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45-521: Bang Pakong District's name comes from the Bang Pakong River . The area has many industrial estates, including the huge gas- and oil-fired Bang Pakong Power Station, and a 180 rai Carabao energy drink production center. Bang Pakong district was established in 1907. The first temporary district office was a building within the Wat Bon Khongkharam. In 1908 the government moved the office to

90-734: A hydrofoil . Some have a mouth that can expand to a large size and contains no incisiform teeth; catfish generally feed through suction or gulping rather than biting and cutting prey. Some families, though, notably the Loricariidae and Astroblepidae , have a suckermouth that allows them to fasten themselves to objects in fast-moving water. Catfish also have a maxilla reduced to a support for barbels ; this means that they are unable to protrude their mouths as other fish such as carp . Catfish may have up to four pairs of barbels - nasal, maxillary (on each side of mouth), and two pairs of chin barbels, though pairs of barbels may be absent depending on

135-459: A bullhead catfish by the nickname "chucklehead", while in another state or region, that nickname refers to the blue catfish. Representatives of the genus Ictalurus have been introduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting and food resource, but the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters and have only increased

180-478: A defense, these spines may be locked into place so that they stick outwards, enabling them to inflict severe wounds. In numerous catfish species, these fin rays can be used to deliver a stinging protein if the fish is irritated; as many as half of all catfish species may be venomous in this fashion, making the Siluriformes overwhelmingly the vertebrate order with the largest number of venomous species. This venom

225-474: A diverse group of ray-finned fish . Named for their prominent barbels , which resemble a cat 's whiskers , catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia , the wels catfish of Eurasia , and the piraíba of South America , to detritivores (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called

270-495: A juvenile obaichthyid lepisosteiform , possibly a junior synonym of Obaichthys . The authors of the original study still stood by their original conclusion based on the absence of important holostean characters, and noted that it could not be a juvenile, since the bones were completely ossified. The taxonomy of catfish is quickly changing. In a 2007 and 2008 paper, Horabagrus , Phreatobius , and Conorhynchos were not classified under any current catfish families. There

315-475: A new energy drink production center in Bang Pakong District in mid-2018. The 8.7 billion baht, 180 rai facility includes a glass bottle plant, an aluminum can plant, and a bottling plant. Bottle production will increase to 1.6 billion bottles per year, up from 1 billion, and can production will increase from 800 million per year to 1.5 billion. Future plans include a fourth factory on the site. Bang Pakong

360-826: A rate three times faster than that of the past century. In June 2005, researchers named the newest family of catfish, Lacantuniidae , only the third new family of fish distinguished in the last seventy years, the others being the coelacanth in 1938 and the megamouth shark in 1983. The new species in Lacantuniidae , Lacantunia enigmatica , was found in the Lacantun river in the Mexican state of Chiapas . The higher-level phylogeny of Siluriformes has gone through several recent changes, mainly due to molecular phylogenetic studies. While most studies, both morphological and molecular, agree that catfishes are arranged into three main lineages ,

405-536: A result of long branch attraction , incorrectly placing Loricarioidei as the earliest-branching catfish lineage. When a data filtering method was used to reduce lineage rate heterogeneity (the potential source of bias) on their dataset, a final phylogeny was recovered which showed the Diplomystidae are the earliest-branching catfish, followed by Loricarioidei and Siluroidei as sister lineages, providing both morphological and molecular support for Diplomystidae being

450-688: A result of its economy declining, the inhabitants of Sri Phalo relocated south to Bang Pla Soi along the Gulf of Thailand. Construction of Sukhimvit road erased the town's eastern wall. 13°26′50″N 100°56′53″E  /  13.4471°N 100.948°E  / 13.4471; 100.948 This article related to a river in Thailand is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Catfish Extant families: Extinct family: Catfish (or catfishes ; order Siluriformes / s ɪ ˈ lj ʊər ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / or Nematognathi ) are

495-557: Is Phreatobius cisternarum , known to live underground in phreatic habitats. Numerous species from the families Ariidae and Plotosidae , and a few species from among the Aspredinidae and Bagridae , are found in salt water. In the Southern United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names, such as "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads". These nicknames are not standardized, so one area may call

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540-750: Is a river in east Thailand . The river originates at the confluence of the Phra Prong River and the Hanuman River near Kabin Buri , Prachinburi Province . It empties after 231 kilometres into the Gulf of Thailand at the northeastern tip of the Bay of Bangkok . The watershed of the Bang Pakong is about 17,000 square kilometres (6,600 sq mi). The river powers a power station near its mouth, near Highway 7. To protect

585-651: Is also proposed that the name may have a Khmer origin as a mixture of "Bang" in Thai, meaning "estuary community", and the word "Bongkong" (បង្កង) in Khmer meaning " prawn ". Overall, it means "the river full of prawn". Moreover, this river is known locally in Chachoengsao Province as Jolo River (แม่น้ำโจ้โล้, Chinese : 左鲈河 , pinyin : zuǒ lú hé ), from the Teochew name for the barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ) because of

630-471: Is believed to be distorted from the word "Bang Mangkong" (บางมังกง), refers to "place of Mangkong", for "Mangong" is Thai word meaning long whiskers catfish ( Mystus gulio ), a species of brackish water catfish that used to be found in this river. This name has been mentioned in Sunthorn Phu 's poem Nirat Mueang Klaeng (นิราศเมืองแกลง, "journey to Klaeng") since early Rattanakosin period. Anyway, it

675-593: Is disagreement on the family status of certain groups; for example, Nelson (2006) lists Auchenoglanididae and Heteropneustidae as separate families, while the All Catfish Species Inventory (ACSI) includes them under other families. FishBase and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists Parakysidae as a separate family, while this group is included under Akysidae by both Nelson (2006) and ACSI. Many sources do not list

720-456: Is divided into 12 sub-districts ( tambons ), which are further subdivided into 99 administrative villages ( muban ). There are 10 sub-district municipalities ( thesaban tambons ) in the district: There are six sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district: Bang Pakong River The Bang Pakong ( Thai : แม่น้ำบางปะกง , RTGS :  Maenam Bang Pakong , pronounced [mɛ̂ː.náːm bāːŋ pā.kōŋ] )

765-476: Is produced by glandular cells in the epidermal tissue covering the spines. In members of the family Plotosidae and of the genus Heteropneustes , this protein is so strong it may hospitalize humans who receive a sting; in Plotosus lineatus , the stings can be lethal. The dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines are two of the most conspicuous features of siluriforms, and differ from those in other fish groups. Despite

810-570: Is usually considered to be the earliest branching catfish lineage and the sister group to the other two lineages, Loricarioidei and Siluroidei. Molecular evidence usually contrasts with this hypothesis, and shows the suborder Loricarioidei as the earliest branching catfish lineage, and sister to a clade that includes the Diplomystidae and Siluroidei; this phylogeny has been obtained in numerous studies based on genetic data. However, it has been suggested that these molecular results are errors as

855-776: The Cypriniformes (carps and minnows), Characiformes (characins and tetras), Gonorynchiformes (milkfish and beaked salmons) and Gymnotiformes (South American knifefish), a superorder characterized by the Weberian apparatus . Some place Gymnotiformes as a sub-order of Siluriformes; however, this is not as widely accepted. Currently, the Siluriformes are said to be the sister group to the Gymnotiformes, though this has been debated due to more recent molecular evidence. As of 2007 there were about thirty-six extant catfish families, and about 3,093 extant species have been described. This makes

900-576: The Irrawaddy dolphins , fishermen on the Bang Pakong River have been persuaded by authorities to stop shrimping and 30 to 40 fishing boats have been modified so they can offer dolphin sightseeing tours. Endangered sheatfish Ceratoglanis pachynema is endemic to the Bang Pakong. Dvaravati settlements include Muang Phra Rot, Dong Si Maha Phot, Dong Lakhon, and Ban Khu Muang. Dvaravati coins have been found at U-Tapao. Its name "Bang Pakong"

945-766: The Late Cretaceous , including the Andinichthyidae , Vorhisia vulpes and possibly Arius . A potential fossil record is known from the earlier Coniacian - Santonian stages in Niger of West Africa , though this has been considered unreliable, and the putative earliest armored catfish known from the fossil record, Afrocascudo , lived during the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous in Morocco of North Africa ( Kem Kem Group ). The describers of Afrocascudo claimed that

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990-418: The candiru , Vandellia cirrhosa . Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and swimbladder . Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly

1035-510: The Americas. They are the only ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in Madagascar , Australia, and New Guinea . They are found in fresh water/ brackish water environments, though most inhabit shallow, running water. Representatives of at least eight families are hypogean (live underground) with three families that are also troglobitic (inhabiting caves). One such species

1080-515: The abundance of this species of fish. Famous temples along the river include Wat Pak Nam Jolo and Wat Sothonwararam with Wat Saman Rattanaram . Located in modern-day Na Phra That Subdistrict in Phanat Nikhom District , Chonburi province, the city of Mueang Phra Rot (Phra That Noen That) was established closed to the Bang Pakong river's mouth during the Dvaravati period. The city was in

1125-538: The ariid catfish, where the young retain yolk sacs late into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may have elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns. Sexual dimorphism is reported in about half of all families of catfish. The modification of the anal fin into an intromittent organ (in internal fertilizers) as well as accessory structures of the reproductive apparatus (in both internal and external fertilizers) have been described in species belonging to 11 different families. Catfish have one of

1170-464: The armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor of doradids , Sisor , and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied lateral line ossicles with dorsal and ventral lamina . All catfish other than members of the Malapteruridae ( electric catfish ), possess a strong, hollow, bony, leading spine-like ray on their dorsal and pectoral fins . As

1215-492: The bank of the Bang Pakong River in Tambon Tha Sa-an, which is still the location today. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Ban Pho of Chachoengsao Province, Phan Thong and Mueang Chon Buri of Chon Buri province , the Bay of Bangkok , and Samut Prakan province . The important water resource is the Bang Pakong River , which empties into the Bay of Bangkok . The Bang Na-Trat Highway runs through

1260-508: The catfish order the second or third most diverse vertebrate order; in fact, one out of every twenty vertebrate species is a catfish. Catfish are believed to have a Gondwanan origin primarily centered around South America, as the most basal living catfish groups are known from there. The earliest known definitive members lived in the Americas from the Campanian to Maastrichtian stages of

1305-532: The district. The Marine Department of Thailand's Transport Ministry commissioned a 6.9 million baht study in 2019 which focuses on dredging a section of the 231 kilometre-long Bang Pakong River in the district. The study is to be completed by January 2020. The purpose of the proposed development is to enable the shipment of goods from Prachinburi and Sa Kaeo as part of the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) project. Carabao Group completed work on

1350-1524: The earliest branching catfish. Below is a list of family relationships by different authors. Lacantuniidae is included in the Sullivan scheme based on recent evidence that places it sister to Claroteidae . Phylogeny of living Siluriformes based on 2017 and extinct families based on Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016. † Andinichthyidae Nematogenyidae [REDACTED] Trichomycteridae [REDACTED] Callichthyidae [REDACTED] Astroblepidae [REDACTED] Loricariidae [REDACTED] Diplomystidae † Bachmanniidae † Hypsidoridae Cetopsidae [REDACTED] Siluridae [REDACTED] Pangasiidae Mochokidae [REDACTED] Claroteidae Plotosidae Ictaluridae [REDACTED] Clariidae [REDACTED] Ailiidae Sisoridae [REDACTED] Bagridae [REDACTED] Aspredinidae Doradidae [REDACTED] Auchenipteridae [REDACTED] Heptapteridae [REDACTED] Pseudopimelodidae [REDACTED] Pimelodidae [REDACTED] Unassigned families: Extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except Antarctica . Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another. They are most diverse in tropical South America, Asia, and Africa, with one family native to North America and one family in Europe. More than half of all catfish species live in

1395-429: The ecological pressure on native European fauna . Walking catfish have also been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida, with the voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there. Flathead catfish , Pylodictis olivaris , is also a North American pest on Atlantic slope drainages. Pterygoplichthys species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also established feral populations in many warm waters around

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1440-463: The end of Phra Rot in the 11th century. The settlement was located near the river's mouth and became a wealthy port and fishing town as such. Sri Phalo served as a stopping point for Khmer, Vietnamese and Chinese barques before they ventured into the Chao Phraya river . But during the 1300s, its prominence declined as the mouth of the Bang Pakong became shallower and moved away from the settlement. As

1485-439: The former ranges throughout Europe, and the latter is restricted to Greece . Mythology and literature record wels catfish of astounding proportions yet are to be proven scientifically. The typical size of the species is about 1.2–1.6 m (3.9–5.2 ft), and fish more than 2 m (6.6 ft) are rare. However, they are known to exceed 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in length and 100 kg (220 lb) in weight. In July 2009,

1530-487: The genus Corydoras , are important in the aquarium hobby . Many catfish are nocturnal , but others (many Auchenipteridae ) are crepuscular or diurnal (most Loricariidae or Callichthyidae , for example). Molecular evidence suggests that in spite of the great morphological diversity in the order, all catfish form a monophyletic group. Catfish belong to a superorder called the Ostariophysi , which also includes

1575-456: The genus is possible. As far as known for most catfish, features that are often characteristic of species, such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths, show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation pattern is also similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfish generally resemble and develop smoothly into their adult form without distinct juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are

1620-404: The largest ranges in size within a single order of bony fish . Many catfish have a maximum length of under 12 cm (4.7 in). Some of the smallest species of the Aspredinidae and Trichomycteridae reach sexual maturity at only 1 cm (0.39 in). The wels catfish , Silurus glanis , and the much smaller related Aristotle's catfish , are the only catfish indigenous to Europe ;

1665-566: The order. In loricarioids and in the Asian genus Sisor , the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of free dermal plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens of Lithodoras . These plates may be supported by vertebral processes , as in scoloplacids and in Sisor , but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family Amphiliidae ) and in hoplomyzontines ( Aspredinidae ),

1710-467: The presence of a Weberian apparatus . Their well-developed Weberian apparatus and reduced gas bladder allow for improved hearing and sound production. Catfish do not have scales ; their bodies are often naked. In some species, their mucus -covered skin is used in cutaneous respiration , where the fish breathes through its skin. In some catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates called scutes ; some form of body armor appears in various ways within

1755-510: The presence of a derived loricariid so early on would indicate the extensive diversification of catfish, or at least loricarioids, prior to the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. As extant loricariids are only known from South America, much of this diversification must have occurred on the supercontinent of West Gondwana prior to its fragmentation into South America and Africa. Britz and colleagues suggested that Afrocascudo instead represents

1800-430: The recently revised family Anchariidae . The family Horabagridae , including Horabagrus , Pseudeutropius , and Platytropius , is not shown by some authors but presented by others as a true group. Thus, the actual number of families differs between authors. The species count is in constant flux due to taxonomic work as well as description of new species. Between 2003 and 2005, over one hundred species were named,

1845-501: The relationship among these lineages has been a contentious point in which these studies, performed for example by Rui Diogo , differ. The three main lineages in Siluriformes are the family Diplomystidae , the denticulate catfish suborder Loricarioidei (containing the Neotropical "suckermouth" catfishes), and the suborder Siluroidei, which contains the remaining families of the order. According to morphological data, Diplomystidae

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1890-456: The shape of an irregular rectangle and was surrounded by a moat. Excavations from archeology sites in the former city revealed that it was inhabited from the 600s to the 1000s, and had ceramics imported from the Tang and Song dynasties , and early Islamic turquoise-blue glazed earthenware jars from either Persia or lower Mesopotamia . To the east of Phra Rot was Mueang Sri Phalo, established near

1935-475: The species. Catfish barbels always occur in pairs. Many larger catfish also have chemoreceptors across their entire bodies, which means they "taste" anything they touch and "smell" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish, gustation plays a primary role in the orientation and location of food". Because their barbels and chemoreception are more important in detecting food, the eyes on catfish are generally small. Like other ostariophysans , they are characterized by

1980-599: The widespread use of the spines for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies the fields have struggled to effectively use the information due to a lack of consistency in the nomenclature, with a general standard for the descriptive anatomy of catfish spines proposed in 2022 to try and resolve this problem. Juvenile catfish, like most fish, have relatively large heads, eyes, and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases, identification of

2025-428: The world. Most catfish are bottom feeders . In general, they are negatively buoyant , which means that they usually sink rather than float due to a reduced gas bladder and a heavy, bony head. Catfish have a variety of body shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattened ventrum to allow for benthic feeding. A flattened head allows for digging through the substrate, as well as perhaps serving as

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