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45-815: Anzali is an old city in ancient Iran, first settled by the Cadusii . Owing to their pleasant relationship with Cyrus the Great , King of Anshan (Persia) , and their military cooperation in Cyrus's founding of the Achaemenian Empire , the Cadusii adopted the name Anshan-e Pars ( Ανσνάν in Greek), meaning "the Anshans of Persia". This word in Middle Persian is Anzalag ; a variant Persian form

90-551: A state monopoly brand, Zhaik Balyk, from the Kazakh word for the Ural River . Under the CITES agreement, Kazakhstan was granted the right to produce 13 of the 80 tons allowed up until 28 February 2011. Commercial caviar production historically involved stunning the fish and extracting the ovaries . Another method of extracting caviar is by removing eggs through a small incision, which allows

135-634: A battle, Artashata (later known as Darius III ) distinguished himself by slaying a warrior in single combat. His exploit was noticed by Artaxerxes III, who sent him gifts and gave him the satrapy of Armenia. Some historians report that the Cadusian contingent fought together with Medes and other Northerners in the Achaemenid forces at the Battle of Gaugamela against the Macedonians . Other historians, however, describe

180-634: A business catching sturgeon on the Delaware River. He treated his caviar with German salt and exported a great deal of it to Europe. Around the same time, sturgeon was fished from the Columbia River on the West Coast of the United States , also supplying caviar. American caviar was so plentiful at the time that it was given away at bars to induce or prolong patrons' thirst. Today, the shortnose sturgeon

225-592: A clock tower called Manareh , the long harbour promenade, and the water-logged delta and beach along the Sefid Rud . Its wonderful lagoon, Customs and City Hall edifice (Shahrdari), Mian Poshte Palace, and Motamedi Edifice are its tourist attractions. Anzali was the site of the Caspian University of Naval Science until 1980, when it was moved to Nowshahr . Naser-al-din Shah 's Shams-ol-Emareh tower (not to be confused with

270-699: A different ethnic composition of the army. According to the Iranologist Richard N. Frye , the Cadusii may be the ancestors of the Talysh people . Local Talysh experts commonly claim that the Talyshis are descended from the Cadusii. According to Garnik Asatrian and Habib Borjian , "this is one of the rare cases when a folk self-identification with an ancient people can be, at least tentatively, substantiated with historical and linguistic backgrounds." Caviar Caviar (also known as caviare , originally from

315-534: A sequence that has not significantly changed over the last century. First, the ovaries are removed from a sedated female sturgeon and passed through a sieve to remove the membrane. Freed roes are rinsed to wash away impurities. Roes are now ready to become caviar by adding a precise amount of salt for taste and preservation. The fresh product is tasted and graded according to quality. Finally, the eggs are packed into lacquer-lined tins that will be further processed or sold directly to customers. A sturgeon caviar imitation

360-580: A year. The farm is fed by the Dan River , a tributary of the Jordan River . Madagascar is the first African country that produces and exports caviar since 2018. In Malaysia, caviar production is relatively new and smaller in scale. Caviar is harvested from farmed sturgeon fish in Tanjung Malim , Perak . The caviar produced here is marketed as "tropical caviar". The first Malaysian brand of tropical caviar

405-519: Is Anzalazh . Anzali Gulf was a safe harbour for trade ships and fishing boats. It was renamed to Pahlavi in 1935. In 1919, with the collapse of General Anton Denikin 's White Russian army , eighteen of his ships sought refuge in Anzali. On 18 May 1920, a Soviet flotilla of thirteen ships launched a surprise attack on Anzali, capturing the British garrison and the eighteen White Russian ships. This allowed for

450-423: Is a black or red-coloured lumpsucker caviar sold throughout Europe in small glass jars. In Sweden and Finland , the roes of many fish species, including vendace , burbot , salmon and common whitefish , are also commonly eaten in a similar manner as caviar. However, they are not caviar 'substitutes' but are enjoyed in their own right. Spherification of liquids with alginate (a seaweed polysaccharide)

495-645: Is a top producer of caviar. In the early 20th century, Canada and the United States were the major caviar suppliers to Europe ; they harvested roe from the lake sturgeon in the North American Midwest , and from the shortnose sturgeon and the Atlantic sturgeon spawning in the rivers of the East Coast of the United States . The American caviar industry started when Henry Schacht, a German immigrant, opened

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540-659: Is also adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora , the World Wide Fund for Nature , the United States Customs Service , and France . The term caviar is sometimes used to describe dishes that are perceived to resemble caviar, such as "eggplant caviar" (made from eggplant ) and " Texas caviar " (made from black-eyed peas ). Caviar and sturgeon from

585-529: Is followed by the small golden sterlet caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian, Iranian and Austrian royalty. Next in quality is the medium-sized, light brown to rich brown Ossetra , also known as Russian caviar. Others in the quality ranking are the grey sevruga caviar, the Chinese Kaluga caviar, and the American white sturgeon caviar. The Siberian variety with black beads is similar to sevruga and

630-461: Is popular because of its reduced (five years) harvest period, but it has a higher brine content than other kinds. The Chinese Kaluga hybrid varies in colour from dark grey to light golden green and is a close cousin of beluga caviar. An expensive caviar example at 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) sold for £20,000 (then US$ 34,500) is the Iranian 'Almas' product (from Persian : الماس , "diamond") produced from

675-549: Is rated Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of endangered species and rated Endangered per the Endangered Species Act . With the depletion of Caspian and Black Sea caviar, production of farmed or "sustainable" caviar has greatly increased. In particular, northern California is reported to account for 70% to 80% of U.S. production. In 2021, a significant illegal sturgeon egg harvesting and selling ring run in part by

720-495: Is referred to as smörgåskaviar (meaning "sandwich caviar"). Outside Scandinavia, the product is referred to as creamed smoked roe or in French as Caviar de Lysekil . Caviar is highly perishable and must be kept refrigerated until consumption. Caviar is 48% water, 25% protein , 18% fats , and 4% carbohydrates . In a common serving amount of 16 grams (one tablespoon ), caviar supplies 44 kilocalories of food energy, 53% of

765-592: Is the main team of the city, and they currently play in the second tier Persian Gulf League . Current and former national team players such as Sirous Ghayeghran , Ghafour Jahani , Pejman Nouri , Maziar Zare , Jalal Rafkhaei , Saeid Ezatolahi , Mohammad Mayeli Kohan , Jalal Hosseini are from Anzali. [REDACTED] Media related to Bandar-e Anzali at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Iran portal Cadusii The Cadusii (also called Cadusians ; Ancient Greek : Καδούσιοι , Kadoúsioi ; Latin : Cadusii ) were an ancient Iranian tribe that lived in

810-406: Is used to recreate caviar's texture. With liquids flavored to resemble caviar, one obtains kosher and vegan caviar substitutes. They resemble beluga caviar in appearance and are either used as a food prop for television and film or enjoyed by vegetarians and other people worldwide. In Scandinavia , a type of sandwich spread is available, made from smoked cod roe and other ingredients, which

855-565: The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) supported an international embargo on caviar export. In January 2007, this ban was partly lifted, allowing the sale of 96 tons of caviar, 15% below the official 2005 level. In July 2010, Russia and some other CIS countries restarted the export of caviar. The 2010 quotas allow for the export of three tons of beluga, 17 tons of sevruga and 27 tons of osetra. In September 2010, Kazakhstan launched

900-538: The Persian : خاویار , romanized :  khâvyâr , lit.   'egg-bearing') is a food consisting of salt-cured roe of the family Acipenseridae . Caviar is considered a delicacy and is eaten as a garnish or spread . Traditionally, the term caviar refers only to roe from wild sturgeon in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea ( beluga , ossetra and sevruga caviars). The term caviar can also describe

945-590: The Sea of Azov began reaching the tables of aristocratic and noble Greeks in the 10th century, after the commencement of large-scale trading between the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus' . The main types of caviar from sturgeon species native to the Caspian Sea are Beluga , Sterlet , Kaluga hybrid , Ossetra , Siberian sturgeon and Sevruga . American White Sturgeon caviar is abundant and native to California and

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990-471: The Tehran building of the same name) was built by Moayer al Mamalek. The famous Sangi Bath was destroyed by people and natural factors. The Sangi Bath was noted for its marvelous durable system of basins with heated water. Some groups think that Motamedi Edifice had been changed; it is now its police office. This Ghajar Structure built in two floors with the help of Mirza Abd-ol-Vahab. The Anzali Lagoon divides

1035-614: The Trewartha climate classification . The weather is hot and humid in summers and cool, damp and rainy in winters. It has the most humid climate of any city in Iran, similar in its heavy autumn and early winter rainfall, persistent high humidity and low sunshine to the Sea of Japan coast of Japan, though it receives much less summer rainfall than that region. The warm and humid weather has allowed this region to grow crops such as rice and tea that require very large amounts of moisture, especially with

1080-550: The U.S. Pacific Northwest . The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran , Kazakhstan , Russia , Turkmenistan , and Azerbaijan . Wild caviar production was suspended in Russia between 2008 and 2011 to allow wild stocks to replenish. Azerbaijan and Iran also allow the fishing of sturgeon off their coasts. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in colour from pale silver-grey to black. It

1125-616: The Ybarra family had a factory in Coria del Río . Overfishing , pollution and the Alcalá del Río dam eliminated the wild population of Acipenser naccarii . In Spain, a fish farm called Caviar de Riofrío produces organic caviar at Loja, Granada , Andalusia. As well with Canada and the United States, Uruguay has become a major producer and exporter. Kibbutz Dan in Israel produces four tons of caviar

1170-634: The Achaemenids under a certain Artagerses at the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC, the Cadusii appear to have had ongoing conflicts with the Achaemenid central administration. They led numerous revolts, including one that began around 405 BC, near the end of Darius II 's rule ( r.  423 – 404 BC ), and lasted until the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger . Around 380 BC, king Artaxerxes II ( r.  405/4 – 359/8 BC ) led an expedition against

1215-730: The Anzali Port in two parts. The city is connected by two bridges to the Beheshti Island . There is a caviar processing factory in Bandar-e Anzali, some old ruins from 19th century and the popular Shanbeh Bazaar . Tourbebar is a village about 40 kilometers from Bandar-e Anzali, near the Anzali Lagoon. Bandar-e Anzali has a humid subtropical climate , with ( Cfa ) designation under the Köppen climate classification and ( Cf ) designation under

1260-407: The Cadusii, which in the words of German Iranologist Rüdiger Schmitt "was a complete fiasco". The Achaemenid forces only managed to retreat through the diplomatic efforts by the satrap Tiribazus . Artaxerxes II himself was forced to march on foot. In the 350s BC, during the reign of Artaxerxes III ( r.  358–338 BC ), another Achaemenid expedition was made against the Cadusii. During

1305-650: The Ferrara territory, and the Venetian Republic about sturgeon fishing rights in the Po River, the border between the two states. From about 1920 and until 1942, there was a shop in Ferrara, named "Nuta" from the nickname of the owner Benvenuta Ascoli, that processed all the sturgeons caught in the Po River for caviar extraction, using an elaboration of the original Messisbugo recipe, and shipped it to Italy and Europe. A new owner sporadically continued production until 1972, when

1350-517: The Great ( r.  550 – 530 BC ), the first ruler of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC). According to Xenophon , as Cyrus was about to pass away, he appointed his younger son Tanaoxares ( Bardiya ) as satrap over the Medes, Armenians , and Cadusii. The Cadusii were most likely part of the satrapy of Media, and perhaps occasionally that of Hyrcania . Although they fought on side of

1395-537: The caviar was taken from the fish by massage (higher value) rather than by killing it. Caviar is generally sold in ounces. An ounce of sturgeon caviar costs between $ 45 and $ 1,000, depending on the variety of sturgeon and other factors. China produces the most caviar of any single country. The largest caviar company in the world is the Chinese brand Kaluga Queen , which cultivates sturgeon at Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang . In

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1440-407: The city. The majority of Anzalis are adherents of Shia Islam , although there is a sizeable Armenian Christian minority. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 109,687 in 32,424 households. The following census in 2011 counted 116,664 people in 38,128 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 118,564 people in 41,053 households. Anzali is one of

1485-487: The control of the Finance Ministry. The public is not admitted to the immense refrigerated hangars where tons of sturgeons, some as large as 3 meters long and weighing 100 kilograms, are stored after the removal of the caviar, usually equivalent to about one tenth of their weight. The most popular sport in Anzali is football, and the city is known as a football hub in Iran. Malavan , one of the most famous teams in Iran,

1530-689: The eggs of a rare albino sturgeon between 60 and 100 years old from the southern Caspian Sea . Wild beluga sturgeon caviar from the Caspian Sea was priced in 2012 at $ 16,000 per 1 kilogram (35 oz). Cheaper alternatives have been developed from the roe of whitefish and the North Atlantic salmon . Conventional sturgeon caviar was priced in 2014 at about $ 105 per 1 ounce (28 g) and from albino sturgeon up to $ 800 per ounce. Other quality factors are texture – with firmness having higher quality value – flavour qualities, such as creaminess , butter taste, and brine or mild fish finish , and whether

1575-520: The establishment of the short-lived Persian Socialist Republic and the Persian Communist Party. Soviet authorities denied responsibility for the attack, blaming the local Russian naval commander for attacking under his own authority. The people of Anzali speak Gilaki as their mother language and Persian as the national language. Specific Anzali Accent of Western Gilaki language is the main language of Anzali. Linguistic composition of

1620-530: The extra water draining from the Elburz Mountains. Historically Anzalis were mostly involved in the fish trade. Rice farming and agriculture are the other traditional jobs in Anzali, and are practiced in the villages surrounding the city. Bandar-e Anzali is a center of caviar production. The preparation and marketing of which is a state monopoly, handled through the Iranian Fishing Company under

1665-400: The female to continue producing roe. Other farmers use a process called "stripping", which extracts the caviar from the fish via a small incision made along the urogenital muscle when the fish is deemed to be ready to be processed. An ultrasound is used to determine the correct timing. Removing the caviar by massage may yield higher quality and a more sustainable source. Preparation follows

1710-554: The first recorded recipe in Italy about extraction of the eggs from the roe and caviar preparation "to be consumed fresh or to preserve". The writer and voyager Jérôme Lalande in his book " Voyage en Italie ", Paris, 1771, vol. 8, page 269, noted that many sturgeon were caught in the Po delta area in the territory of Ferrara . In 1753 a diplomatic war broke out between the Papal States , governing

1755-543: The former top sturgeon biologist for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was discovered and broken up by investigators. In coastal British Columbia , Fraser River white sturgeon are sustainably farmed to produce caviar. The 17th-century book Don Quixote mentions "cavial" in a banquet of German pilgrims. Until 1992, sturgeons and caviar were collected at the lower parts of rivers Guadalquivir , Ebro , Duero and Tajo . From 1932 to 1970,

1800-402: The most important cities in Iran in terms of tourism, economics, and athletics. Bandar-e Anzali is the biggest Gilaki speaking city in the world after Rasht , the capital of Gilan province . The city was home to the first and biggest port on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea . Bandar-e Anzali consists of an island called Mianposhteh and the surrounding lands. Tourist attractions include

1845-570: The mountains between Media and the shore of the Caspian Sea , an area bordering that of the Anariacae and Albani. The Dareitai and Pantimati people may have been part of the Cadusii. According to tradition, the legendary Assyrian king Ninus subdued the Cadusii. The Greek physician and historian Ctesias ( fl.  5th-century BC ) was highly interested in the Cadusii, incorporating them in his invented history of an early Median dynasty . The Cadusii later voluntarily submitted to Cyrus

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1890-660: The roe of other species of sturgeon or other fish such as paddlefish , salmon , steelhead , trout , lumpfish , whitefish , or carp . The roe can be "fresh" (non-pasteurized) or pasteurized , which reduces its culinary and economic value . According to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization , roe from any fish not belonging to the Acipenseriformes order (including Acipenseridae , or sturgeon sensu stricto , and Polyodontidae or paddlefish) are not caviar, but "substitutes of caviar". This position

1935-522: The sturgeon stopped swimming up the Po River. Since 2015, some sturgeon have reappeared in the Po. Currently, Italian caviar is obtained almost entirely from bred sturgeons. The caviar production is concentrated predominantly in Brescia , which is considered the capital of Italian caviar: in this area, in Calvisano , is located the world's largest sturgeon farm that produces annually 25 tonnes of caviar. Italy

1980-450: The wake of over-fishing, the harvest and sale of black caviar were banned in Russia in 2007. The ban on sturgeon fishing in the Caspian Sea has led to the development of aquaculture as an economically viable means of commercial caviar production. Russian caviar exports were also banned from 2002 to 2011. Cristoforo da Messisbugo in his book Libro novo nel qual si insegna a far d'ogni sorte di vivanda , Venice, 1564, at page 110, gave

2025-547: Was launched in March 2019. Overfishing, smuggling and pollution caused by sewage entry into the Caspian Sea have considerably reduced the sea's sturgeon population. In September 2005, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service banned the import of Caspian Sea Beluga caviar to protect the endangered Beluga sturgeon; a month later, the ban was extended to include Beluga caviar from the entire Black Sea basin. In January 2006,

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