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66-631: The Balochi alphabet, standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 32 letters. The Romanized version is called Balòtin , and the Arabic version is called Balòrabi . Balochi also has 3 digraphs set by Balochi Academy Sarbaz in Standard Alphabets: Arabic diacritics are used in Balochi, as with other scripts derived from Arabic: One of the aspects that distinguishes Balochi orthography from other orthographies derived from Perso-Arabic Script

132-567: A basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός ( diakritikós , "distinguishing"), from διακρίνω ( diakrínō , "to distinguish"). The word diacritic is a noun , though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective . Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨ó⟩ , grave ⟨ò⟩ , and circumflex ⟨ô⟩ (all shown above an 'o'), are often called accents . Diacritics may appear above or below

198-609: A diacritic or modified letter. These include exposé , lamé , maté , öre , øre , résumé and rosé. In a few words, diacritics that did not exist in the original have been added for disambiguation, as in maté ( from Sp. and Port. mate) , saké ( the standard Romanization of the Japanese has no accent mark ) , and Malé ( from Dhivehi މާލެ ) , to clearly distinguish them from the English words mate, sake, and male. The acute and grave accents are occasionally used in poetry and lyrics:

264-402: A lesser extent, Romance languages borrowed from a variety of other languages; in particular English has become an important source in more recent times. The study of the origin of these words and their function and context within the language can illuminate some important aspects and characteristics of the language, and it can reveal insights on the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in linguistics as

330-505: A letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. The main use of diacritics in Latin script is to change the sound-values of the letters to which they are added. Historically, English has used the diaeresis diacritic to indicate the correct pronunciation of ambiguous words, such as "coöperate", without which the <oo> letter sequence could be misinterpreted to be pronounced /ˈkuːpəreɪt/ . Other examples are

396-524: A method of enriching a language. According to Hans Henrich Hock and Brian Joseph, "languages and dialects ... do not exist in a vacuum": there is always linguistic contact between groups. The contact influences what loanwords are integrated into the lexicon and which certain words are chosen over others. In some cases, the original meaning shifts considerably through unexpected logical leaps, creating false friends . The English word Viking became Japanese バイキング ( baikingu ), meaning "buffet", because

462-423: A political tinge: right-wing publications tend to use more Arabic-originated words, left-wing publications use more words adopted from Indo-European languages such as Persian and French, while centrist publications use more native Turkish root words. Almost 350 years of Dutch presence in what is now Indonesia have left significant linguistic traces. Though very few Indonesians have a fluent knowledge of Dutch,

528-465: A result of decisions made in a convention in Karachi , Pakistan on 22 July 1959, attended by prominent Balochi poets and literaturists. Below are the forms that stand-alone Hamza is used: Some dialects of Balochi very infrequently use the voiced retroflex flap , meaning ڑ . Due to its immense rarity in Balochi, most orthographies of the language leave out glyphs for the phoneme. When written however, it

594-403: A review of Gneuss's (1955) book on Old English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by Betz (1949) again. Weinreich (1953: 47ff.) differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by compound words and phrases. Weinreich (1953: 47) defines simple words "from the point of view of the bilinguals who perform

660-475: A separation mainly on spelling is (or, in fact, was) not common except amongst German linguists, and only when talking about German and sometimes other languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the word has been widely used for a long time. According to the linguist Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be defined as follows in English: "[W]hen most speakers do not know

726-452: A variety of ways. The studies by Werner Betz (1971, 1901), Einar Haugen (1958, also 1956), and Uriel Weinreich (1963) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence. The basic theoretical statements all take Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these classifications

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792-414: A way of indicating that adjacent vowels belonged to separate syllables, but this practice has become far less common. The New Yorker magazine is a major publication that continues to use the diaeresis in place of a hyphen for clarity and economy of space. A few English words, often when used out of context, especially in isolation, can only be distinguished from other words of the same spelling by using

858-849: Is a loanword, while the word loanword is a calque: calque comes from the French noun calque ("tracing; imitation; close copy"); while the word loanword and the phrase loan translation are translated from German nouns Lehnwort and Lehnübersetzung ( German: [ˈleːnʔybɐˌzɛt͡sʊŋ] ). Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term déjà vu , are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings. Although colloquial and informal register loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes. The terms substrate and superstrate are often used when two languages interact. However,

924-561: Is a word or phrase whose meaning or idiom is adopted from another language by word-for-word translation into existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language. Loanwords, in contrast, are not translated. Examples of loanwords in the English language include café (from French café , which means "coffee"), bazaar (from Persian bāzār , which means "market"), and kindergarten (from German Kindergarten , which literally means "children's garden"). The word calque

990-427: Is called " Bari ye "; it is from Urdu . Sometimes there is خ , meaning /x/. in standard alphabets have 11 vowels, In standardized Balochi, letters from old Balochi have been removed and some new letters have been added, The added letters are: And also in standard Balochi, the letter ڑ is merged with the letter ڈ In the table below, you can see the difference between old and standard writing: Cappi Yà (ݔ‍ ے ࢩ)

1056-493: Is created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark, followed by the letter to place it on. This method is known as the dead key technique, as it produces no output of its own but modifies the output of the key pressed after it. The following languages have letters with diacritics that are orthographically distinct from those without diacritics. English is one of the few European languages that does not have many words that contain diacritical marks. Instead, digraphs are

1122-472: Is given below. The phrase "foreign word" used in the image below is a mistranslation of the German Fremdwort , which refers to loanwords whose pronunciation, spelling, inflection or gender have not been adapted to the new language such that they no longer seem foreign. Such a separation of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in talking about any language. Basing such

1188-515: Is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it . For historical reasons, almost all the letter-with-accent combinations used in European languages were given unique code points and these are called precomposed characters . For other languages, it is usually necessary to use a combining character diacritic together with the desired base letter. Unfortunately, even as of 2024, many applications and web browsers remain unable to operate

1254-465: Is one of the standard letters of the Balochi language, which was added to the standard Balochi alphabets by the Balochi Academy Sarbaz . In the old Balochi alphabet, this letter is given as ی‍ْ, but in some others, it is also given as ڃ and یٚ. Diacritic A diacritic (also diacritical mark , diacritical point , diacritical sign , or accent ) is a glyph added to a letter or to

1320-472: Is sorted as such. Other letters modified by diacritics are treated as variants of the underlying letter, with the exception that ⟨ü⟩ is frequently sorted as ⟨y⟩ . Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words. For instance, in German where two words differ only by an umlaut,

1386-409: Is the use of stand-alone Hamza ( ء ‎), which, depending on its function within a sentence, is always written with one of three vowel diacritics . Stand-alone Hamza without diacritic is also used similar to other Perso-Arabic Scripts , to indicated glottal stop at end of words The use of Hamza in such a way was first used in Balochi by poet Husayn Anqa , and officially adopted into Balochi as

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1452-484: Is the word tea , which originated in Hokkien but has been borrowed into languages all over the world. For a sufficiently old Wanderwort, it may become difficult or impossible to determine in what language it actually originated. Most of the technical vocabulary of classical music (such as concerto , allegro , tempo , aria , opera , and soprano ) is borrowed from Italian , and that of ballet from French . Much of

1518-455: Is usually represented with ر . This alphabet uses two completely separate and new glyphs to represent the long close front unrounded vowel (/iː/). For the initial and medial forms, ݔ is used. This glyph is based on the initial/medial form of the Perso-Arabic "Ye" : (یـ/ـیـ), the difference being the dot above it. Meanwhile, for the final form, ے is used, which is also based on ی and

1584-595: The French là ("there") versus la ("the"), which are both pronounced /la/ . In Gaelic type , a dot over a consonant indicates lenition of the consonant in question. In other writing systems , diacritics may perform other functions. Vowel pointing systems, namely the Arabic harakat and the Hebrew niqqud systems, indicate vowels that are not conveyed by the basic alphabet. The Indic virama (  ्  etc.) and

1650-570: The Hanyu Pinyin official romanization system for Mandarin in China, diacritics are used to mark the tones of the syllables in which the marked vowels occur. In orthography and collation , a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter–diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and may vary from case to case within a language. In some cases, letters are used as "in-line diacritics", with

1716-431: The terminology of the sport of fencing also comes from French. Many loanwords come from prepared food, drink, fruits, vegetables, seafood and more from languages around the world. In particular, many come from French cuisine ( crêpe , Chantilly , crème brûlée ), Italian ( pasta , linguine , pizza , espresso ), and Chinese ( dim sum , chow mein , wonton ). Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in

1782-604: The ʻokina and macron diacritics. Most English affixes, such as un- , -ing , and -ly , were used in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the verbal suffix -ize (American English) or ise (British English) comes from Greek -ιζειν ( -izein ) through Latin -izare . Pronunciation often differs from the original language, occasionally dramatically, especially when dealing with place names . This often leads to divergence when many speakers anglicize pronunciations as other speakers try to maintain

1848-421: The 14th century had the highest number of loans. In the case of Romanian, the language underwent a "re-Latinization" process later than the others (see Romanian lexis , Romanian language § French, Italian, and English loanwords ), in the 18th and 19th centuries, partially using French and Italian words (many of these themselves being earlier borrowings from Latin) as intermediaries, in an effort to modernize

1914-527: The Arabic sukūn (  ـْـ  ) mark the absence of vowels. Cantillation marks indicate prosody . Other uses include the Early Cyrillic titlo stroke (  ◌҃  ) and the Hebrew gershayim (  ״  ), which, respectively, mark abbreviations or acronyms , and Greek diacritical marks, which showed that letters of the alphabet were being used as numerals . In Vietnamese and

1980-520: The Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday life (e.g., buncis from Dutch boontjes for (green) beans) and as well in administrative, scientific or technological terminology (e.g., kantor from Dutch kantoor for office). The Professor of Indonesian Literature at Leiden University , and of Comparative Literature at UCR , argues that roughly 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words. In

2046-526: The Roman alphabet are transliterated , or romanized, using diacritics. Examples: Possibly the greatest number of combining diacritics required to compose a valid character in any Unicode language is 8, for the "well-known grapheme cluster in Tibetan and Ranjana scripts" or HAKṢHMALAWARAYAṀ . It consists of An example of rendering, may be broken depending on browser: ཧྐྵྨླྺྼྻྂ Some users have explored

Balochi Standard Alphabet - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-616: The Romance language's character. Latin borrowings can be known by several names in Romance languages: in French, for example, they are usually referred to as mots savants , in Spanish as cultismos , and in Italian as latinismi . Latin is usually the most common source of loanwords in these languages, such as in Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc., and in some cases the total number of loans may even outnumber inherited terms (although

2178-534: The Vienna public libraries, for example (before digitization). Among the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are: The tilde, dot, comma, titlo , apostrophe, bar, and colon are sometimes diacritical marks, but also have other uses. Not all diacritics occur adjacent to the letter they modify. In the Wali language of Ghana, for example, an apostrophe indicates a change of vowel quality, but occurs at

2244-593: The acute and grave accents, which can indicate that a vowel is to be pronounced differently than is normal in that position, for example not reduced to /ə/ or silent as in the case of the two uses of the letter e in the noun résumé (as opposed to the verb resume ) and the help sometimes provided in the pronunciation of some words such as doggèd , learnèd , blessèd , and especially words pronounced differently than normal in poetry (for example movèd , breathèd ). Most other words with diacritics in English are borrowings from languages such as French to better preserve

2310-414: The acute to indicate stress overtly where it might be ambiguous ( rébel vs. rebél ) or nonstandard for metrical reasons ( caléndar ), the grave to indicate that an ordinarily silent or elided syllable is pronounced ( warnèd, parlìament ). In certain personal names such as Renée and Zoë , often two spellings exist, and the person's own preference will be known only to those close to them. Even when

2376-502: The acute, grave, and circumflex accents and the diaeresis: ( Cantillation marks do not generally render correctly; refer to Hebrew cantillation#Names and shapes of the ta'amim for a complete table together with instructions for how to maximize the possibility of viewing them in a web browser.) The diacritics 〮 and 〯  , known as Bangjeom ( 방점; 傍點 ), were used to mark pitch accents in Hangul for Middle Korean . They were written to

2442-402: The base letter. The ISO/IEC 646 standard (1967) defined national variations that replace some American graphemes with precomposed characters (such as ⟨é⟩ , ⟨è⟩ and ⟨ë⟩ ), according to language—but remained limited to 95 printable characters. Unicode was conceived to solve this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code

2508-425: The beginning of the word, as in the dialects ’Bulengee and ’Dolimi . Because of vowel harmony , all vowels in a word are affected, so the scope of the diacritic is the entire word. In abugida scripts, like those used to write Hindi and Thai , diacritics indicate vowels, and may occur above, below, before, after, or around the consonant letter they modify. The tittle (dot) on the letter ⟨i⟩ or

2574-459: The combining diacritic concept properly. Depending on the keyboard layout and keyboard mapping , it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. Keyboards used in countries where letters with diacritics are the norm, have keys engraved with the relevant symbols. In other cases, such as when the US international or UK extended mappings are used, the accented letter

2640-578: The diacritic developed from initially resembling today's acute accent to a long flourish by the 15th century. With the advent of Roman type it was reduced to the round dot we have today. Several languages of eastern Europe use diacritics on both consonants and vowels, whereas in western Europe digraphs are more often used to change consonant sounds. Most languages in Europe use diacritics on vowels, aside from English where there are typically none (with some exceptions ). These diacritics are used in addition to

2706-411: The donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates , which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other. A loanword is distinguished from a calque (or loan translation ), which

Balochi Standard Alphabet - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-547: The empire, such as Albanian , Bosnian , Bulgarian , Croatian , Greek , Hungarian , Ladino , Macedonian , Montenegrin and Serbian . After the empire fell after World War I and the Republic of Turkey was founded, the Turkish language underwent an extensive language reform led by the newly founded Turkish Language Association , during which many adopted words were replaced with new formations derived from Turkic roots. That

2838-708: The language, often adding concepts that did not exist until then, or replacing words of other origins. These common borrowings and features also essentially serve to raise mutual intelligibility of the Romance languages, particularly in academic/scholarly, literary, technical, and scientific domains. Many of these same words are also found in English (through its numerous borrowings from Latin and French) and other European languages. In addition to Latin loanwords, many words of Ancient Greek origin were also borrowed into Romance languages, often in part through scholarly Latin intermediates, and these also often pertained to academic, scientific, literary, and technical topics. Furthermore, to

2904-692: The late 17th century, the Dutch Republic had a leading position in shipbuilding. Czar Peter the Great , eager to improve his navy, studied shipbuilding in Zaandam and Amsterdam . Many Dutch naval terms have been incorporated in the Russian vocabulary, such as бра́мсель ( brámselʹ ) from Dutch bramzeil for the topgallant sail , домкра́т ( domkrát ) from Dutch dommekracht for jack , and матро́с ( matrós ) from Dutch matroos for sailor. A large percentage of

2970-489: The learned borrowings are less often used in common speech, with the most common vocabulary being of inherited, orally transmitted origin from Vulgar Latin). This has led to many cases of etymological doublets in these languages. For most Romance languages, these loans were initiated by scholars, clergy, or other learned people and occurred in Medieval times, peaking in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance era - in Italian,

3036-710: The left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing. In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ə , e̊ or superscript (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac. Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons. Some non-alphabetic scripts also employ symbols that function essentially as diacritics. Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. For example, French and Portuguese treat letters with diacritical marks

3102-470: The letter ⟨j⟩ , of the Latin alphabet originated as a diacritic to clearly distinguish ⟨i⟩ from the minims (downstrokes) of adjacent letters. It first appeared in the 11th century in the sequence ii (as in ingeníí ), then spread to i adjacent to m, n, u , and finally to all lowercase i s. The ⟨j⟩ , originally a variant of i , inherited the tittle. The shape of

3168-476: The lexicon of Romance languages , themselves descended from Vulgar Latin , consists of loanwords (later learned or scholarly borrowings ) from Latin. These words can be distinguished by lack of typical sound changes and other transformations found in descended words, or by meanings taken directly from Classical or Ecclesiastical Latin that did not evolve or change over time as expected; in addition, there are also semi-learned terms which were adapted partially to

3234-483: The limits of rendering in web browsers and other software by "decorating" words with excessive nonsensical diacritics per character to produce so-called Zalgo text . Diacritics for Latin script in Unicode: Loan word A loanword (also a loan word , loan-word ) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through

3300-482: The main way the Modern English alphabet adapts the Latin to its phonemes. Exceptions are unassimilated foreign loanwords, including borrowings from French (and, increasingly, Spanish , like jalapeño and piñata ); however, the diacritic is also sometimes omitted from such words. Loanwords that frequently appear with the diacritic in English include café , résumé or resumé (a usage that helps distinguish it from

3366-403: The meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target language (the superstrate). A Wanderwort is a word that has been borrowed across a wide range of languages remote from its original source; an example

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3432-733: The name of a person is spelled with a diacritic, like Charlotte Brontë , this may be dropped in English-language articles, and even in official documents such as passports , due either to carelessness, the typist not knowing how to enter letters with diacritical marks, or technical reasons ( California , for example, does not allow names with diacritics, as the computer system cannot process such characters). They also appear in some worldwide company names and/or trademarks, such as Nestlé and Citroën . The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters. Several languages that are not written with

3498-463: The original phonology even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. For example, the Hawaiian word ʻaʻā is used by geologists to specify lava that is thick, chunky, and rough. The Hawaiian spelling indicates the two glottal stops in the word, but the English pronunciation, / ˈ ɑː ( ʔ ) ɑː / , contains at most one. The English spelling usually removes

3564-410: The process of borrowing . Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword). Loanwords may be contrasted with calques , in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from

3630-772: The same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries. The Scandinavian languages and the Finnish language , by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics ⟨å⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ , and ⟨ö⟩ as distinct letters of the alphabet, and sort them after ⟨z⟩ . Usually ⟨ä⟩ (a-umlaut) and ⟨ö⟩ (o-umlaut) [used in Swedish and Finnish] are sorted as equivalent to ⟨æ⟩ (ash) and ⟨ø⟩ (o-slash) [used in Danish and Norwegian]. Also, aa , when used as an alternative spelling to ⟨å⟩ ,

3696-442: The same function as ancillary glyphs, in that they modify the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the "h" in the English pronunciation of "sh" and "th". Such letter combinations are sometimes even collated as a single distinct letter. For example, the spelling sch was traditionally often treated as a separate letter in German. Words with that spelling were listed after all other words spelled with s in card catalogs in

3762-443: The spelling, such as the diaeresis on naïve and Noël , the acute from café , the circumflex in the word crêpe , and the cedille in façade . All these diacritics, however, are frequently omitted in writing, and English is the only major modern European language that does not have diacritics in common usage. In Latin-script alphabets in other languages, diacritics may distinguish between homonyms , such as

3828-487: The transfer, rather than that of the descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the category 'simple' words also includes compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form". After this general classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz's (1949) terminology. The English language has borrowed many words from other cultures or languages. For examples, see Lists of English words by country or language of origin and Anglicisation . Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to

3894-412: The unaccented vowels ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , as the acute accent in Spanish only modifies stress within the word or denotes a distinction between homonyms , and does not modify the sound of a letter. For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see Collating sequence . Modern computer technology

3960-428: The underlying vowel). In Spanish, the grapheme ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a distinct letter, different from ⟨n⟩ and collated between ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , as it denotes a different sound from that of a plain ⟨n⟩ . But the accented vowels ⟨á⟩ , ⟨é⟩ , ⟨í⟩ , ⟨ó⟩ , ⟨ú⟩ are not separated from

4026-463: The verb resume ), soufflé , and naïveté (see English terms with diacritical marks ). In older practice (and even among some orthographically conservative modern writers), one may see examples such as élite , mêlée and rôle. English speakers and writers once used the diaeresis more often than now in words such as coöperation (from Fr. coopération ), zoölogy (from Grk. zoologia ), and seeër (now more commonly see-er or simply seer ) as

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4092-465: The way the name would sound in the original language, as in the pronunciation of Louisville . During more than 600 years of the Ottoman Empire , the literary and administrative language of the empire was Turkish , with many Persian and Arabic loanwords, called Ottoman Turkish , considerably differing from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Many such words were adopted by other languages of

4158-695: The word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Schadenfreude (German)." This is not how the term is used in this illustration: [REDACTED] On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen (1950: 214f.) distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: "(1) Loanwords show morphemic importation without substitution.... (2) Loanblends show morphemic substitution as well as importation.... (3) Loanshifts show morphemic substitution without importation". Haugen later refined (1956) his model in

4224-406: The word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries (e.g. schon and then schön , or fallen and then fällen ). However, when names are concerned (e.g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed ⟨e⟩ ; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters (immediately following

4290-669: Was developed mostly in countries that speak Western European languages (particularly English), and many early binary encodings were developed with a bias favoring English—a language written without diacritical marks. With computer memory and computer storage at premium, early character sets were limited to the Latin alphabet, the ten digits and a few punctuation marks and conventional symbols. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ), first published in 1963, encoded just 95 printable characters. It included just four free-standing diacritics—acute, grave, circumflex and tilde—which were to be used by backspacing and overprinting

4356-426: Was part of the ongoing cultural reform of the time, in turn a part in the broader framework of Atatürk's Reforms , which also included the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet . Turkish also has taken many words from French , such as pantolon for trousers (from French pantalon ) and komik for funny (from French comique ), most of them pronounced very similarly. Word usage in modern Turkey has acquired

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