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73-691: Prior to the imposition of Dutch rule on the region, Banten was home to the Banten Sultanate ; that kingdom turned away Portuguese efforts to establish a foothold there in the sixteenth century, and later clashed with the Mataram Sultanate . The British East India Company had a presence there during the seventeenth century, the Bantam Presidency . As the Dutch East India Company expanded their areas of control across Java, Banten signed

146-626: A blockade of the Banten harbour, which went uninterrupted for some 15 years. In retaliation, the Banten government placed an embargo on all pepper exports to Batavia. However, as the Dutch blockade was in place, they patrolled the Bay of Banten, harassing and marauding trading ships, preventing traditional Asian traders, especially Chinese from coming to Banten. As the result, bulks of unwanted pepper sacks stockpiled and accumulated in Banten warehouses. This blockade struck

219-403: A decade, Banten had lost two of its important settlements previously acquired from the former Kingdom of Sunda; Jayakarta to the Dutch, and Pajajaran to Mataram. Fearing the common enemy has led for both Banten and Batavia to repair their relations. Batavia feared that possible Muslim alliance would put Banten into Mataram camp, while Banten feared that their kingdom would become the next target for

292-543: A letter to his grandfather, proclaiming independence of Cirebon from Sunda. According to the Suma Oriental , written in 1512–1515 by Tomé Pires , a Portuguese explorer, it was reported that the port of Banten still belonged to the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, while Cirebon had been established as an Islamic state. "First the king of Çumda (Sunda) with his great city of Dayo , the town and lands and port of Bantam (Banten),

365-603: A major project; 1.80 metres thick brick ramparts were built encircling the entire city which spanned 8 kilometres. Maulana Yusuf also led the construction of the Great Mosque of Banten , perhaps built upon an older and simpler structure. Also during this period, Hasanuddin decided to launch the final blow to what remained of the Kingdom of Sunda . Maulana Yusuf led the attack on Dayeuh Pakuan , its capital city located in modern Bogor . After losing its most important port Sunda Kelapa ,

438-638: A modest profit. In 1600 the Dutch set up the Dutch East Indies Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) with the aim to bypass the spice trade. Unlike the Portuguese in Malacca which at that time quite harmoniously integrated into the Asian trade system involving various states in the region including Banten; the Dutch as a newcomer had a different approach, they planned on seizing control of

511-534: A new palace right in the heart of the newly improved lands in Tirtayasa village. The term Tirtayasa itself means "water management" or " hydraulics ", which properly describes the sultan's pride project. This new idyllic farmland abode has led to the nickname of the sultan, who was thenceforth famously known as Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa . Serang Serang ( Indonesian : Kota Serang , Indonesian pronunciation: [kota sɛraŋ] , Sundanese : ᮞᮦᮛᮀ )

584-457: A peace treaty with Demak and Cirebon in 1531. Gunungjati crowned Hasanudin as the temenggong of Banten with authority bestowed by the Sultan of Demak Trenggana who, in turn, offered Hasanudin his sister's hand in marriage. This resulted in the establishment of a new dynasty and a new kingdom. Old Banten (currently part of Serang town) was the capital of this kingdom, and was held as a province under

657-511: A royal hostage. The proposal was declined by the Sultan of Banten. By 1651 the Anglo-Dutch Wars erupted in Europe, which subsequently affected Batavian relations with English trading interests in Banten. The war reflected with the fierce trading competition and clashes between Dutch East India Company and British East India Company . Dutch Batavia once again imposed a blockade upon Banten, since

730-451: A serious rival for Banten, later contributing to its decline. During the middle of 17th century several conflicts between Banten and the Dutch in Batavia, just 60 miles separated along the northern coast of Java, occurred. In 1619, the mercurial VOC Governor General J.P. Coen stormed and burnt Jayakarta to the ground and ousted Banten authority from the city. From its ashes they established

803-462: A severe blow to commerce, thus pushing some Chinese merchants to move out from Banten and resettling in Batavia. Facing this profound crisis, Prince Ranamenggala called up a great council meeting. The conclusion of this meeting is; the European were to be blame for the troubles, and to get rid of them, Banten should forfeit the commodity they coveted the most; pepper. Ranamenggala decided to pull off all

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876-623: A treaty in 1659 establishing a border between them and the Dutch-controlled areas, and the British were forced to withdraw. Later on, trade from Banten in the Sunda Strait continued to be immensely successful that the Dutch founded Batavia partly to try to move trade away from it and towards them. Over time, as Dutch power increased, they demanded territorial concessions from Banten as well, culminating in recognition of Dutch Suzerainty in 1774. It

949-513: Is a city and the capital of Banten province and was formerly also the administrative center of Serang Regency in Indonesia (the Regency's capital is now at Ciruas). The city is located towards the north of Banten province, on the island of Java ; the north part of the city (Kasemen District) contains the coast zone facing onto Banten Bay , and includes the historical site of Old Banten , after which

1022-435: Is known as Pagarage war or Pacirebonan war that took place in 1650. Banten was victorious, while Cirebon-Mataram forces were vanquished. Also in 1650, the heir apparent and also the co-reign Abu al-Ma'ali, died without ascending the throne of his father Abu al-Mafakhir. Ma'ali's son, Prince Surya, the future Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa , was chosen to be his successor. A year later in 1651, old Sultan Abu al-Mufakhir died, thus at

1095-615: Is marked with an intense and vigorous relations with both Batavia and Mataram. In 1628, the English returned to Banten, which helped the commerce in Banten against their common rival, the Dutch in Batavia. Towards the end of 1620s Mataram Sultanate grew to become a dominant power in Java and was involved in power contest with Dutch East India Company (VOC), and launched sieges on Batavia twice in 1628 and 1629. During this Javanese campaign, Banten lost Pajajaran and Priangan to Mataram. Thus in just

1168-587: The Javanese language with a dialect similar to the Cirebon dialect of Javanese. The reason for this is that many Javanese migrants arrived in early 1527 to build the Banten Sultanate , and remained to form the base of today's population. The city is served by Serang station, operated by Indonesia's rail operator PT Kereta Api Indonesia . The Tangerang–Merak Toll Road , part of the Trans-Java toll road , passes through

1241-545: The Portuguese fleet was arriving of the coast at Sunda Kelapa to capture these towns. Subsequently, the Portuguese fleet that intended to establish a coastal fortress was defeated by the combined Cirebon and Demak forces. Gunungjati and his son settled in Banten Girang, and took control of both the port of Banten and Kelapa, while Surawisesa , the king of Sunda at that time was powerless to prevent this takeover and signed

1314-416: The nayaka nobles, Prince Ranamanggala ascended to power as a new regent. Ranamanggala restored the state's authority on commercial affairs; levying taxes, imposing prices and the volume of trade. He also exiled the ponggawa elites to the port of Jayakarta in the east, stripping the merchants' power altogether. This strong new policy showed disregard for the principles of free trade did not sit well with

1387-451: The Danish to trade in Banten; both opened trading office in Banten, established their trading ports in coastal India, and revived the once thriving trade of Indian colourful clothes. The lucrative trade with China, that once was very strong however, was not recovered since it was taken over by Batavia. Nevertheless, the state of Banten has regained its prestige as an important trading emporium in

1460-533: The Dutch and the English. A few years later the Dutch and English followed suit, they went to Jayakarta to establish a new trade post. After conflict with the Dutch over the pepper trade in 1619, the Dutch East India Company Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen took the port of Jayakarta from Banten. He founded Batavia (now Jakarta) on the ruins of this Javanese town, which became the centre of VOC operation and

1533-525: The Sultanate of Cirebon. Sultan Hasanuddin planned on reviving the fortunes of the ancient kingdom of Sunda — the rice and spice trade , especially pepper. One of his earliest decisions was to travel to southern Sumatra (today Lampung province), which had traditionally belonged to the kingdom of Sunda, and from which the bulk of the pepper sold in the Sundanese region came. He was keen to assure himself of

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1606-434: The age of 25, Sultan Ageng replacing his grandfather and rose to become the sole sovereign of Banten. The youthful Prince Surya, who ruled as Sultan Ageng , inherited the kingdom from his grandfather in a rather favourable condition; united, prosperous and well respected. He chose his close friend Kyai Mangunjaya to be his prime minister. During his reign the Banten and Mataram Sultanates were involved in rivalry to dominate

1679-538: The agreements three years later with the kingdom of Jambi acting as intermediary. Banten demanded the right to re-establish trade with Moluccas and the Malay Peninsula, while Batavia demanded the extradition of fugitives that found refuge in Banten. The peace treaty was signed in 1659. Beginning in 1653 Sultan Ageng launched agricultural reform, including developing new settlements along the Cisadane River , right on

1752-586: The ambassador of Mataram arrived and proposed an alliance, which was declined by Banten that now set their eyes on Cirebon . At that time Cirebon was a vassal state as well as the westernmost province of Mataram. Historically Banten and Cirebon are linked through their common ancestral founding father Sunan Gunung Jati, and Banten saw the currently weakened Cirebon as rightfully belongs within Banten's sphere of influence. In 1650, two diplomatic missions from Mataram arrived at Banten, they demanded Banten sovereign to submit to Mataram king's suzerainty . The Great Council

1825-411: The ambitious Sultan Agung to unite Java. Ultimately Mataram failed to capture Batavia. Later Mataram was gradually weakened through struggle of successions of Javanese princes and Dutch involvements in internal Mataram court affair. Between 1629 and 1631, a major agricultural project were underway; digging canals, building dams etc. to produce rice as well as a new export commodity; sugar . The English

1898-405: The archipelago. As its wealth restored, Banten has established diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms; from Palembang, Aceh , Johor , Indragiri, Mataram, Bali , and Makassar as far as sending envoy to Coromandel coast. The trade with English and Danish had enabled Banten to buy arms and developed troops of trained musketeers , improving city fortifications and buying cannons. In 1644

1971-476: The city borders the regency in the south, east, and west, while it borders with Java Sea in the north. The City of Serang is divided into six districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district, and its postal codes. Serang has

2044-584: The city of Serang. The road to the proposed Sunda Strait Bridge would start in Serang, pass through Merak in neighboring Cilegon city to cross over the Sunda Strait to Sumatra. Serang was formerly a part of Serang Regency. On 2 November 2007, the status of Serang was changed into a municipality ( kota madya ), independent of the Regency. Since that time, Serang City is a semi-enclave within Serang Regency, as

2117-472: The coast at the mouth of the Cibanten River. A settlement had already existed at this place as evidenced by its harbour activities, however the settlement's seat of political power was in Banten Girang. The royal city was founded on the delta , formed by the two arms of the river. Two main streets running north–south and east–west divided the city into quarters. The royal palace was surrounded by residences of

2190-471: The coast on the Cibanten River, in what is today a suburb of Serang town. It was known as Banten Girang , meaning "Upper Banten" owing to its location. This town previously was a native Hindu Sundanese principality that was held under the Kingdom of Sunda . A grandson of the King of Sunda, Sri Baduga Maharaja (also known as Prabu Siliwangi ) was an ulama named Sunan Gunungjati (Sharif Hidayatullah). He

2263-404: The coastline was permanently altered. Aside from that catastrophe, in general Bantam was the least populated part of Java during the late nineteenth century; it had the lowest population density of any residency in Java in 1890. The Residency was connected by railway with Batavia and other parts of Java in 1900 and 1906, which increased agricultural exploitation. Bantam Residency managed to avoid

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2336-532: The dismay of the powerful King Hanyokrokusumo of Mataram that subsequently also sent envoys to Mecca to acquire this much coveted honorific title of Islamic world. The ratification of peace treaty in 1639 forced Banten to recognize the state of Batavia, forego all trade with the Moluccas, and its ships should obtain pass permit issued by Batavia. In exchange, Batavia lifted the blockade upon Banten, increased trade with Batavia, and neutrality if not Dutch assistance in

2409-454: The eastern port accommodated domestic trade with smaller vessels, and where the retail market was also located. A ship-wright to repair ships was located on the eastern side of the city. Hasanuddin tried to invade multiple times during the reign of Ratu Dewata , however his efforts failed due to the strong defense employed by the Sundanese army. After 20 years the new dynasty was so firmly established that Hasanuddin had no hesitation in leaving

2482-493: The event of possible attack by Mataram in the future. Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir implemented the decentralisation policy that allowed merchants to acquire commodities directly from Sumatran ports colony of Banten; such as Bengkulu, Silebar, Semangka, and Lampung. Having tasted a benefit of trade has encouraged these ports to be independent from Banten; Bengkulu rebelled in 1640 while Lampung rebelled in 1641 and 1644, all of them were crushed by Banten's force. The Dutch grew mightier in

2555-425: The first Dutch foothold in the archipelago, the fortified port town of Batavia (now Jakarta ). This new foreign-controlled town soon will become the nemesis for Banten and bears a great repercussion, not only for Banten, but upon the whole archipelago. Coen soon moved on to his next objective; to control the trade in the area by implementing a monopoly on all trading activities. In order to do this, he put into effect

2628-486: The first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in Banten. With the infant king and the absence of a decisive central figure, the government was taken over by the regency council. The expulsion of the Portuguese had led to both Dutch and English vying for control of the city. The court itself was divided into two competing factions, and civil war erupted in 1602. Peace was not restored until 1609 when one of

2701-463: The former territory of Sunda and proclaimed his kingdom as the successor of Sunda. Sumedang Larang would later become part of the Mataram Sultanate . The sacred stone ( watu gigilang ) that was serving as the sovereign's throne of the Sunda Kingdom was taken away and placed at the street intersection in the royal square of Banten, thus marking the end of the Sundanese dynasty. Henceforth, this stone

2774-476: The head of the regency council that insisted on the protection of the inheritance and rights of the child prince Muhammad. The tension increased and almost broke into a war of succession, yet being undone in the last minute due to the reversal of the Prime Minister who withdrew his support for Pangeran Japara. Claude Guillot, a historian on Banten, argues that in the Banten court there was two competing factions;

2847-509: The history as a traditional center of Islamic learning. The city hosts two of the major congregational mosques in Banten province, Ats-Tsauroh Great Mosque of Serang and Al-Bantani Grand Mosque , which hold the capacity of 2,500 and 10,000 worshippers respectively. Compared with the majority in Banten Province who speak the Sundanese language , some local residents in Serang also speak

2920-551: The kingdom in 1546 to take part in a military expedition against Pasuruan in eastern Java , at the request of Sultan Trenggana, the third sultan of Demak . At that time, Banten was still under the suzerainty of Demak, and thus were obliged to fulfill the duty as a vassal state to participate in Demak's endeavour. During this venture, the Demak Sultan lost his life, and it is likely that Hasanuddin took advantage of his suzerain's death and

2993-531: The kingdom, already deprived of its trading revenues, was of symbolic importance only. Nilakendra , the Sundanese ruler at that time, decided to move the center of government to Pulasari (present-day Pandeglang Regency ). The already-weakened kingdom put up little resistance and henceforth Banten ruled over the territory of the former Kingdom of Sunda west of the Citarum River. Geusan Ulun, the ruler of Sumedang Larang , refused to acknowledge Banten's authority over

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3066-664: The land of Tateguall ( Tegal ), the land of Camaram ( Semarang ), the land of Demaa ( Demak )." Suma Oriental . Although at first well received by the Sunda authorities, once news of the Portuguese-Sunda alliance in 1522 became known, Gunungjati asked the Demak Sultanate to send troops to Banten, starting the Demak-Sundanese war . It was likely that his son Hasanudin commanded this military operation in 1527, just as

3139-591: The late 17th century, it was overshadowed by Batavia and was finally annexed to the Dutch East Indies in 1813. Its core territory now forms the Indonesian province of Banten . Today, in Old Banten , the Great Mosque of Banten is an important destination for tourists and for pilgrims from across Indonesia and from overseas. Prior to 1526, a settlement called Banten was situated about ten kilometres inland from

3212-418: The liberals represented by Ponggawa civil servants and merchants, and the elitist Nayaka and Santana nobilities who favoured strong government control. The rise of the child prince as the successor was a victory for the liberals which saw more years of economic liberty without too much interference from the royal household. Prince Muhammad ascended to the throne in 1580 when he was 9 years of age. During

3285-472: The loyalty of these agriculturally wealthy areas as soon as possible and to guarantee supplies of pepper for his ports, since it was on this spice that all international trade was based and, hence, in which the wealth of his kingdom lay. Having established control over the ports and the pepper trade, Hasanuddin decided to build a new capital, to symbolise the new era which was beginning. On the advice of his father, Sunan Gunungjati , he chose to construct it on

3358-457: The next year a peace treaty with Batavia was signed and ratified later in 1639. In 1636, the sovereign sent envoy to Mecca for the first time, and two years later the diplomatic delegation returned with the prestigious title of " sultan " bestowed by the Grand Shareef of Mecca upon the king of Banten. This was the first sultan title officially bestowed by Mecca upon the king of Java, which much to

3431-485: The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 735,651. Serang is located approximately 15 km from the border of Jabodetabek (the Jakarta Metropolitan Area), and is sometimes considered as amalgamated with Greater Jakarta . The majority of people in Serang and Banten Province embrace Islam, but other religions coexist peacefully. Serang is often known as " kota santri " or the "city of pious people", due to

3504-526: The outskirts of Batavia. Thousands of acres of land were cleared and planted with coconut trees, and around twenty thousand people were transmigrated to the new settlement. The development also included lands along the north coast between Banten and Batavia. An irrigation project was conducted in Tanara between 1663 and 1664; a canal was dug as far as the Pasilyan River and connected to Cisadane. The second phase of

3577-461: The pagan kingdom of Sunda, Muhammad was eager to find fame of his own by expanding his realm. By 1596 the siege of Palembang was set in place, and when victory seemed within his grasp, a sudden tragedy happened as a cannonball struck and killed the king on his ship when he was sailing on the Musi River by the city. With the sudden death of the young monarch, Banten's expansionist policy was shattered, as

3650-440: The pepper plants in the region in a desperate effort to restore peace of the kingdom. This suicidal policy proved immensely disastrous for commerce as merchants suffered the biggest losses, so much so that merchants put pressure to the court that led to the resignation of Prince Ranamenggala in 1624 in favour of the heir to the throne, now coming of age, the 28 year old Abulmufakhir. The reign of Abu al-Mufakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir

3723-421: The port of Pomdam (Pontang), the port of Cheguide (Cigede), the port of Tamgaram ( Tangerang ), the port of Calapa ( Kelapa ), and the port of Chemano (Chi Manuk or Cimanuk), this is Sunda, because the river of Chi Manuk is the limit of both kingdoms. Now comes Java and we must speak of the kings within the hinterland. The land of Cheroboam ( Cirebon ), the land of Japura , the land of Locarj (Losari),

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3796-525: The port was the center of British trading interest in the archipelago. This time however, Banten was quite powerful enough to resist Batavian coercion, albeit not on equal footing. Banten adopted rather indirect guerilla warfare, attacking Dutch ships on the high seas by sending fireships, also launching raids and harassing farmlands around Batavia. Starting in 1656, the Chinese merchants of both Banten and Batavia brokered peace talks between two cities that led to

3869-472: The power of his kingdom, the youthful 25 year-old King Muhammad in 1596 launched a military campaign against the principality of Palembang — both by naval fleet and by land army marching through Southern Sumatra. At that time, Palembang was still a Hindu-Buddhist polity, a remnant of Majapahit overseas vassal, which was regarded by Muslim Banten as a pagan state. Inspired by his illustrious grandfather Hasanuddin and his valiant father Maulana Yusuf, that conquered

3942-408: The principal minister of state, and was built on the south side of the royal square while the great mosque on the west side. Foreigners, for the most part merchants, had to live outside the royal city, that is on either side of the delta. The international trade was accommodated in the larger western harbour where Pecinan (Chinatown), European trading post and the foreigner quarters were located, while

4015-681: The project in 1670-1672 was the development between Tanara and Pontang, including the construction of two canals and dams to irrigate new paddy fields being worked by ten thousand new settlers. The last phase, between 1675 and 1677, was the clearing and irrigation of lands between Banten and Anyer. The scale of the project was quite enormous, spanning from outskirts of Batavia to Anyer on the west coast of Java; 40 kilometres of canals were dug, at least 3 dams were built, more than 40,000 hectares of lands were transformed into sawah , about 30,000 people were resettled and large numbers of villages created, and two new towns were planned. In 1678 Sultan Ageng created

4088-525: The province is named. Before Banten province was formed in 2000, Serang city was part of West Java province. Serang has a tropical rainforest climate , with no dry season month. It faces the Java Sea , which is home to the Thousand Islands . Serang had a population of 576,961 in the 2010 census, making it the third most populous city in the province of Banten. The 2020 Census gave a total of 692,101;

4161-519: The region that in 1641 manage to capture Malacca, which led to the disperse of Portuguese merchants elsewhere. Some of them find refuge in Makassar which employed by its king to generate trade in eastern Indonesia. The 1640s was the time of peace for Banten, much appreciated by the merchants. Streams of Banten small boats sailing to Batavia supplying the Dutch city with agricultural products, from coconut oil, rattan, eggs to sugar. The English were followed by

4234-403: The region, while Cirebon stuck in the middle. Although Cirebon had never been attacked by Mataram, since 1619 Cirebon had been practically held under Mataram influences and behaved as the latter's vassal. The Sultan of Mataram tried once again to impose his suzerainty, albeit this time indirectly: he proposed his son the heir apparent be betrothed to Ageng's daughter, while actually intending her as

4307-521: The reign of the young king, Banten continued to flourish as merchants enjoyed relative freedom in trade. Pepper remained Banten's top export commodity. However, the wealth was generated by large numbers of merchants from the ports of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea that was flocking to Banten. The influx of traders filled the tax income of Banten's treasury. Feeling confident of the wealth and

4380-662: The restructuring and subdivision of a number of other residencies in Java, keeping essentially the same borders from the nineteenth century to the end of Dutch rule. It ceased to be a Dutch residency with the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942; after the war, when Indonesia gained its independence, it became the new province of Banten with essentially the same borders as the former Residency. Banten Sultanate The Banten Sultanate ( Sundanese : ᮊᮞᮥᮜ᮪ᮒᮔᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪ كسلطانن بنتن , Kasultanan Banten )

4453-560: The spice trade from the Far East up to Europe. The Portuguese and the Dutch fought fiercely for influence in Banten in the early 17th century, which erupted into a full-scale naval battle on Bay of Banten in 1601, in which the Portuguese fleet was crushed. Other Europeans were soon to follow. The English, who started to sail to the East Indies from around 1600, established a permanent trading post in Banten in 1602 under James Lancaster . In 1603,

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4526-631: The throne when he was about 40. He was already an experienced ruler as co-sovereign with his late father. During Yusuf's reign, his younger brother Pangeran Japara returned from Jepara in Central Java. The name of this prince describes that he had spent his life in Jepara , the late king Hasanuddin had entrusted his younger son under the care of Queen Kalinyamat of Jepara. Yusuf chose his young son Prince Muhammad as heir. However, not long after, Yusuf fell ill and died in 1580. The chosen successor, Prince Muhammad

4599-480: The troops retreated and sailed home. The successor, the infant and future Sultan Abulmafakhir was still a few months old, when a few months after the king's death, a new faction of European merchant fleets arrived in Banten. On 27 June 1596 Dutch trade ships led by Cornelis de Houtman , the first Dutch fleet to arrive in East Indies, landed in Banten. On its return to the Netherlands, the voyage (1595–97) generated

4672-418: The troubles which ensued to free his kingdom from any further obligations to this royal house. From the 1550s onwards the kingdom enjoyed a period of great prosperity. Trade saw a significant growth due to the flourishing trade with Portuguese Malacca , a former enemy that despite their political rivalry, saw Portuguese fleets trading in Banten for pepper. According to tradition, the development of this kingdom

4745-543: Was a Bantenese Islamic trading kingdom founded in the 16th century and centred in Banten , a port city on the northwest coast of Java ; the contemporary English name of both was Bantam . It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati , who had previously founded Cirebon . Once a great trading centre in Southeast Asia , especially of pepper , the kingdom reached its apogee in the late 16th and mid-17th centuries. By

4818-439: Was faced with a number of catastrophes in the late nineteenth century. In 1881–2 there was a cattle plague which led to widespread famine, followed by a fever epidemic which killed ten per cent of the population. The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa took a heavy toll on Bantam Residency, as the island the volcano is located on is not far from it; a number of coastal areas were destroyed, more than twenty thousand of its residents died, and

4891-467: Was held and the response was the Sultan of Banten only paid homage to one sovereign only; the Grand Shareef of Mecca. As a response for this refusal, Mataram swiftly sent a fleet of 60 ships armed troops from Cirebon to invade Banten. A naval battle took place off the coast of Tanara, midway between Banten and Batavia. The Bantenese navy took an upper hand and managed to defeat Cirebonese fleet. This naval campaign ended in disastrous defeat of Cirebon. This war

4964-405: Was managed by Hasanuddin's son, Maulana Yusuf , who had become co-sovereign with his father, following a custom long practised in the archipelago. Rapid economic development led to an increase of the urban population. Major agricultural developments to ensure food production was launched, by constructing irrigation canals, dams and the expansion of ricefields. The royal city itself had undertaken

5037-438: Was only a child of 9 years old at that time and was not come of age. Thus, this provoked the first crisis of succession, as his uncle — Pangeran Japara, was eager to replace his late brother as the new king of Banten. This created two factions in Banten's court; one led by the Prime Minister of the late Yusuf that supported Pangeran Japara, while the other faction was led by the qadi of Banten, an important religious figure and

5110-557: Was part of the educated class of Muslim legal scholars who was educated in the Middle East. In the early 16th century, Gunungjati arrived in the town of Banten Girang with the intention of spreading Islam in the then Hindu-dominated area . Gunungjati eventually became the tumenggong of the Sultanate of Cirebon in 1479, succeeding his uncle and father-in-law Prince Cakrabuana who had also founded Cirebon town in 1445. In 1482 Gunungjati sent

5183-568: Was the period of the French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies that ended the rule of Banten; the northern coast was conquered in 1808, and the rest of the former sultanate came under direct European rule when Stamford Raffles invaded it 1813. After the Dutch regained control of Java in 1816, they began to create a new Residency system; by 1819 the new Bantam Residency was divided into northern and southern Regencies which in turn were divided into districts and sub-districts. The Residency

5256-541: Was the primary buyer, while the Chinese merchants and settlers concentrated in Kelapadua village has established possibly the first sugar plantation in Java. Sugarcane has been a familiar plant in Java since ancient times, as image of sugarcane can be found in the 9th century Borobudur bas relief. However, this was the first time that the sugar reached this large plantation scale. In 1635 King Abu al-Mafakhir named his son Prince Pekik (Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad) as his co-reign. In

5329-479: Was to serve as the Banten sovereign's throne. When Hasanuddin died in 1570, the royal kingdom of Banten comprised all of Sunda, except for Cirebon and Sumedang Larang, and all of southern Sumatra , as far as Tulangbawang (modern-day Lampung ) and Bengkulu . Trade was expanding to become one of the largest in Southeast Asia. After the death of Hasanuddin in 1570 at 70 years old, Maulana Yusuf ascended

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