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63-704: The airport is located in the Bancasi Rotunda of Butuan . On May 25, 1964, the Senate of the Philippines planned to construct the airport with a budget of 300,000 PHP. On July 5, 2012, The Department of Transport and Communications (DOTC) announced that the airport would receive 45.5 million Philippine pesos in subsidy for expansion of the apron, the improvement and expansion of vehicular parking area, construction of drainage system, and construction of concrete hollow block fence, with bidding scheduled to open to contractors, as

126-597: A mass to be celebrated. This was officiated by Friar Pedro Valderrama, the Andalusian chaplain of the fleet, the only priest then. Another priest, the French Bernard Calmette (Bernardo Calmeta) had been marooned at Patagonia with Juan de Cartagena for being implicated in the mutiny at Puerto San Julián . Conducted near the shores of the island, the Holy First Mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism in

189-415: A bill elevating Butuan for cityhood. On August 2, 1950, this was passed, converting Butuan into a city . However, by the early 1980s, the logging industry of the city began to decline, although the city was still an economic haven for many investors. The city's main income by that time frame and until this day depended on small and medium business, and large-scale projects by investors. On February 7, 1995,

252-401: A boost as an industrial park is currently being developed. Butuan has also proven to be a haven for renewable energy with investments in solar and hydroelectric power generation pouring in the city. Smart Communications , Globe Telecom , PLDT and Bayantel serve the telecommunications needs of the city. The local government of Butuan is headed by an elected Mayor and is considered to be

315-534: A certain Datu Buntuan, a chieftain who once ruled over areas of the present-day city. According to Datu Makalipay, Butuan was named after the wife of Datu Balansag who was the tiniente de barangay of the area before. Butuan, during the pre-colonial times, was known as the Rajahnate of Butuan , an Indianized kingdom known for its metallurgic industry and sophisticated naval technology. The rajahnate flourished at

378-404: A covering of silk on his head, and wore two large golden earrings fastened in his ears   ... At his side hung a dagger, the haft of which was somewhat long and all of gold, and its scabbard of carved wood. He had three spots of gold on every tooth, and his teeth appeared as if bound with gold." As written by Antonio Pigafetta on Rajah Siagu of Butuan during Magellan's voyage. The relations of

441-465: A design carved in ancient Javanese or early Kawi script (used around the 10th century CE), which, according to a Dutch scholar, was deciphered as But-wan . Another account suggests the name derives from the word batuan , a mangosteen -related fruit common in Mindanao. Another alternative is that the name derives from Datu Bantuan, possibly a former datu of the region. Evidence indicates that Butuan

504-535: A later date. After simultaneously regaining their independence together with their Butuanon cousins, the then Hindu state of Sulum which was founded by Visayan immigrants from Butuan and Surigao to the Sulu Archipelago, avenged the invasion of their kingdoms by counter-invading Pon-i (Brunei) and stealing two sacred pearls from Pon-i's rajah. During the Magellan Expedition, the first held Catholic mass

567-491: A part of a PHP 303 million project to improve tourism in the country. In early March 2023, the Department of Transportation completed an expansion project, which includes a new terminal building that increased the airport's capacity from 248 to 616 passengers. As a result of the expansion project, The terminal experienced new architecture, new plumbing, new mechanics, new ceilings, new tileworks, and new paintings. On March 8, 2023,

630-535: A regular trade connection with Champa . The mission, under a king named "Kiling", asked for equal status in court protocol with the Champa envoy, but ultimately was denied by the imperial court. However, under the reign of Sri Bata Shaja, the diplomatic equality was eventually granted to the kingdom, and as a result the diplomatic relations of the two nations reached its peak in the Yuan dynasty . Evidence of these trading links

693-584: A rubberized track oval. The Phase I of the Polysports Complex was officially opened in 2015. Phase II will consist of a 2nd main bleacher, an Olympic-size swimming pool, and a baseball/softball field with bleachers, but it was unfinished and under investigated by COA. The said Butuan City Convention Center will be constructed starting on March 24, 2020, and located at the old unfinished sports complex in Libertad, although it remained unfinished for its completion by

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756-604: A state-run school founded in 1918. They are among the top two performing universities in the region. Butuan is known for its education competence. Proof of these are in awards earned. Teachers and school staff of the Butuan Central Elementary School, Butuan City SPED Center and Agusan National High School have large-scale exposure to specialization techniques, as well as seminars and workshops to complement, with partnerships like Philippine-Australia Project on Basic Education (PROBE). National high schools include

819-582: Is Butuan Bay of which two coastal barangays are located. It extends some two kilometers to the sea and joins the Bohol Sea. These are the barangays of Lumbocan and Masao. Butuan has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ). With a total population of 372,910 in the 2020 census, Butuan has an average density of 460 persons per km , higher than the regional average density of 130 persons per km . Poverty incidence of Butuan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Butuan

882-459: Is a 1st class highly urbanized city and the regional center of Caraga , Philippines . It is the de facto capital of the province of Agusan del Norte where it is geographically situated but has an administratively independent government. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 372,910 people making it the most populous city in Caraga Region. It served as the former capital of

945-460: Is at show that the ethnic group has 30% South Asian ancestry. A new rajah named Sri Bata Shaja later succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh. Likanhsieh shocked the Emperor Zhenzong by presenting a memorial engraved on a gold tablet, some white dragon ( bailong 白龍 ) camphor , Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave on

1008-434: Is estimated at 1.0 meter above sea level ( M.a.s.l. ). The existing land use of the city consists of the following uses: agriculture areas (397.23 km ), forestland (268 km ), grass/shrub/pasture land (61.14 km ) and other uses (90.242 km ). Of the total forestland, 105 km is production forest areas while 167.5 km is protection forest areas. The forestland, as mentioned earlier, comprised both

1071-678: Is in the discovery of 11 balangay boats around Ambangan in Barangay Libertad, which was described as the only concentration of archaeological, ancient, ocean-going boats in Southeast Asia . More evidence of the post was the discovery of a village in Libertad that specialized in gold, as well as the discovery of deformed skulls similar to reports in Sulawesi . Other assorted artifacts have also found by locals and treasure hunters . On March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday , Ferdinand Magellan ordered

1134-599: Is the commercial, industrial, and administrative center of the Caraga region. It is a strategic trading hub in Northern Mindanao with major roads connecting it to other main cities on the island such as Davao, Cagayan de Oro, Malaybalay, Surigao, and soon, Tandag. It hosts one of the busiest airports in the country, the Bancasi Airport , serving around 525,000 passengers in 2012. Cebu Pacific and Philippine Airlines serve

1197-544: Is the small-type jeepneys or multicab vehicles with a seating capacity of at least 15 passengers via fixed routes going to big barangays such as Bancasi, Libertad, Ampayon, Los Angeles and De Oro. Jeepneys, Vans and Buses is also available in Jeepney Terminal, New Integrated Van Terminal and City Integrated Bus Terminal respectively located in Langihan Public Area including the state-of-the-art Transport Terminal at

1260-551: The Liga ng mga Barangay as an ex-officio member. On May 2025, Butuan City will elect a new representative to represent Butuan City only. Butuan is politically subdivided into 86 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . These barangays are further grouped into 13 districts. Also, barangays 1 thru 26 form the Poblacion (city proper) of Butuan. The Butuan National Airport, called Bancasi Airport , serves

1323-598: The Philippine Statistics Authority , the City of Butuan has a total land area of 81,662 hectares (201,790 acres), which is roughly 4.1% of the total area of the Caraga region. Butuan is bordered by the municipalities of Magallanes, Agusan del Norte and Remedios T. Romualdez to the north, municipality of Sibagat , Agusan del Sur to the northeast, east and southeast, municipality of Las Nieves, Agusan del Norte to

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1386-562: The Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until about 1521. The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago, having traded with places as far as Champa, Ming, Srivijaya, Majapahit, and the Bengali coasts. It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley, Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to

1449-611: The 10th and 11th centuries CE, and had an extensive trade network with the Champa civilization and the Srivijaya Empire . By 1001, the rajahnate had established contact with the Song dynasty of China . The History of Song recorded the appearance of a Butuan mission at the Chinese imperial court , and the rajahnate was described as a small Hindu country with a Buddhist monarchy, which had

1512-1159: The Agusan NHS, Tungao NHS, San Vicente NHS, Libertad NHS and Ampayon ISS (Integrated Secondary School). The city is also home of the Butuan City School of Arts and Trades (BCSAT), a government-run specialization school in the fields of arts and in vocational courses which offers junior and senior high school. As an education hub, Butuan has colleges with a variety of courses. Examples are the Saint Joseph Institute of Technology, Agusan Colleges, Inc., ACLC College of Butuan , Butuan Doctors' College, Asian College Foundation, Butuan City Colleges Inc., Balite Institute of Technology—Butuan , Father Urios Institute of Technology of Ampayon, Inc., Holy Child Colleges of Butuan, Elisa R. Ochoa Memorial Northern Mindanao School of Midwifery, Philippine Electronics and Communication Institute of Technology, Colegio de Caraga Inc. (former Agusan Institute of Technology), Saint Peter College Seminary, Corjesu Computer College, Agusan Business and Arts Foundation, and

1575-618: The American occupation of the place. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II , the Japanese enslaved local girls, teenagers, and young adults into becoming " comfort women ", who they routinely gang-raped and murdered in "comfort stations" that they established in the city in 1942. More than half of Butuan, if not all of it, was burned when local guerrilla forces attacked

1638-746: The Butuan Rajahnate with other Philippine kingdoms are complicated as they had familial links with both the Cebu Rajahnate and Sulu Sultanate who were in religious opposition. Rajah Siagu of Butuan was a cousin of Rajah Humabon of the Cebu Rajahnate yet simultaneously to this, Butuan also produced Sultan Batarah Shah Tengah , of Sulu who ruled as sultan in 1600, that was said to be an actual native of Butuan. Ancient Butuan used gold in religious images and royal items like crowns, headbands, necklaces, sashes, waistbands, ear ornaments, and bracelets. It

1701-534: The Japanese forces during the Battle of Agusan. On October 20, 1948, still recovering from the war, the entire municipality was ruined by a fire. By the late 1940s to the 1970s, Butuan's industry specialized in timber , earning it the nickname "Timber City of the South". The plentiful trees of the area invited many investors and migrants from Luzon and Visayas to the city, and inspired then Congressman Marcos M. Calo to file

1764-543: The Philippine Islands (BPI), Land Bank of the Philippines (Landbank, formerly UCPB since 2022), Philippine National Bank (PNB), Chinabank , EastWest Bank , Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC), UnionBank , Security Bank and Maybank . Rural banks are also expanding aggressively. Based on a report from PDIC (as of December 2013), total savings deposit in Butuan amounted to P18,944,854,000, comprising 45% of

1827-499: The Philippines . Rajah Colambu and Siaiu were said to be among the first natives of the soon-to-be Spanish colony to attend the mass among other Mazaua inhabitants, together with visitors from Butuan who came with the entourage of Colambu, king of Butuan. Controversy has been generated regarding the holding of the first mass—whether it was held in Limasawa , Leyte or in Masao, Butuan, in

1890-464: The Philippines except the major international airports. It also serves more than 400,000 travelers yearly that includes 250,000 local and foreign tourists. Butuan National Airport can also accommodate 5 to 10 flights a day including large number of aircraft via Cebu Pacific and Philippine Airlines operated by PAL Express . As a regional commercial and economic hub, the Port of Masao is Butuan's seaport. It

1953-687: The Sunrise Christian College Foundation of the Philippines. Big private universities like the Ateneo , De La Salle Philippines and Iglesia ni Cristo -owned New Era University (NEU) had also expressed to put up local branches. Rajahnate of Butuan Butuan , also called the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Kingdom of Butuan ( Filipino : Kaharian ng Butuan ; Butuanon : Gingharian hong Butuan ; Cebuano : Gingharian sa Butuan ; Chinese : 蒲端國 ; pinyin : Púduānguó ),

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2016-519: The airport. Meanwhile, the nearby Nasipit International Port and in-city Masao Port provide for its shipping and cargo needs. The total number of businesses registered in 2013 was 9,619—reflecting a growth of 9.86% and almost 3 times that of the next major Caraga city. New businesses registered numbered 2,032 with a combined capitalization of P504,598,667, an expansion of 75.63% from 2012. As further proof of its dynamic economy, Butuan's local income reached P330,510,000 in 2013 besting other major cities in

2079-559: The airport. There are also smoking-designated areas inside the airport. There are several ways to go to the airport, these include jeepneys , car rental services, ridesharing, and car-for-hire services. The car services include LAX Shuttle and Magnum Express. The airport has its own road. Butuan Butuan (pronounced / ˌ b uː t ˈ w ɑː n / ), officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Butuan ),

2142-522: The area, The city is endowed with swamplands near its coastal area. These swamp areas are interconnected with the waterways joined by the Agusan River. Most of the swamplands are actually mangroves that served as habitat to different marine species. Filling material needs of the city are extracted usually from the riverbank of Taguibo River. Others are sourced out from promontories with special features and for special purpose. The fishing ground of Butuan

2205-559: The back of the expansion wing of Robinsons Butuan (opened August 2, 2017). They also follow fixed routes to outlying barangays, neighboring towns, municipals, cities and provinces. Long-distance routes also include cities of Manila , Ormoc , Legazpi , Tacloban , Calbayog , Surigao , Tandag , Bislig (Mangagoy) , Davao City , Tagum , Cagayan de Oro , Carmen , Balingoan , Gingoog and Malaybalay (not operational). The city also has Metered Taxis. Accredited Transport Cooperatives as of January 2021: With new developments surrounding

2268-426: The city was reclassified from a chartered city to a highly urbanized city. Sixteen days later, on February 23, the region of Caraga was created by virtue of Republic Act 7901, with Butuan as its regional center, and the provincial capital of Agusan del Norte . In 2000, Republic Act 8811 formally transferred the capital of Agusan del Norte from Butuan to Cabadbaran ; however most provincial offices are still located in

2331-546: The city. In 2021, Timber City Academy, a school in Butuan, was ravaged by a fire. In the summer of 2023, the Agusan Capitol was rocked by a bomb threat, which prevented the governor from entering the city due to threats of a rebel presence, according to some reports. Later on December of that year, the city was ravaged by a 7.6 magnitude earthquake , which damaged many parts of the city's buildings, such as SM City Butuan , as well as schools and major bridges. According to

2394-491: The country. By 2014, its local income is expected to reach P513,870,000.00 or register a growth of 55%; and total income (including IRA) will be P1,515,970,000. The city was ranked 4th and 16th Most Competitive City for the years 2012 and 2014 by the National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines. More than 260 financial institutions are operating in the city such as Metrobank , Banco de Oro , Bank of

2457-584: The east and west banks of the Libertad River (the old Agusan River) have revealed much about Butuan's history. As a result, Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the precolonial era. The name Butuan is believed to have existed long before the Spanish conquistadores arrived in the Philippine archipelago. One possible indication of this is a rhinoceros ivory seal with

2520-494: The enemy garrison on March 12, 1943, in the Battle of Butuan. On January 17, 1945, guerrillas attacked Japanese troops on the road between Cabadbaran and Butuan to prevent the Japanese garrison at Butuan from being reinforced. When the guerrillas depleted their ammunition supply, they were forced to retreat. Later in 1945, the Philippine Commonwealth troops in Butuan together with the recognized guerrillas attacked

2583-458: The eve of an important ceremonial state sacrifice. This display of irreverence sparked interest from China, and diplomatic relations between the two polities reached their peak during the Yuan dynasty . Later, in the 1300s, the Chinese annal Nanhai Zhi reported that Brunei invaded or administered the Philippine kingdoms of Butuan, Sulu , and Ma-i (Mindoro), which would regain their independence at

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2646-577: The first church was eventually inaugurated in Butuan, subjugating Butuan under Spanish rule. The Augustinian Recollects eventually replaced the Jesuits. Numerous jars have been found in the Butuan area that indicate the wealth of the kingdom and the existence of foreign traditions. Some of these jars have been dated as follows: Artifacts have been recovered from within the vicinities of the Ambangan Archeological Site in Libertad that attest to

2709-507: The general area of Butuan, located in the province of Agusan del Norte in the Philippines. It is the only airport in the province and largest in the Caraga region. The airport is classified as a trunkline airport, or a major commercial airport, by the Air Transportation Office, a body of the Department of Transportation and Communications that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in

2772-471: The geographical conception of Europeans who wrote about it, was a larger entity than what it is now. Antonio Pigafetta who wrote an eyewitness account of Magellan's voyage described in text and in map a Butuan that stretched from today's Surigao up to the top edge of Zamboanga del Norte . The first municipal election in Butuan took place in March 1902 in accordance with Public Law No. 82 which coincided with

2835-426: The hidden isle made up of barangays Pinamanculan and Bancasi inside Butuan—in the latest discovered site in the small barangay of Barobo, situated near between Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur , or elsewhere. It is sure, however, that Ferdinand Magellan did not drop anchor by the mouth of Agusan River in 1521 and hold mass to commemorate the event which was held at Mazaua, an island separate from Butuan which, in

2898-522: The historical accounts that Butuan traded with India , Japan , Han Chinese , and Southeast Asian countries during these periods. Spanish chroniclers, when they set foot on Butuan, remarked that gold was so abundant that even houses were decorated with gold; "Pieces of gold, the size of walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the island of that king who came to our ships. All the dishes of that king are of gold and also some portion of his house as we were told by that king himself   ... He had

2961-525: The inauguration started, attended by CAAP Director Manuel Antonio Tamayo, Department of Transportation Undersecretary for Aviation and Airports Roberto Cecilio Lim, CAAP Deputy Director General for Administration Atty. Danjun G. Lucas, and other officials. The airport has 12 flights daily, with flights from Cebu Pacific and Philippine Airlines . The airport has a 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) runway, able to cater two 180-seat Airbus A320s . The airport has restaurants and shops, there are also some lounges in

3024-459: The local chief executive of the city. He exercises the general supervision and control over all programs, projects, services, and activities of the city government. He is then accompanied by the law making body of the city which is called, The Sangguniang Panlungsod headed by the elected Vice Mayor as the presiding officer, together with ten elected Sangguniang Panlungsod Members and the President of

3087-417: The majority of butuan. The second is the "red" tricycle where it delivers passengers in the north, northeast and northwest of Butuan. The third is the "yellow" tricycle where it delivers passengers in the south, southwest and some parts in the southeast and its also the variant with the least amount of tricycles. Depending on the tricycle, it can accommodate up to 6 or 7 passengers. Another mode of transportation

3150-472: The nearby country of Malaysia refers to the similarly worded Keling as immigrant people from India . Rajah Kiling's request for diplomatic equality in protocol towards his Rajahnate was later denied by the Chinese Imperial Court, mainly because of favoritism over the Champa civilization. Furthermore a genetic study of the current Manobo people which inhabit Agusan and Caraga region where Butuan

3213-554: The next decade. Being the regional center of Caraga , Butuan is also the region's center of education. There are two universities in the city. The first, Father Saturnino Urios University , a privately run school founded by Rev. Fr. Urios, S.J. in 1901. The second, the Caraga State University— Main Campus , formerly known as the Northern Mindanao State Institute of Science and Technology, is

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3276-428: The north, west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000, when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran . For statistical and geographical purposes by the Philippine Statistics Authority , Butuan is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from

3339-643: The old unfinished sports complex facility, the City Government has transferred the sports complex from the 8 hectare complex in Barangay Libertad to the 38 hectare complex in Barangay Tiniwisan/Ampayon . The said complex is worth P250 Million for Phase I will be one of the biggest international standard complex in the Philippines. Phase I consists of a 3,672 seater football main bleacher, a 4,000 seater basketball gymnasium, grass football field, and

3402-454: The production and protection forest. The classified forest is further specified as production forest and protection forest. In the production forest industrial tree species are mostly grown in the area. The protection forest on the other hand, is preserved to support and sustain necessary ecological performance. Included in this are the watershed areas in Taguibo, which is the main source of water in

3465-438: The province while legislatively administered by the province's 1st congressional district and also the most populous city in the province. However, the provincial government still holds office in Butuan, since the actual transfer of provincial offices to the new capital is still pending. The name "Butuan" is believed to have originated from the sour fruit locally called batuan . Other etymological sources say that it comes from

3528-533: The south, municipality of Buenavista, Agusan del Norte to the west and Butuan Bay to the northwest. Butuan is 29 kilometres (18 mi) away from the city of Cabadbaran , the provincial capital of Agusan del Norte , to the north. It is also 43 kilometres (27 mi) away from Bayugan to the east and 75 kilometres (47 mi) away from Gingoog to the west. Butuan is located at 8°56′53″N 125°32′35″E  /  8.948°N 125.543°E  / 8.948; 125.543 . Elevation at these coordinates

3591-529: The total deposits in Caraga Region. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) opened its regional office here to take advantage of the vibrant gold trading industry in the region. Insurance companies, led by Philam Life , are also present in the city. The city's major agricultural produce are rice, bananas, coconuts, poultry, shrimp, and milkfish. Its key industries include rice milling, food processing, wood processing, furniture, fuel distribution, shipbuilding, and construction. The manufacturing sector will soon get

3654-651: Was a precolonial Bisaya Hindu polity ( lungsod ) centered around northeastern Mindanao island in present-day Butuan , Philippines . It was known for its gold mining, gold jewelry and other wares, and its extensive trade network across maritime Southeast Asia and elsewhere. Over its long history the lungsod had direct trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of China , Champa , Đại Việt , Pon-i (Brunei), Srivijaya , Majapahit , Kambuja , and even Persia as well as areas now comprised in Thailand . The balangay (large outrigger boats) that have been found along

3717-514: Was also used in funerals as a death mask, and as a cover for the dead person's eyes, nose, and mouth. Butuan was so rich in treasures that a museum curator, Florina H. Capistrano-Baker, stated that it was even richer than the more well-known western maritime kingdom of Srivijaya ; "The astonishing quantities and impressive quality of gold treasures recovered in Butuan suggest that its flourishing port settlement played an until recently little-recognized role in early Southeast Asian trade. Surprisingly,

3780-411: Was built to avoid having the city depend on the port of Nasipit, Agusan del Norte. The said port will be having more expansion and development to become a seaport with international standards in the region and in Mindanao. The main modes of transportation within the city proper are tricycles with 3 distinctive colours. The first and main tricycle is the "orange" tricycle in which it delivers passengers in

3843-410: Was described as a Hindu kingdom with a Buddhist monarchy. The chief (or "king") of Butuan named Kiling sent an envoy under I-hsu-han with a formal memorial requesting equal status in court protocol with the Champa envoy. Researcher Eric Casino believes the name Kiling is not of Visayan origin but rather Indian, because Kiling refers to the people of India . The Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) of

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3906-511: Was held in the Philippines. The mass was held on 31 March 1521 in the island of Mazaua (Limasawa) under Rajah Kolambu, and was accompanied by Rajah Siagu , the Rajah of Butuan at the time. In 1596, the Spanish Catholic mission headed by the Jesuits under Fr. Valerio de Ledesma began in Butuan to establish a Spanish foothold in Mindanao to combat the rising threat of Moros. On 8 September 1597,

3969-586: Was in contact with the Song dynasty of China by at least 1001 AD. Yuan annal Song Shih recorded the first appearance of a Butuan tributary mission (Lijehan 李竾罕 and Jiaminan) at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001, AD. Butuan (or Buotuan 蒲端 in Middle Chinese ) around that time was a gold mining and trading hub in northeastern Mindanao, known for manufacturing metal tools and weaponry, musical instruments, and gold jewelry. Butuan

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