92-644: The Bangsamoro Cabinet is part of the local government of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao of the Philippines . It is currently being led by Chief Minister Murad Ebrahim . Ebrahim made his first set of appointments to the cabinet in February 2019 during the official turnover of the former Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao to the succeeding Bangsamoro regional government. As per
184-691: A common lineage with Sayyid Capt. Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang, both tracing their ancestry back to the Sultans of Sulu. This shared heritage fostered a close bond between the two leaders, promoting goodwill and cooperation between their respective territories. With Tun Mustapha's support, the first cadre of MNLF fighters, including figures like Al Hussein Caluang, received training in Sabah after their time in Luuk, Sulu (now known as Kalingalan Caluang). While Datu Udtog Matalam's MIM
276-533: A complete overhaul of the constitution and transition to a parliamentary government. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines per Broderick Pabillo on January 12, 2024, warns: "reject the ongoing signature campaign pushing for charter change through a people's initiative xxx the campaign offers money in exchange for their signatures." Severo Caermare echoes Pabillo (in his "Sulat Pamahayag" 14 January 2024 on "ongoing signature gathering wherein money
368-457: A constitutional assembly, and 89 respondents were in favor of shifting to a parliamentary form of government, compared to 56 who voted for federalism , and 70 respondents preferred to amend the Constitution after the 2010 presidential elections. Members of the committee on constitutional amendments would vote by the end August on whether to amend the Constitution. However, nothing came out from
460-403: A consultative body that will study and propose amendments or revisions to the constitution. However, the draft of the consultative committee will only serve as a guide for the constitutional body that will propose amendments or revisions to the Constitution. The first attempt to amend the 1987 Constitution was under President Fidel Ramos . Among the proposed changes in the constitution included
552-562: A history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the Japanese , Filipinos , Spanish , and Americans is considered by modern Moro Muslim leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation), although the term is only used in mainland Mindanao as those in the Sulu archipelago had
644-587: A large portion of the region's population. The Maguindanaons are the primary population in the Bangsamoro's Special Geographic Area in the Soccsksargen region province of Cotabato . The Tausūg , Yakan and Sama peoples are the main groups in the Sulu archipelago . There are two other main minority groups which lives in the region among the Moros; the Lumad and the settler communities. There are five main groups under
736-567: A loss in prestige as they could no longer control the Muslim lands. These politicians lost much of the capabilities they had possessed initially to manage the Muslim populace. In March 1968, fishermen in Manila Bay rescued a Muslim man named Jibin Arula from the waters. They discovered that he had suffered from gunshot wounds, and he later recounted that he was the lone survivor of what would later be termed
828-611: A much distinct culture. The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro Muslims persisted and morphed into a war for independence against the Philippine state. The Filipinos in the northern and central Philippines either volunteered or were forced to surrender the existing city-states to become a part of the Spanish regime except for the islands occupied by
920-462: A national referendum. Critics argued that the proposed constitutional changes for one would benefit the incumbent, Ramos. On September 21, 1997, a church-organized rally brought in an estimated half a million people to Rizal Park . Furthermore, on September 23, 1997, the advocates suffered a setback when the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Andres Narvasa , narrowly dismissed a petition filed by
1012-471: A plebiscite on the proposed constitutional changes by a People's Initiative. Religious, business, and political groups, and coalitions such as One Voice , opposed the proposed amendments, citing untimeliness and contending that the incumbent President and her allies would directly benefit from the proposed changes by extending the President's term of office. The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) called
SECTION 10
#17328526131981104-452: A post in his cabinet, but many of its members broke away and became the main force of the MNLF. On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines, including Muslim Mindanao, under martial law . During this tumultuous period, relationships and alliances played a critical role in shaping the events. Tun Mustapha, then Chief Minister of Sabah, shared
1196-529: A result, the proportion of indigenous peoples in Mindanao to shrink from majority in 1913 to minority by 1976. The best lands in Mindanao were given to settlers and owners of corporate agriculture, while most development investments and government services were offered to the Christian population. This caused the Muslim population to be backward and rank among the poorest in their own country. The resettlement programme
1288-418: A shift to a senatorial system and the lifting of term limits of public officials. Ramos argued that the changes will bring more accountability, continuity, and responsibility to the "gridlock"-prone Philippine version of presidential bicameral system. Some politically active religious groups, opposition politicians, business tycoons and left-wing organizations opposed the process that was supposed to lead to
1380-510: A two-part plebiscite was held: one by ARMM citizens determining whether to dissolve the ARMM and immediately replace it with the Bangsamoro and, following the approval on the first part, a second part taken by neighboring municipalities and barangays in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Cotabato regarding their cession to the Bangsamoro region. As a result of the second part of the plebiscite, 63 barangays of Cotabato province were handed over to
1472-451: A way to ensure long-lasting peace in Mindanao." Press Secretary Jesus Dureza , on August 12, 2008, stated, "It's all systems go for Charter change. We are supporting Senate Joint Resolution No. 10. Naughty insinuations that she [Arroyo] was going for Cha-cha [Charter change] because she wants to extend her term in office prompted the President to make her position clear. She is calling for a constitutional amendment ... in order to bring about
1564-532: Is Lord Movement , Butch Valdes of Philippines LaRouche Youth Movement , Jose Maria Sison of the Communist Party of the Philippines and other groups and personalities called on their followers to go home that will culminate in a major "eating rally" on December 17, 2006. A few days before the planned rally, House Speaker De Venecia retreated on the constituent assembly (con-ass) mode to give way for constitutional reform via constitutional convention (con-con):
1656-485: Is a pleasant surprise because the Senate has a long history of opposing any move to amend the Constitution." The joint Senate resolution called for the creation of 11 federal states in the country by convening of Congress "into a constituent assembly for the purpose of revising the Constitution to establish a federal system of government." Arroyo stated to visiting Swiss President Pascal Couchepin : "We advocate federalism as
1748-536: Is the case for Cebuano because of the mass arrival of Cebuano settlers to Mindanao. Tausug are at ease in speaking Cebuano, because both Tausug and Cebuano are Visayan languages . Chabacano may be the lingua franca of the natives in Sulu Archipelago, along with Tagalog, but it is the main lingua franca in Basilan. Many locals and barter traders in Sulu Archipelago can also speak Sabah Malay . See also: Malay language in
1840-478: The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM; Filipino : Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Bangsamoro sa Muslim Mindanao ; Arabic : منطقة باڠسامورو ذاتية الحكم في مينداناو المسلمة , Minṭaqah Banjisāmūrū dhātiyyah al-ḥukm ), is an autonomous region in the Philippines , located in the southwestern portion of the island of Mindanao . Replacing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM),
1932-524: The Bangsamoro Organic Law , there shall be at least one female member of the Cabinet. The interim cabinet was tasked in drafting the eight government codes of Bangsamoro. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ^ Two-part plebiscite held in two dates. The first part held on January 21, 2019, was for the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law , the charter legislation of
SECTION 20
#17328526131982024-610: The Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Trade and Industry also are calling for economic liberalization. The resolution made it through two readings in the House of Representatives but did not have a third reading . During the May 2016 election, Rodrigo Duterte stated in May 2016 that a plebiscite on the proposed replacement of the unitary state with a federal one will be held in two years. After winning, Duterte proposed to revive
2116-488: The Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao, and the native Moro Muslims waged an insurgency against the Japanese . Three years later, in 1945, combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth Army troops liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local guerrilla units, ultimately defeated the Japanese forces occupying the region. Under pressure to resolve agrarian unrest in various parts of
2208-756: The Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Employers Confederation of the Philippines, these were opposed by the Makati Business Club . Sigaw ng Bayan (Cry of the People), led by former Consultative Commission member Atty. Raul Lambino, and Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines campaigned in 2005–2006 for the amendments proposed by the Consultative Commission. Sigaw ng Bayan aimed to gather enough signatures to call for
2300-701: The Philippine government and several autonomist groups; in particular the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), which rejected the validity of the ARMM and called for the creation of a region with more powers devolved from the national government. A framework agreement known as the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro was negotiated between the national government and the MILF in 2014. After continued negotiations and debates over certain provisions,
2392-496: The Special Geographic Area (SGA), despite North Cotabato and their respective parent municipalities not being under the administrative jurisdiction of the autonomous region. The barangays were reconstituted into eight municipalities following a plebiscite on April 13, 2024 . Additionally Sulu province was de facto part of Bangsamoro from 2019 to 2024. † 63 barangays of Cotabato province are part of
2484-480: The Sultanate of Sulu was founded, and not long after that, the sultanates of Maguindanao and Buayan were also established. At the time when most of the Philippines was under Spanish rule , these sultanates maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on Spanish coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. It
2576-554: The Supreme Court ruled against the constitutionality of the inclusion of Sulu in BARMM due to the simple majority of residents voting against the province's inclusion in the region during the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite . The status of which administrative region Sulu belongs to is unclear although the Commission on Elections en banc had the consensus that Sulu should revert to
2668-533: The Zamboanga Peninsula , the region it belonged to prior its inclusion in the ARMM back in 1989. Bangsamoro consists of five provinces, three component cities , 116 municipalities , and 2,490 barangays . The city of Isabela , despite being part of Basilan , is not under the administrative jurisdiction of the autonomous region. Likewise, 63 barangays in North Cotabato also are part of Bangsamoro as
2760-406: The administration of President Bongbong Marcos , several legislators have put forward proposals to amend the provisions of the constitution. In the 19th Congress , members of the House of Representatives filed several proposals to amend the sections of the constitution regarding economic, political, and judicial reforms. Meanwhile, in the Senate, several of its members rejected proposals to amend
2852-611: The " Jabidah Massacre ." According to Jibin Arula's account, the Marcos administration had gathered a group of Tausūg recruits for an operation called "Project Merdeka" ( merdeka being the Malay "freedom"). The military began training them on the island of Corregidor to form a secret commando unit called Jabidah , which would destabilize and take over Sabah . The trainees eventually rejected their mission, for reasons that are still debated by historians today. Jibin Arula said that whatever
Bangsamoro Cabinet - Misplaced Pages Continue
2944-484: The "Homestead Program," which was meant to encourage migration of landless populations from non-Muslim areas of the country into the Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao. Lanao and Cotabato in particular saw an influx of migrants from Luzon and Visayas . This influx of migrants led to tensions about land ownership and disenfranchisement of Lumads and Muslims, because the mostly-Christian migrants established claims on
3036-492: The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines . RBH 7 removes the 40% foreign ownership limit for public utilities, education and advertising firms. Resolution of Both Houses No. 6, is still pending in the Philippine Senate Committee on Constitutional Amendments and Revision of Codes . RBH No. 6 and RBH No. 7 are both entitled, “A Resolution of Both Houses of Congress proposing amendments to certain economic provisions of
3128-530: The ARMM to BARMM took place on February 26, 2019, which meant the full abolition of the former. The inauguration of BARMM and the inaugural session of the Bangsamoro Parliament took place on March 29, 2019. Murad Ebrahim took office as the region's first chief minister. In 2020, the Bangsamoro parliament requested that the BTA be extended for an additional three years past 2022, to allow further time for
3220-537: The Ansar El Islam (Helpers of Islam) along with Sayyid Sharif Capt. Kalingalan Caluang ,Rashid Lucman, Salipada Pendatun, Hamid Kamlian, Udtog Matalam, and Atty. Macapantun Abbas Jr. Accordingly, "it is a mass movement for the preservation and development of Islam in the Philippines". The advocacy of Ansar El Islam would, later on, inspire the creation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and
3312-460: The BARMM was formed with the ratification of its basic law, the Bangsamoro Organic Law , following a two-part legally binding plebiscite in Western Mindanao held on January 21 and February 6, 2019. The ratification was confirmed a few days later on January 25 by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). The establishment of Bangsamoro was the culmination of several years of peace talks between
3404-472: The BOL was "deemed ratified" on January 25, 2019. The provincial government of Sulu , where majority voted against inclusion, was also not in favor of the law, with its governor challenging the constitutionality of the law before the Supreme Court . Despite voting against inclusion, Sulu was still included in the Bangsamoro region due to rules stated in the BOL, sparking outrage from residents. In February 2019,
3496-595: The Bangsamoro Juridical Entity. An opportunity should be given to the whole country to avail of the reform effects of federalism. The sentiment of many people there is to give local officials more authority in order to perform better. And the federal set-up is the way forward to this. The President has approved the way forward and there's no question about it. If she has the political will to do it she has to muster political will in spite of all these noises." Representative Victor Ortega of La Union , chairman of
3588-589: The Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO), which later joined forces with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Cotabato governor Datu Udtog Matalam saw the anger of the Muslim people of Mindanao and established the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), which openly called for the secession of the region to create a Muslim state. The MIM did not last long because Datu Udtog Matalam negotiated with Marcos and accepted
3680-502: The Bangsamoro by a sheer majority, with one town even voting for inclusion by 100%. A major camp of the MILF was within the Muslim areas of Lanao del Norte. With the ratification of the BOL following the plebiscite on January 21, 2019, the abolition process of the ARMM began, paving way for the setting up of the Bangsamoro autonomous region. Under the BOL, a transitional body, the Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA),
3772-417: The Bangsamoro government, adding to the autonomous region's territory. The Bangsamoro took the place of the ARMM as the only Muslim-majority autonomous region in the Philippines. Currently in transition until 2025, the Bangsamoro government has been considered a testing ground for the wider debate on constitutional reform and federalism in the Philippines . On September 9, 2024, the Supreme Court of
Bangsamoro Cabinet - Misplaced Pages Continue
3864-489: The Bangsamoros struggled with their economy, land, and ownership, and the persistence of hostile and unjust actions compared to the Christian communities in Mindanao. As an effect of the resettlement, traditional Muslim leaders (also referred as datu ) were also voted out during the polls as Christians, who made up a significant majority of the voters, preferred the Christian politicians over them. These local datus suffered
3956-469: The Congress of the Philippines created and ratified a basic law for the region, now referred to as the Bangsamoro Organic Law ; the bill was signed into law on July 26, 2018. Despite questions on the region's constitutionality, as it would have adopted a parliamentary system in an area of a country with a presidential system of government, no judicial ruling was made against the organic law and consequently
4048-618: The Filipino value of communal work) by Duterte and the consultative committee, the proposed federal charter includes an amendment that aims to prohibit elected officials from switching political parties during the first and last two years of their term, as a response to turncoat behavior. Also included are provisions that seek to ban political dynasties, barring "persons related within the second civil degree of consanguinity or affinity" from running for public office "simultaneously for more than one national and one regional or local position." Under
4140-496: The House committee on constitutional amendments, said that his survey showed that 115 (94.26%) of the 123 solons were in favor of amending the Constitution. However, opposition and leftist lawmakers questioned the results and intent of Ortega's survey and called Arroyo's proposal a ploy for her "perpetuation in power" and the removal of protectionist provisions in the Charter. The survey showed 62 respondents favored constitutional reform by
4232-476: The House of Representatives "Resolution of Both Houses No. 1". This "simple legislation as the means to amend" would only require approval by both Houses voting separately. All proposed amendment methods must be ratified by a majority vote in a national referendum . While no amendment to the 1987 Constitution has succeeded, there have been several high-profile attempts since the Ramos administration . None reached
4324-662: The House, Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. , filed Resolution of Both Houses No. 1, pushing for economic liberalization. The resolution would add five words to seven economic provisions in the Constitution: "unless otherwise provided by law." The seven provisions are Section 2, Art. XII on exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources; Section 3, Art. XII on alienable lands on the public domain; Section 7, Art. XII on conveyance of private lands; Section 10, Art. XII on reserved investments; Section 11, Art. XII on grant of franchises, certificates, or any other forms of authorization for
4416-777: The Lumads, the largest of which are the Teduray . The settlers are primarily Christian which includes various ethnic groups such as the Tagalog , the Ilocanos , the Visayans , the Zamboangueños , and the Chinese . The Moro and Lumad speak their native languages. Non-native languages spoken are Ilocano , Chabacano , Hiligaynon , Cebuano , and Tagalog , of which the latter two serve as lingua francas . This
4508-403: The MILF. Then Lanao del Sur congressman Rashid Lucman called for Congress to begin proceedings to impeach President Marcos after the exposé implied that Marcos was ultimately responsible for the massacre. When his proposal didn't get enough congressional support, he became convinced that Muslims should rule themselves in Muslim Mindanao - a conviction which led him to eventually establish
4600-648: The Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD). The agreement would be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court many weeks later. The deal would have led to the creation of the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE). Under the administration of President Benigno Aquino III , two deals were agreed upon between the national government and the MILF: the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro , which
4692-666: The Moro separatist movement. On December 23, 1976, the Tripoli Agreement was signed between the Philippine government and the MNLF with the deal brokered by then-Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi . Under a deal an autonomous region was to be created in Mindanao. Marcos would later implement the agreement by creating two regional autonomous governments, rather than one, in Regions 9 and 12, which cover ten (instead of thirteen) provinces. This led to
SECTION 50
#17328526131984784-633: The Muslims in the southern Philippines. The three-century rule of the Spaniards did not result in the full conquest of the archipelago due to the resistance of the Moros. The violence and brutality of the Spaniards in their attempts to suppress the Moro groups have resulted in killing numerous families and setting villages on fire. The United States' Insular Government of the Philippine Islands had only been in existence for two years in 1903 when it initiated
4876-500: The Nene Pimentel Senate Resolution, Puentevella included the option of holding a constitutional convention but excluded a People's Initiative. Prospero Nograles , a self-proclaimed advocate of federalism , announced on May 1, 2008: "This federal system of government is close to my heart as a Mindanaoan leader and I'm sure most of the leaders in Mindanao will agree that we have long clamored for it. Senate Resolution 10
4968-542: The People's Initiative for Reform, Modernization and Action (PIRMA), which sought to amend the Constitution through a signature campaign or People's Initiative. The Supreme Court dismissed the petition on the grounds that the People's Initiative mode does not have enough enabling law for the proposed revisions or amendments in the 1987 constitution. Had the petition been successful, a national plebiscite would have been held for proposed changes. Under President Joseph Estrada , there
5060-638: The Philippines Between the ratification of the BOL and the inauguration of its first permanent government in 2025, the BTA will head the region. After the ratification of the BOL, the Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC) begins to transition the ARMM into the BARMM. Constitutional reform in the Philippines Constitutional reform in the Philippines , colloquially known as charter change ( cha-cha ), refers to
5152-557: The Philippines , voting unanimously, mostly upheld the constitutionality of the Bangsamoro Organic Law but declared the province of Sulu to not be part of the autonomous region because of its simple majority vote against its inclusion therein during the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite . The recently coined term Bangsamoro is derived from the Old Malay word bangsa (" race " or "nation") and Moro (the collective term for
5244-456: The Philippines. Some Muslim groups turned to extortion and violence to protect their land and avoid being displaced. These activities prevented the Muslims from easily integrating with the rest of the country. The Philippine government did not immediately recognize Islamic laws which resulted in the system of education and the socioeconomic development of the Muslims. Children studying in public schools were forced to learn about Christianity while
5336-409: The arrival of the Spanish, who began to colonize most of the Philippines in 1565. Majority of Mindanao was the homeland of indigenous Lumad groups, who were neither Christians nor Muslims . Muslim merchant arrived in Tawi-Tawi in 1380 and started doing business while also preaching Islam teaching to the native of the area which led to the conversion of the native population to Islam . In 1457,
5428-416: The cha-cha process "anti-masses". On October 25, 2006, the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban , by a vote of 8–7, rejected Sigaw ng Bayan's initiative on two grounds: In November 2006, the Supreme Court denied with finality Sigaw ng Bayan's motions for reconsideration of the court's October 25, 2006, decision. In December 2006, House Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr. attempted to push for
5520-410: The collapse of the peace pact and the resumption of hostilities between the MNLF and Philippine government forces . In signing the 1976 Tripoli Agreement, however, Misuari did not consult one of the MNLF's key commanders, Salamat Hashim . Salamat formed a splinter faction along with 57 other MNLF ground commanders, which then became the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). A year after Marcos
5612-413: The commission proposed revisions to the 1987 constitution relating to a shift to a unicameral parliamentary form of government; economic liberalization ; further decentralization of national government, and more empowerment of local governments through a transition to a parliamentary- federal government system. While constitutional reform and "opening up" of the Philippine economy were supported by
SECTION 60
#17328526131985704-447: The constitution, with Senate President Migz Zubiri stating that it was "too controversial" as the administration was just starting. Other key officials of the Marcos administration have also expressed support for charter change. Chief Presidential Legal Counsel Juan Ponce Enrile has proposed to scrap the current constitution and form a constitutional assembly. Meanwhile, former National Security Adviser Clarita Carlos has pushed for
5796-400: The constitutional change process by convening the House of Representatives of the Philippines and the Senate of the Philippines into a Constituent Assembly , or " con-ass ," one of the three modes by which the 1987 Constitution could be amended. Former President Joseph Estrada ; left-wing organizations such as BAYAN , Bro. Mike Velarde of El Shaddai , Bro. Eddie Villanueva of Jesus
5888-434: The country and noting that Mindanao was rich in mineral resources and weather favorable to agriculture, later Philippine presidents continued the promotion of migration which the American colonial government began in 1903. Massive arrivals of non-Muslim migrants happened particularly during the Commonwealth period under President Manuel Quezon and later under right-wing presidents Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos . As
5980-421: The land, whereas the native peoples of Mindanao didn't have a land titling system in place at the time. This US-led Homestead Program, which was later continued or copied by Philippine administrations after independence, is therefore often cited as one of the root-causes of what would later become the larger Moro conflict . In 1942, during the early stages of the Pacific War of the Second World War, troops of
6072-435: The only Muslim-majority provinces at the time. A plebiscite was held in 1989 for the ratification of the charter which created the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), with Zacaria Candao, a counsel of the MNLF as the first elected regional governor. On September 2, 1996, a final peace deal was signed between the MNLF and the Philippine government under President Fidel Ramos . MNLF leader and founder Nur Misuari
6164-408: The only mode of constitutional reform that many anti-constitutional reform groups said they will support. Speaker De Venecia "challenged" everyone to support his new proposal for the election of constitutional convention delegates to be held on the same day as the May 2007 local elections. Despite the concessions made by Speaker De Venecia, opponents ignored his new proposal and still pushed through with
6256-414: The operation of public entity; Section 4 (2), Art. XIV on ownership of educational institutions; and Section 11 (1 and 2), Art. XVI on ownership and management of mass media and on the policy for engagement in the advertising industry. Supporting economic liberalism are business groups such as the Foundation for Economic Freedom, Arangkada Philippines, and the Makati Business Club. Governmental agencies like
6348-497: The political and legal processes needed to amend the current 1987 Constitution of the Philippines . Under the common interpretation of the Constitution, amendments can be proposed by one of three methods: a people's initiative , a constituent assembly or a constitutional convention . A fourth method, by both houses passing a joint concurrent resolution with a supermajority of at least 75%, has been proposed by House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte Jr. who subsequently submitted to
6440-473: The presidency of Aquino's successor, Rodrigo Duterte , a new draft for the BBL was made and became legislated into law as the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) in 2018. A plebiscite to ratify the BOL was held on January 21, 2019, with a majority of ARMM voters deciding for the ratification of the law. Voters in Cotabato City voted to join the new autonomous region, while voters in Isabela City voted against inclusion. The Commission on Elections proclaimed that
6532-476: The proposal. Under President Benigno Aquino III several proposals were put forth by different members of Congress. Senate Resolution No. 10, by Senator Pimentel, called for constitutional reform to convert to a federal republic. Cagayan de Oro Representative Rufus Rodriguez and Abante Mindanao (ABAMIN) party-list Representative Maximo Rodriguez Jr. filed a bill pushing for a federal and parliamentary government, in addition to economic liberalization. Speaker of
6624-508: The proposed constitutional changes would be self-serving. Again, the government was accused of pushing constitutional reform for its own vested interests. During the term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , multiple attempts were made to change the 1987 Constitution. Arroyo issued Executive Order No. 453 in August 2005 to create the Consultative Commission, headed by Dr. José Abueva . After holding consultations with different sectors of society,
6716-464: The proposed form of Nene Pimentel. On December 7, 2016, President Duterte signed Executive Order No. 10 creating a consultative committee (ConCom) to review the 1987 Constitution. Then on July 3, 2018, the ConCom unanimously approved the draft constitution through voting. It was submitted to the President on or before July 9 of the same year. Referred to as the " Bayanihan Constitution" (referring to
6808-412: The rally of less than an estimated 15,000 protesters. In the "eating rally," the religious leaders called on the whole nation to embrace "electric post," "face removal," and "character change" instead of systematic changes such as constitutional reform. Monico O. Puentevella on May 7, 2008, filed House Concurrent Resolution No. 15, which supported Senate Resolution No. 10 backed by 16 senators . Unlike
6900-614: The ratification by referendum stage. The Supreme Court ruled in 1997 that the People's Initiative method of amending the constitution is "fatally defective", or inoperable. Another ruling in 2006 on another attempt at a People's Initiative was ruled unconstitutional by the court This only leaves the Constituent Assembly and the Constitutional Convention as the valid ways to amend the constitution. The President, through official proclamation or executive order, may create
6992-454: The reasons behind their objections, all of the recruits aside from him were killed, and he escaped only by pretending to be dead. Marcos loyalist Juan Ponce Enrile , who served as Justice Secretary and Defense Minister during the Marcos administration , claimed this was a hoax, which was reputed as fake news and an attempt "absolve him (Enrile) of his crimes as the architect of martial law". In Lanao del Sur, Domocao Alonto established
7084-520: The region while the second part was to determine the final possible expanded scope of the region's territory. January 21, 2019, is recognized as the "Bangsamoro Foundation Day" as per the Bangsamoro Administrative Code. ^ Effective dissolution of the predecessor autonomous region, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and turnover of governance to the interim body, Bangsamoro Transition Authority . Bangsamoro , officially
7176-484: The region. As per the organic law, the people "at the advent of the Spanish colonization , were considered natives or original inhabitants of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago and its adjacent islands, shall have the right to identify themselves, their spouses and descendants" as part of the Bangsamoro people. The Moro people are an umbrella term for ethnic groups who are mainly Muslim. The Maranaos and Iranun form
7268-526: The second round of the plebiscite was held in the province of Lanao del Norte and some towns in North Cotabato . The plebiscite resulted in the inclusion of 63 of 67 barangays in North Cotabato that participated. It also resulted in the rejection from the province of Lanao del Norte against the bid of six of its Muslim-majority towns to join the Bangsamoro, despite the six towns ( Baloi , Munai , Nunungan , Pantar , Tagoloan and Tangcal ) opting to join
7360-399: The transition. On October 28, 2021, Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11593, postponing BARMM's first regular parliamentary elections from 2022 to 2025. The law also extended the transition period of the Bangsamoro until 2025. Following a plebiscite on September 17, 2022 , Maguindanao was split into two provinces; Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte . On September 9, 2024,
7452-400: The various predominantly Muslim ethnic groups in the Philippines, from Spanish moro , " Moor " ). For the most part of Philippines' history, the region and most of Mindanao have been a separate territory, which enabled it to develop its own culture and identity. The westernmost and west-central areas have been the traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since the 15th century, even before
7544-616: Was a similar attempt to change the 1987 constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development. Unlike Constitutional Reform under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal, according to its proponents, would amend only the restrictive economic provisions of the constitution that are considered to impede the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines. There were, once again, objections from opposition politicians, religious sects and left-wing organizations based on diverse arguments such as national patrimony and
7636-504: Was already defunct, one of its former members, Nur Misuari , established the MNLF a month after the declaration of Martial Law, on October 21, 1972. Proclamation 1081 dissolved the various political groups that had been previously established in the Moro provinces, and with the MIM having already been dissolved, Marcos' declaration of martial law effectively assured the MNLF, which was more radical than its predecessors, would come to dominate
7728-408: Was elected regional governor three days after the agreement. Another plebiscite was held in 2001 for the expansion of the region, with the city of Marawi and the province of Basilan (excluding Isabela ) joining the region. In 1996, peace talks between the Philippine government and MNLF's rival group, the MILF, began. The first deal between the national government and the MILF was made in 2008:
7820-591: Was formulated but failed to gain traction to become law, owing in part to the Mamasapano clash that occurred in January 2015 that involved the murder of 44 mostly-Christian Special Action Force (SAF) personnel by allegedly combined forces of the MILF and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) after an operation to kill Malaysian militant Zulkifli Abdhir , known by the alias "Marwan". Under
7912-410: Was not entirely peaceful as some settlers managed to obtain land from the native Muslims through harassment and other violent efforts which drove the Muslims out of their own lands. The Muslims felt alienated by the Philippine government and felt threatened by the migrants' economic and political domination in their own homeland, the same way the Lumads were displaced centuries ago when Islam arrived in
8004-598: Was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish suzerainty , but these areas remained loosely controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato , until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War . The Moros had
8096-568: Was offered to the voters") joined by his hundred priests of the Diocese of Dipolog said that "a people’s initiative not coming from the people and without prior consultation may only end up favoring a few interests." On March 19, 2024, the Philippine House Committee on Constitutional Amendments approved on third and final reading "Resolution of Both Houses No. 7" the economic charter change (Cha-cha), that will amend economic provisions in
8188-446: Was organized pending the election of the new region's government officials in 2022. The second part of the plebiscite held on February 6, 2019, expanded the scope of the future Bangsamoro region to include 63 barangays in North Cotabato. The members of the BTA took their oaths on February 22, 2019, along with the ceremonial confirmation of the plebiscite results of both the January 21, and February 6, 2019, votes. The official turnover from
8280-547: Was ousted from power during the People Power Revolution , the government under President Corazon Aquino signed the 1987 Jeddah Accord in Saudi Arabia with the MNLF, agreeing to hold further discussions on the proposal for autonomy to the entirety of Mindanao and not just the thirteen provinces stated in the 1976 Tripoli Agreement. In 1989, however, an act establishing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
8372-411: Was passed. The MNLF demanded that the thirteen Tripoli Agreement provinces, majority of which were Christian provinces, be included in the ARMM, but the government refused; eight of those provinces were predominantly Christian . Shortly thereafter, the government held only four provinces as only Lanao del Sur , Maguindanao , Sulu and Tawi-tawi voted to be included in the ARMM. The four provinces were
8464-467: Was signed on October 15, 2012, and the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro , on March 27, 2014, which included plans regarding the establishment of a new autonomous region. In 2012, Aquino announced intentions to establish a new autonomous political entity to be named Bangsamoro to replace the ARMM , which he called a "failed experiment". Under his administration, a draft for a Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)
#197802