 °F) during July and August. As
3367-617: The Baghdad caliph, but in 1032 he transferred his support to native caliph Hisham III , even though the latter had already been forced to flee to Lérida and shelter with its lord, Sulayman ibn Muhammad ibn Hud al-Judhami , a former military commander under al-Mundhir I and likewise a nephew of Ismaʿil ibn Dhi-l-Nun. Following Hisham's death in 1037, al-Mundhir II no longer gave indication on his coinage of recognizing any caliph. In 1039, al-Mundhir II's premier qadi , Abu al-Muhammad ʿ Abd Allah ibn al-Hakam al-Tujibi , grandson of
3458-541: The Banu Dhi-l-Nun, but later he and his brother Mutarrif were captured by Sancho I of Pamplona. ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn al-Mundhir arranged for Sancho to release Mutarrif so he could collect the ransom for both of them, but when Mutarrif reached Calatayud, he betrayed ʿAbd al-Rahman and installed himself in the city and was appointed its governor in 930. When ʿAbd al-Rahman finally ransomed himself, he resettled in Samaliq with
3549-602: The Banu Salama from this Muwallad Upper March family. In the second half of the 9th century, faced with the repeated threat of the rebel Banu Qasi clan, emir Muhammad I of Córdoba recruited to his side the sons of ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Tujibi, giving them several towns, including Daroca , as well as 100 dinars each, and charging them with fighting the Banu Qasi. He rebuilt Calatayud and gave it to ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz in 862/3. During this period,
3640-493: The Berber Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir killed Sulayman ibn al-Hakam and had himself elected caliph in place of the ruling Umayyad dynasty , al-Mundhir at first maintained an ambiguous standing with the new ruler. However, he soon began to plot Ali's removal in favor of an Umayyad scion, ʿ Abd al-Rahman IV . Ali was assassinated in 1018, and allies of ʿ Abd al-Rahman IV fought those of Ali's brother, Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun in
3731-508: The Caliphate's campaign against Tubijid Zaragoza, Daroca was attacked and Yunis killed. His children fled to Zaragoza, where little is known about them or their descendants until the early 1000s, when a great-great-grandson of Yunis, al-Mundhir ibn Yahya, who early in his life had served as a simple soldier, was appointed to be governor of Zaragoza and made himself ruler of an independent taifa state. After dispossessing Yusuf, and taking Zaragoza,
Banu Sumadih - Misplaced Pages Continue
3822-570: The Chronicle of Sampiro , in which al-Tujibi is called "Abohayha" (Abu Yahya, a kunya naming him as father of Yahya), Ramiro had attacked al-Tujibi and forced his submission, but once ʿAbd al-Rahman arrived with his armies, al-Tujibi changed his allegiance to the Umayyads. Following his defeat in 937, Muhammad ibn Hashim was forced to temporarily surrender Zaragoza to the caliph and reside in Cordoba, but
3913-642: The Common Agricultural Policy: 1.9% of total income. This figure is much lower than that received by other sectors such as olive groves (33%) or cereals (53%). The production of this area is based on a fair competition with officially a just remuneration of employees, with similar salaries than the ones in the same sector in Europe: 8% higher than Italy and 11% than Belgium. This avoids the social dumping exerted by non-EU countries, like Morocco, with salaries up to 90% lower than those of Almería. However, there
4004-459: The Tujibies of Zaragoza to be his military support. However, in 989 one of Almanzor's sons conspired with the Tujibies against his father, and the Tujibid leader, ʿAbd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad, joined a pact that would see the family control the marches of the Caliphate, but Almanzor learned of the plot and executed Abd ar-Rahman al-Tujibi as well as his own son. ʿAbd al-Rahman's own eldest son, al-Hakam,
4095-546: The acquiescence of the caliph. Al-Mundhir accompanied his cousin Muhammad ibn Hashim and the Banu Shabrit to Córdoba in 931 to swear fealty to the caliph, Whose campaigns he joined, including his 933/4 attack on Zaragoza, but he fell out with the caliph's general and was named a rebel, forcing him into alliance with his cousin Muhammad ibn Hashim and with his family's old enemies, the Banu Dhi-l-Nun. Caliph ʿAbd al-Rahman III arranged for Christian mercenaries from Alava to attack
4186-446: The age of 49. He was succeeded by his son al-ʿAsi ibn al-Hakam, who governed Calatayud until his death in 972, when his sons Hakam, Ahmad, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz and Lubb went to Córdoba to petition to succeed him. The next few years are obscure, but in 975 the caliph confiscated all of the Banu Tujib lands, in Zaragoza, Calatayud, Lérida and Tudela. He appears to have given Calatayud to Hisham, brother of al-ʿAsi. Ibn Hazm reports that Hashim
4277-544: The age of 58. Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman established what was, in effect, an autonomous hereditary protectorate. He remained loyal to Córdoba and continued the family's fight against the Banu Qasi, including resisting the 17-year siege of Zaragoza by Muhammad ibn Lubb and his son Lubb ibn Muhammad . In 919, he took the towns of Roda de Isábena and Monzón , though the latter was recaptured by an alliance of Sancho I of Pamplona , Bernard I of Ribagorza , and Amrus ibn Muhammad of Huesca . When in 921 Muhammad took
4368-541: The band's third album, If I Should Fall from Grace with God . In 1989, English electronic band Depeche Mode filmed the video for their song " Personal Jesus " in Almería. Tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the sixth season of the TV series Game of Thrones . Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has two football teams: UD Almería , which
4459-653: The bulk of the remaining Muslim-controlled territories in the Iberian Peninsula passed to the control of rival ruler Ibn al-Aḥmar (sultan since 1232), who had set the capital of his emirate in Granada by 1238, constituting the Emirate of Granada , to which Almería belonged from then on. While relatively languishing throughout the Nasrid period, Almería still remained a key strategic port of the emirate together with Málaga , as well as
4550-446: The caliph gave Daroca to his first-cousin, al-Hakam ibn al-Mundhir al-Tujibi, formally naming him governor in 940. Daroca was probably then, like Calatayud, governed by al-ʿAsi ibn al-Hakam, and it was taken from the family in 975, but was immediately restored to al-ʿAsi's brother, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, who had been allied with Almanzor against his brother. He rebuilt the castle. In the time of taifa king Al-Mustaʿin I (1039-1046), Daroca
4641-412: The caliph's punitive 934 campaign against the family. The leadership of the Banu Hashim branch of the Tujibies becomes confused after Muhammad, the sources being contradictory and apparently confused. Yahya al-Zuqaytar ibn Muhammad al-Tujibi was apparently still governing Zaragoza during the reign of caliph Al-Hakam II . Al-Andalus chroniclers report that in 975, a governor of Zaragoza accompanied
SECTION 50
#17328590351834732-452: The castle of Samaliq (unidentified), his nephew Mutarrif ibn al-Mundhir al-Tujibi arrived with men to help garrison the town, but Muhammad marched out against him and forced him to withdraw back to Calatayud with heavy casualties. In 923, Sancho I captured and murdered Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Allah, head of the rival Banu Qasi clan, and Muhammad al-Tujibi and his son Hisham took advantage of the power vacuum to take Tudela and turned it over to
4823-650: The city did not return to its previous splendor, although the port remained trading with the Crown of Aragon and the Italian republics. Following the rebellion against Almohad rule heralded by the likes of the Banu Hud and the Banu Mardanis, Almería submitted to the authority of Ibn Hud , who had raised the black banner and pledged nominal allegiance to Abbasid authorities by 1228. After Ibn Hud's assassination in Almería in 1238,
4914-498: The city in 937, and Mutarrif was killed the same day the city fell, 29 June 937, and control of Calatayud was given to others. However, al-Hakam ibn al-Mundhir, a brother of Mutarrif, had remained loyal to the caliph and fought a private war with his brother until the latter's death. After accompanying the campaign against Ramiro II, he was made governor of Calatayud in 940 and continued to rule it until his death in February 950, at
5005-446: The city of Almería one of the warmest in winter in Spain . The city only receives yearly precipitation of just 200 mm (7.9 in) and 26 days of precipitation annually; so while no month could be described as truly wet, there are strong seasonal differences in terms of precipitation and temperature, with coastal parts of the city (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park ) receiving
5096-547: The coastline around Almería to Torrevieja , in the northeast. The nearby Faro del Cabo in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park , has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent (156 millimetres (6.1 in)) in the period 1961-1990 and around 140 millimetres (5.5 in) since 2010. Almería enjoys about 3,000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it
5187-399: The composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar , renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal ; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child. The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta", a song on
5278-426: The daughters of ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, and when the latter added Almería to his taifa in 1038, he made Maʿn ibn Muhammad its governor, exercising both civil and military control. In 1042, however, Maʿn forswore allegiance to Valencia and made Almería an independent taifa that he ruled until his death in 1052. Maʿn was succeeded by his fourteen-year-old son Muhammad ibn Maʿn ibn Sumadih, called al-Muʿtasim, and later known by
5369-666: The early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain. During the Spanish Civil War the city was shelled by the German Navy , with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes". Almería surrendered in 1939, being
5460-458: The elites acquiesced, the people viewed him as a usurper, and civil unrest ensued that forced ʿAbd Allah to flee to Rueda, taking with him the treasury of the taifa as well as several prisoners, including ʿAbd Allah and Ahmad, the brothers of his murdered predecessor. Sulayman, lord of Lérida, marched to the city and established himself as ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza as Al-Mustaʿin I. His family,
5551-649: The emir. After al-Tujibi joined ʿAbd al-Rahman III on his 924/5 campaign against Pamplona , the caliph awarded Tudela to the Zaragoza leader's grandson, Muhammad ibn Hisham ibn Muhammad. The elder Muhammad al-Tujibi, who would be known to history as Muhammad al-Anqar or al-Aʿwar ('the one-eyed') died in January 925. His son Hashim ibn Muhammad was allowed to succeed him, but faced a revolt by his Tujibid kinsmen of Calatayud and Daroca, who besieged some of his castles. Hashim attacked and dispersed them, ending their hostilities. He died five years later, in October 930. It
SECTION 60
#17328590351835642-505: The emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III , were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII , starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against
5733-479: The family was also involved in long-running hostilities with Ahmad ibn al-Barraʼ al-Qurashi, governor of Zaragoza , and in one of their battles, ʿAbd al-Rahman's son, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Tujibi, lord of Daroca, was killed. Two other sons of ʿAbd al-Rahman, al-Mundhir in Calatayud and Muhammad in Zaragoza, would found lineages that long held positions of power on the Upper March. A fourth son, Sumadih,
5824-452: The family, known as the Banu Sumadih , established themselves as rulers of the Taifa of Almería , which they held for three generations, until 1090. The historian Ibn Hazm traced the Banu Tujib to two brothers who accompanied Musa ibn Nusayr from Egypt for his conquest of Iberia (early 710s), ʿAmira and ʿAbd Allah, both sons of al-Muhajir ibn Naywa. They were installed in Aragon, and ʿAmira
5915-428: The first Banu Hud ruler of the Zaragoza taifa gave it to his son, Muhammad. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, son of the late-ninth-century ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Tujibi, had been granted Daroca, and was killed in battle against Ahmad ibn al-Barraʼ during his father's lifetime. He was succeeded by his son, Yunis ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz. He would be a close ally of his uncle al-Mundhir al-Tujibi of Calatayud. In 937, as part of
6006-509: The first of these having been held by another brother, Ibrahim, before the family came to blows with the caliph in 934/5. Muhammad was again governing Zaragoza in 942, when he was named visier, and ʿAbd ar-Rahman sent Turkish slave soldiers from Cordoba to Zaragoza so that the Tujibies could deploy them against García Sánchez I of Pamplona , Ramiro's ally. Ramiro, in turn, sent forces to help García. However, Ibn Hayyan's history ends in that year, so these events are not known in as much detail as
6097-454: The hitherto mercantile city entered modernity by undergoing a process of heavy ruralization that imperiled its very same continued existence as a city. Historically, there was a Jewish community in Almería dating to the 10th century, where members of the community mostly engaged in maritime trade. When the Jews were expelled in 1492, many living in Almería fled to North Africa. The 16th century
6188-425: The imprisoned caliph al-Qasim, but in 1026/7 he switched his nominal allegiance to the caliph in Baghdad. Yahya died between 417 A.H. (1026/7) when he last issued money, and 420 A.H. (1029/30), when the first of his son and successor, al-Mundhir ibn Yahya (II) appear. He was no more than 19 when he succeeded his father, and his reign would end in violence. Like his father, he would initially support
6279-403: The last Andalusian main city to fall to Francoist forces. In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production. After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution,
6370-453: The latter became the base of the Caliphal navy after 933, during the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III . Furthermore, in 955, Abd-ar-Rahman III decided to erect the walls . A silk industry consisting of hundreds of looms and feeding itself from the mulberry trees planted in the region, fostered Almería's economy. Almería also became an important slave trade hub during the caliphal period. In
6461-499: The people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province, which represented 42% of all registered voters. Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso , who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic , as well as several musicians, including
6552-502: The previous campaigns of ʿAbd ar-Rahman against Ramiro and al-Tujibi. Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tujibi died in June 950, and as had been agreed, the caliph named Yahya ibn Muhammad as his successor. As another sign that the Zaragoza branch of the Banu Tujib had restored themselves to the caliph's favor, when Muhammad's brother Yahya ibn Hashim died at Toledo in 952, his castles were confirmed to his brother Hudayl ibn Hashim, who had held them before
6643-412: The profitability and quality of the crops and the competitiveness of the markets. Moreover, Almería's economy has an important exporting function: 75% of production was sold abroad in 2018, with a value of 2.400 million euros. This development is explained by familiar investment, as subsidies have been limited or non-existent. In this sense, the horticultural sector receives the least European aids from
6734-498: The protection of either the Count of Ribagorza or of Pallars , and sent him to Córdoba. He must have reached an accommodation with Almanzor, because in 981 he co-commanded one wing of the army at the Battle of Torrevicente , and he was made governor of Zamora after it was taken from León in 999. In 1005/6, al-Mundhir ibn Yahya, a Tujibid of the branch of Yusuf ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz of Daroca,
6825-582: The rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147, marking the breakup of the city's period of splendor in the Middle Ages. Within a decade, in 1157, Almería had passed to the control of Muslim Almohad rulers. Almería soon passed by the temporary overarching control of rebel Murcian emir Ibn Mardanish (1165–1169), hindering the early efforts of recovery in the city, that under the decade of Christian occupation reportedly had been left depopulated and, by and large, quite destroyed. During Almohad rule,
6916-471: The south-eastern outskirts of the city (still inside the municipality of Almería) until the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park located east of the city. The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park , the Andarax / Almanzora river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate. This arid climatic region spreads along
7007-546: The summer. Due to its arid landscape, numerous Spaghetti Westerns were filmed in Almería and some of the sets still remain as a tourist attraction. These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas . The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others. One of Almería's most famous natural spots is
7098-583: The supply industry of the sector, represent almost 40% of Almería's GDP. Directly, agricultural production accounts for 18.2% of the provincial GDP. In Andalusia, the average contribution is 6.6% and in Spain it is only 2.9%. This situation is the result of a great dynamic model, which can continually incorporate new technologies: using soil sanding, plastic covers, drip irrigation systems, hybrid seeds, soil-less cultivation, irrigation programs, new greenhouse structures, and so on. They all allowed to improve production and increase commercialisation calendars, assuring
7189-578: The trade networks of the Almoravid empire . Building upon the previous development during the caliphal period, Almería reached a degree of historical relevance unmatched in the rest of its history throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, becoming the third-largest city of Al-Andalus . Almería imported indigo dye and wool from the Maghreb and linen from Egypt, while it exported copper to Fez and Tlemcen as well as its highly sought textiles. Contested by
7280-496: The wake of the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century, Almería detached from Cordobese authority towards 1014 and became ruled as an independent taifa under Slavic kinglets . It submitted to the Taifa of Valencia in 1038, yet it soon became independent as a new taifa, ruled by the Arab Banu Sumadih until 1091, when it fell to Almoravid control. This allowed the city's economy to insert itself into
7371-411: The ʿAbd al-Rahman executed by Almanzor, murdered his cousin. the emir. While one chronicler claimed the action was taken on behalf of the false-Hisham II put forward by Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad of Seville, this was likely a pretext and ʿAbd Allah immediately sought the approval of Zaragoza's elite to reclaim the leadership of Zaragoza his branch of the family had previously exercised. While
7462-582: Was appointed governor of Almería by the Valencia emir, 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Amir, in 1038, but in 1041 elevated Almería into an independent taifa. His dynasty ruled for three generations, the last Banu Sumadih emir fled the Almoravids in 1091, eventually making his way to the Hammadid king Al-Mansur ibn Nasir , who gave him command of Dellys in Algeria . The Banu Sumadih dynasty rulers were: This biography of
7553-519: Was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four earthquakes , of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained Muslim were expelled from Almería after the War of Las Alpujarras in 1568 and scattered across the Crown of Castile. Landings and attacks by Barbary pirates were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until
7644-454: Was in charge of Calatayud when he submitted to Ghalib ibn Abd al-Rahman , whose enemy Almanzor then attacked and killed Hisham. This probably corresponds to Almanzor's 981 campaign against Calatayud. In Hisham's place as leader of Calatayud, Almanzor installed another brother, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz of Daroca, who had been allied with Almanzor against his brother. He was dead by 997, when the brother of governor al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz of Calatayud
7735-454: Was killed in an attack from Pamplona. As Abu al-ʿAsi al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, this man was holding Tudela when he died in 1005/6, his kunya naming his son as an al-ʿAsi. His properties were divided between his brother Hisham ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, lord of Daroca, and their distant cousin al-Mundhir ibn Yahya al-Tujibi . By the 1040s, the Tujubies had been removed from control of Calatayud, and
7826-482: Was named as governor of Tudela on the death of 'Abu al-ʿAsi al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz. His early life is obscure, other than that he had been a simple soldier. He is said to have been appointed governor of the Upper March by Hisham II , probably late in his first reign, which ended in 1009. He had friendly relations with Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona , who would march troops through Zaragoza on their way to help restore Hisham II in 1010. When in 1016,
7917-430: Was named commander of the Upper March, before in 941 sending his secretary and doctor, Hisdai ben Isaac ben Shaprut , to negotiate a treaty with Ramiro II. After Muhammad's release was secured, Abd al-Rahman formally acknowledged Yahya's right to succeed Muhammad in all of this lands and titles and granted to Muhammad's brother, another Yahya, the castles of Warsa/Orosa (not identified), María de Huerva and Lérida ,
8008-417: Was named governor in 931. Not long thereafter, however, Muhammad and his Banu Shabrit allies refused to participate in the caliph's campaign against Osma . In 934 ʿAbd al-Rahman III began a campaign in the north against Ramiro II of León , but also targeted Muhammad ibn Hashim al-Tujibi. Refusing to submit to ʿAbd al-Rahman, al-Tujibi formed an alliance with Ramiro, so in 935 the caliph launched
8099-499: Was promoted to La Liga , the top tier of Spanish football, in 2022, and CP Almería , which plays in the División de Honor , the sixth tier. The Plaza de toros de Almería is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882. Intensive agriculture has been the most important economic sector of Almería for the last 50 years. Nowadays, greenhouse's production, handling and commercialisation of vegetables, and
8190-453: Was ruled by Hisham ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz. He, in turn, was followed by his son, another ʿAbd al-ʿAziz. There are other Tujibies seen in the historical record who belong to more distant branches of the family, or who cannot be definitively placed. A disciple of scholar Muhammad ibn Waddah ibn Bazi al-Qurtubi was Abu ʿUthman Saʿid ibn ʿUthman ibn Muhammad ibn Malik ibn ʿAbd Allah al-Tujibi, who died in 917. His great-great-grandfather, ʿAbd Allah,
8281-599: Was then allowed to return to the governorship, while being prohibited to negotiate independently with the Christian states, and required to pay tribute and to participate in the caliph's campaigns. Thus, in 939 the combined Umayyad and Tujibid armies met Ramiro in the Battle of Simancas , which resulted in the defeat of ʿAbd al-Rahman and the capture of al-Tujibi. ʿAbd al-Rahman III temporarily placed Muhammad's son, Yahya ibn Muhammad, in charge of Muhammad's troops and also sent him mercenaries under Muhammad's brother Yahya, who
#182817