153-10996: The Balkan Mathematical Olympiad ( BMO ) is an international contest of winners of high-school national competitions from European countries. Participants (incomplete) [ edit ] [REDACTED] This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Albania BMO 1991: 1.Julian Mulla 2.Erion Dasho 3.Elton Bojaxhi 4.Enkel Hysnelaj BMO 1993: 1.Gjergji Guri 2.Jonada Rrapo 3.Ermir Qeli 4.Mirela Ciperiani 5.Gjergji Sugari 6.Pirro Bracka BMO 1997 1.Alkid Ademi 2.Ermal Rexhepi 3.Aksel Bode 4.Gerard Gjonaj 5.Amarda Shehu BMO 2002: 1.Deni Raco 2.Evarist Byberi 3.Arlind Kopliku 4.Kreshnik Xhangolli 5.Dritan Tako 6.Erind Angjeliu BMO 2006: 1.Eni Duka 2.Erion Dula 3.Keler Marku 4.Klevis Ymeri 5.Anri Rembeci 6.Gjergji Zaimi BMO 2008: 1.Tedi Aliaj 2.Sindi Shkodrani 3.Disel Spahia 4.Arbeg Gani 5.Arnold Spahiu BMO 2009: 1.Andi Reci 2.Ridgers Mema 3.Arbana Grembi 4.Niko Kaso 5.Erixhen Sula 6.Ornela Xhelili BMO 2010: 1.Andi Nika 2.Olsi Leka 3.Florida Ahmetaj 4.Ledio Bidaj 5.Endrit Shehaj 6.Fatjon Gerra BMO 2011: 1.Florida Ahmetaj 2.Erjona Topalli 3.Keti Veliaj 4.Disel Spahija 5.Franc Hodo 6.Ridgers Mema BMO 2012: 1.Boriana Gjura 2.Fatjon Gera 3.Erjona Topalli 4.Gledis Kallço 5.Florida Ahmetaj 6.Genti Gjika BMO 2013: 1.Antonino Sota 2.Boriana Gjura 3.Ardis Cani 4.Gledis Kallço 5.Enis Barbullushi BMO 2014: 1.Gent Gjika 2.Boriana Gjura 3.Gledis Kallço 4.Antonino Sota 5.Enis Barbullushi 6.Geri Shehu BMO 2015: 1.Gledis Kallço 2.Ana Peçini 3.Alboreno Voci 4.Selion Haxhi 5.Naisila Puka 6.Enes Kristo BMO 2016: 1.Gledis Kallço 2.Ana Peçini 3.Fjona Parllaku 5.Stefan Haxhillazi 5.Kevin Isufa 6.Barjol Lami BMO 2016/Albania B: Laura Sheshi 2.Gledis Zeneli 3.Liana Shpani 4.Enea Prifti 5.Jovan Shandro 6.Aleksandros Ruci BMO 2017: 1.Enea Prifti 2.Barjol Lami 3.Stefan Haxhillazi 4.Rei Myderrizi 5.Safet Hoxha 6.Lorenc Bushi Republic of North Macedonia BMO 2001: 1.Ilija Jovceski 2.Todor Ristov 3.Kire Trivodaliev 4.Riste Gligorov 5.Zoran Dimov 6.Irina Panovska BMO 2002: 1.Ilija Jovceski: Silver Medal (17 points); 2.Stojan Trajanovski: Bronze Medal (15 points); 3.Irina Panovska: Bronze Medal (8 points); 4.Vesna Stojanoska: Bronze Medal (7 points); 5.Zoran Dimov: /; 6.Trifun Karaevski: /; BMO 2003: 1.Ilija Jovceski: Silver Medal (33 points); 2.Stojan Trajanovski: Bronze Medal (31 points); 3.Zoran Dimov: Bronze Medal (31 points); 4.Angel Stanoev: Bronze Medal (22 points); 5.Bojan Prangoski: Bronze Medal (20 points); 6.Marina Zaharieva: /; BMO 2004: 1.Zoran Dimov 2. Ilinka Ivanoska 3. Vesna Kirandziska 4. Visar Zejnulahu 5. Jana Giceva 6. Riste Stojanov BMO 2005: 1.Angel Stanoev 2.Alen Stojanov 3.Viktor Simjanoski 4.Ilinka Ivanovska 5.Vesna Kirandziska 6.Aleksandar Ilioski BMO 2006: 1.Bodan Arsovski 2. Maja Taseska 3. Viktor Simjanovski 4. Aleksandar Ilioski 5. Visar Zejnulahu 6. Andrej Risteski BMO 2007: 1.Bodan Arsovski 2.Viktor Simjanovski 3. Aleksandar Ilioski 4. Andrej Risteski 5. Matej Dobrevski 6.Vlatko Dimitrov BMO 2008 team A: 1.Bodan Arsovski 2.Bojan Joveski 3.Dimitar Trenevski 4.Stefan Lozanovski 5.Matej Dobrevski 6.Kujtim Rahmani team B: 1.Predrag Gruevski 2.Zlatko Joveski 3.Filip Talimdzioski 4.Petar Filev 5.Andrej Risteski 6.Darko Domazetovski BMO 2009: 1.Bodan Arsovski 2.Filip Talimdzioski 3.Bojan Joveski 4.Predrag Gruevski 5.Stefan Lozanovski 6.Stefan Stojcevski BMO 2010: 1.Predrag Gruevski 2.Stefan Stojcevski 3.Zlatko Joveski 4.Bodan Arsovski 5.Binjamin Tekesanoski BMO 2011: 1.Predrag Gruevski 2.Filip Stankovski 3.Stefan Stojcevski 4.Binjamin Tekesanoski 5.Vasil Kuzevski 6.Angela Josifovska BMO 2012: 1.Stefan Stojcevski 2.Vasil Kuzevski 3.Aleksandar Momirovski 4.Filip Stankovski 5.Rosica Dejanovska 6.Marija Tepegjozova BMO 2013: 1. Bojan Serafimov 2. Vasil Kuzevski 3. Jovan Tasev 4. Martin Josifovski 5. Antonij Mijoski 6. Nikola Grunchevski BMO 2014: 1. Bojan Serafimov 2. Jovan Tasev 3. Teodora Bujaroska 4. Stefan Nikoloski 5. Andrej Ilievski 6. Bozhidar Stevanoski BMO 2015: 1. Andrej Ilievski 2. Andrej Ivanov 3. Stefan Nikoloski 4. Sanja Simonovikj 5. Nikola Grunchevski 6. Bozhidar Stevanoski BMO 2016: 1. Andrej Ivanov 2. Dragan Trajchev 3. Andrej Ilievski 4. Dimitar Bajraktarov 5. Sanja Simonovikj 6. Nikola Danevski Moldova BMO 2009: 1.Gramatki Iulian 2.Guzun Ion 3.Ilasenco Andrei 4.Ivanov Andrei 5.Mogoreanu Dan 6. Zubarev Alexei BMO 2010 team A: 1.Gramatki Iulian 2.Ilasenco Andrei 3.Zubarev Alexei 4.Indricean Mihai 5.Godina Teodor 6.Ivanov Andrei BMO 2010 team B: 1.Boscanean Andrian 2.Pupazan Gheorghe 3.Grigoroi Alexandru 4.Sali Adrian 5.Cheian Dinis 6.Zbirnea Alexei BMO 2011: 1.Cheian Dinis 2.Godina Teodor 3.Grigoroi Alexandru 4.Ivanov Andrei 5.Pupazan Gheorghe 6.Zanoci Cristian Romania BMO 2010: 1.Pădurariu Tudor 2.Chindea Filip 3. Radu Bumbăcea 4.Drăgoi Octav 5.Cerrahoğlu Ömer 6.Ivanovici Ştefan BMO 2011 team A: 1.Cerrahoğlu Ömer 2.Pădurariu Tudor 3.Drăgoi Octav 4. Radu Bumbăcea 5.Bud Viorel Andrei 6.Milu Alexandru Andrei BMO 2011 team B: 1.Dănăilă Dan 2.Tiba Marius 3.Stanciu Ioan 4.Ivanovici Ştefan-Adrian 5.Tirc Sorin 6.Toma Florina BMO 2012: 1.Cerrahoğlu Ömer 2.Tran Bach Hai 3.Drăgoi Octav 4.Ivanovici Ștefan 5.Spătaru Ștefan 6.Toma Florina Turkey Turkey has not participated in BMO 2006 BMO 2007: 1.Burak Saglam 2.Melih Ucer 3.Semih Yavuz 4.Tugba Uzluer 5.Sureyya Emre Kurt 6.Cafer Tayyar Yildirim BMO 2008: 1.Umut Varolgunes 2.Melih Ucer 3.Semih Yavuz 4.Omer Faruk Tekin 5.Alper Inecik 6.Fehmi Emre Kadan BMO 2009: 1.Umut Varolgunes 2.Melih Ucer 3.Ufuk Kanat 4.Vefa Goksel 5.Sureyya Emre Kurt 6.Fehmi Emre Kadan BMO 2010: 1.Ozan Yıldız 2.Melih Ucer 3.Ufuk Kanat 4.Mehmet Sönmez 5.Hikmet Yildiz 6.Polatkan Polat BMO 2011: 1.Mehmet Efe Akengin 2.Yunus Emre Demirci 3.Ufuk Kanat 4.Polatkan Polat 5.Memhet Sönmez 6.Yiğit Yargıç BMO 2012 team A: 1.Mehmet Efe Akengin 2.Yuni 3.Ufuk Kanat 4.Mehmet Sönmez 5.Berfin Simsek 6.Mehmet Akif Yildiz BMO 2012 team B: 1.Eray Aydin 2.Mehmet Eren Durlanik 3.Fatih Kaleoglu 4.Muhammed İkbal Ulvi 5.Burak Varici 6.Orhan Tahir Yavascan Bosnia and Herzegovina BMO 2012: 1. Harun Hindija: Gold Medal; 2. Ratko Darda: Silver Medal; 3. Hamza Merzić: Bronze Medal; 4. Vladimir Ivković: Honorable Mention; 5. Sead Delalić: Honorable Mention; 6. Ivan Bartulović: Honorable Mention. Bulgaria BMO 1985: 1. Vasil Daskalov: Gold Medal; 2. Nikolay Chavdarov: Gold Medal; 3. Ivan Dimitrov: Gold Medal; 4. Marin Marinov: Silver Medal; 5. Ivaylo Nedelchev: Silver Medal; 6. Nikolay Mateev: Silver Medal. BMO 1986: 1. Iliya Kraychev: Gold Medal; 2. Ivaylo Nedelchev: Gold Medal; 3. Nikolay Mateev: Gold Medal; 4. Ivaylo Kortezov: Gold Medal; 5. Vladimir Mihov: Silver Medal; 6. Zvezdelina Stankova : Silver Medal. BMO 1987: 1. Vladimir Mihov: Gold Medal; 2. Ivaylo Kortezov: Gold Medal; 3. Alexander Grancharov: Gold Medal; 4. Desislava Bakardzhieva: Gold Medal; 5. Ivaylo Bakalov: Silver Medal; 6. Emanuil Atanasov: Silver Medal. BMO 1988: 1. Desislava Bakardzhieva: Silver Medal; 2. Emanuil Atanasov: Gold Medal; 3. Krum Tsanev: Silver Medal; 4. Radoslav Bochev: Silver Medal; 5. Plamen Iliev: Gold Medal; 6. Emanuil Todorov: Silver Medal. BMO 1989: 1. Plamen Iliev: Silver Medal; 2. Dobromir Dimitrov: Gold Medal; 3. Svetlozar Nestorov: Gold Medal; 4. Dimiter Grancharov: Gold Medal; 5. Yuri Dimitrov: Silver Medal; 6. Nikolay Stoev: Silver Medal. BMO 1990: 1. Tihomir Asparuhov: Gold Medal; 2. Plamen Koev: Gold Medal; 3. Emanuil Todorov: Gold Medal; 4. Petar Dimov: Gold Medal; 5. Bozhko Bakalov: Gold Medal; 6. Gueorgui Nedev: Gold Medal. BMO 1991: 1. Bozhko Bakalov: Silver Medal; 2. Gueorgui Nedev: Silver Medal; 3. Milen Yakimov: Gold Medal, 4. Dancho Danev: Silver Medal; 5. Nikolay Tsvetkov; 6. Avgustin Marinov. BMO 1992: 1. Mladen Dimitrov: Gold Medal; 2. Stanislav Yordanov: Gold Medal; 3. Nikolay Nikolov: Gold Medal; 4. Martin Kasabov: Gold Medal; 5. Boris Dimitrov: Gold Medal; 6. Avgustin Marinov: Gold Medal. BMO 1993: 1. Avgustin Marinov: Gold Medal; 2. Nikolay Nikolov: Gold Medal; 3. Mladen Dimitrov: Gold Medal; 4. Mariana Markova: Gold Medal; 5. Ivan Velev: Gold Medal; 6. Borislav Deyanov: Silver Medal. BMO 1994: 1. Nikolay Nikolov : Gold Medal; 2. Mladen Dimitrov: Gold Medal; 3. Silvia Petrova: Silver Medal; 4. Yasen Siderov: Gold Medal; 5. Valentin Dimitrov: Silver Medal; 6. Detelin Dosev. BMO 1996: 1. Lyudmila Kamenova: Gold Medal; 2. Ivan Ivanov: Silver Medal; 3. Dimitar Alexandrov: Silver Medal; 4. Rayko Chalkov: Silver Medal; 5. Stoyan Atanasov: Silver Medal; 6. Ivo Simeonov: Silver Medal. BMO 1997: 1. Ivan Ivanov: Gold Medal; 2. Rayko Chalkov: Gold Medal; 3. Georgi Angelov: Gold Medal; 4. Dimitar Zhechev: Gold Medal; 5. Stoyan Atanasov: Silver Medal; 6. Kiril Sakaliyski: Silver Medal. BMO 2008: 1. Tedi Aliaj: Silver Medal; 2. Svetozar Stankov: Gold Medal; 3. Disel Spahija: Bronze Medal; 4. Borislav Valkov: Silver Medal; 5. Galin Statev: Gold Medal; 6. Svetoslav Karaivanov: Silver Medal. BMO 2009: 1. Lyuboslav Panchev: Silver Medal; 2. Svetozar Stankov: Gold Medal; 3. Martin Novakov: Bronze Medal; 4. Borislav Valkov: Silver Medal; 5. Galin Statev: Gold Medal; 6. Svetoslav Karaivanov: Silver Medal. BMO 2010: 1. Lyuboslav Panchev: Gold Medal; 2. Zhivko Zhechev: Silver Medal; 3. Emil Lalov: Bronze Medal; 4. Viktor Valov: Silver Medal; 5. Kameliya Belcheva; 6. Alexandar Makelov: Gold Medal. BMO 2011: 1. Viktor Valov: Silver Medal; 2. Zhivko Zhechev: Silver Medal; 3. Mladen Valkov: Silver Medal; 4. Slavcho Slavchev: Bronze Medal; 5. Bogdan Stankov: Silver Medal; 6. Kubrat Danailov: Gold Medal. Cyprus Main article: Cyprus Mathematical Society § Junior high-school (Gymnasium) Competitions In Cyprus four provincial competitions and
306-697: A National (Pancyprian) competition are held every year. During this procedure, 30 students are selected and two Team Selection Tests are held to determine who will be the six national team members for BMO. In every competition or test there are four problem usually covering geometry , number theory , algebra , and combinatorics (elementary level) and last four and a half hours each. Greece BMO 1990: 1. Dimitris Stathopoulos: Gold Medal; 2. Theodoros Evgeniou: Silver Medal; 3. Athanasios Tsikas: Silver Medal; 4. Andreas Stalidis: Bronze Medal; 5. Dimitris Karakostas: Bronze Medal; 6. Eleni Vlamou: Honorable Mention. In Greece there are three competitions to select
459-582: A vassal state of the Ottoman Empire from 1538, until the 19th century. In 1812, following one of several Russian–Turkish wars , the eastern half of the principality, Bessarabia , was annexed by the Russian Empire , marking the beginning of Russian influence in the region. In 1918, Bessarabia briefly became independent as the Moldavian Democratic Republic and, following the decision of
612-769: A "partly free" country with a score of 62/100 in 2023. They summarized their finds as follows: "Moldova has a competitive electoral environment, and freedoms of assembly , speech , and religion are mostly protected. Nonetheless, pervasive corruption , links between major political figures and powerful economic interests, and critical deficiencies in the justice sector and the rule of law all continue to hamper democratic governance." According to Transparency International , Moldova's Corruption Perceptions Index improved to 39 points in 2022 from 34 in 2020. Reporters Without Borders improved Moldova's Press Freedom Index ranking from 89th in 2020 to 40th in 2022, while cautioning that "Moldova's media are diverse but extremely polarised, like
765-482: A Greek text written in the 4th century BC. The Bryges were also present in central Albania, while the south was inhabited by the Epirote Chaonians , whose capital was at Phoenice . Other colonies such as Apollonia and Epidamnos were established by Greek city-states on the coast by the 7th century BC. The Illyrian Taulanti were a powerful Illyrian tribe that were among the earliest recorded tribes in
918-561: A centralised authority over most of the non-conquered territories, becoming the Lord of Albania . The Ottoman Empire's expansion ground to a halt during the time that Skanderbeg's forces resisted, and he has been credited with being one of the main reasons for the delay of Ottoman expansion into Western Europe , giving the Italian principalities more time to better prepare for the Ottoman arrival . However,
1071-547: A clear separation of powers . The president serves as the head of state , is elected every four years, and can be re-elected once. The prime minister serves as the head of government , appointed by the president with parliament 's support. The head of government in turn assembles a cabinet , subject to parliamentary approval. Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral Parliament of Moldova which has 101 seats and whose members are elected by popular vote on party lists every four years. The president's official residence
1224-539: A component of its support for Moldova in its European integration efforts. The first joint meeting of the Governments of Romania and Moldova, held in March 2012, concluded with several bilateral agreements in various fields. The European orientation "has been the policy of Moldova in recent years and this is the policy that must continue," Nicolae Timofti told lawmakers before his election in 2012 . On 29 November 2013, at
1377-561: A conflict that left the Transnistrian region as a de facto independent state. Moldova continues to navigate a complex relationship between pro-Western and pro-Russian factions. In recent years, it has pursued closer ties with the European Union , submitting a formal membership application in 2022. In the November 2020 presidential election , the pro-European opposition candidate Maia Sandu
1530-453: A diverse political evolution, transitioning from a monarchy to a communist regime before becoming a sovereign parliamentary constitutional republic . Governed by a constitution prioritizing the separation of powers, the country's political structure includes a parliament , a ceremonial president , a functional prime minister and a hierarchy of courts. Albania is a developing country with an upper-middle income economy driven by
1683-462: A high priority on the diversification of the economy through Soviet-style industrialization, comprehensive infrastructure development such as the introduction of a transformative railway system , expansion of education and healthcare services, elimination of adult illiteracy, and targeted advancements in areas such as women's rights. Albania's diplomatic history under Hoxha was characterized by notable conflicts. Initially aligned with Yugoslavia as
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#17328557115421836-643: A majority of voters support the proposal in a referendum. Furthermore, no revision can be made to limit the fundamental rights of people enumerated in the Constitution. The 1994 constitution also establishes an independent Constitutional Court , composed of six judges (two appointed by the President, two by Parliament, and two by the Supreme Council of Magistrature ), serving six-year terms, during which they are irremovable and not subordinate to any power. The court
1989-480: A military invasion of Albania, resulting to the exile of Zog and the creation of an Italian protectorate . As World War II progressed, Italy aimed to expand its territorial dominion in the Balkans, including territorial claims on regions of Greece ( Chameria ), Macedonia, Montenegro and Kosovo. These ambitions laid the foundation of Greater Albania , which aimed to unite all areas with Albanian-majority populations into
2142-603: A number of more specialised police institutions including the Police Department of Chisinau Municipality and the General Directorate of Criminal Investigation. The Moldovan Border Police are responsible for border security. It was a military branch until 2012 when it was put under the control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide, "Moldova does not regulate and restrict
2295-764: A participant in NATO 's Partnership for Peace programme. The Francophonie was joined in 1996 with the country joining the World Trade Organization in 2001 and the International Criminal Court in 2002. In 2005, Moldova and the European Union established an action plan that sought to improve cooperation between Moldova and the union. At the end of 2005, the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM)
2448-636: A role in shaping foreign policy. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Government has frequently used its connections with the Russian Orthodox Church to block and stymie the integration of former Soviet states like Moldova into the West. In February 2023 Russia cancelled a 2012 decree underpinning Moldova's sovereignty. In May 2023 the government announced its intentions to withdraw from
2601-458: A run-off on 3 November 2024. The referendum was seen as a test of Moldova's commitment to EU integration, amid claims of vote manipulation by criminal groups. The European Union created a Partnership Mission in Moldova through its Common Security and Defence Policy on 24 April 2023. The mission seeks to support the government of Moldova in countering hybrid threats the country faces as a result of
2754-403: A satellite state, the relationship deteriorated as Yugoslavia aimed to incorporate Albania within its territory. Subsequently, Albania established relations with the Soviet Union and engaged trade agreements with other Eastern European countries, but experienced disagreements over Soviet policies, leading to strained ties with Moscow and diplomatic separation in 1961. Simultaneously, tensions with
2907-402: A secular way of life, and embrace socialist ideology. After four decades of communism paired with the revolutions of 1989 , Albania witnessed a notable rise in political activism, particularly among students, which led to a transformation in the prevailing order. After the first multi-party elections of 1991 , the communist party maintained a stronghold in the parliament until its defeat in
3060-508: A separate administration and are administratively part of either cities (41 of them) or communes (659). This makes for a total of 1,682 localities in Moldova, two of which are uninhabited. The largest city in Moldova is Chișinău with a population of approx. 695,400 people. The second largest city is Tiraspol at 129,500, part of the unrecognised breakaway region of Transnistria , followed by Bălți (146,900) and Bender (91,000). The Moldovan police force ( General Police Inspectorate ) reports to
3213-487: A single country. In 1943, as Italy's control declined, Nazi Germany assumed control of Albania, subjecting Albanians to forced labor, economic exploitation and repression under German rule . The tide shifted in 1944 when Albanian partisan forces, under the leadership of Enver Hoxha and other communist leaders, successfully liberated Albania from German occupation. The establishment of the People's Republic of Albania under
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#17328557115423366-542: A summit in Vilnius , Moldova signed an association agreement with the European Union dedicated to the European Union's ' Eastern Partnership ' with ex-Soviet countries. The ex-Romanian President Traian Băsescu stated that Romania will make all efforts for Moldova to join the EU as soon as possible. Likewise, Traian Băsescu declared that the unification of Moldova and Romania is the next national project for Romania, as more than 75% of
3519-540: A value of US$ 700,000, to the 22nd Peacekeeping Battalion of the Moldovan National Army to "increase the capability of Moldovan peacekeeping contingents." Moldova signed a military agreement with Romania to strengthen regional security in 2015. The agreement is part of Moldova's strategy to reform its military and cooperate with its neighbours. Since 2022, the army has begun a process of modernization, and has been provided with more than €87 million in support for
3672-588: A varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. Albania's landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains , to fertile lowland plains extending from the Adriatic and Ionian seacoasts. Tirana is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by Durrës , Vlorë , and Shkodër . In ancient times,
3825-431: A vision to institute a Western-style constitutional government, abolish feudalism, counter Italian influence, and enhance critical sectors, including infrastructure, education and healthcare. He faced resistance from former allies, who had assisted in the removal of Zog from power, and struggled to secure foreign aid to implement his agenda. Noli's decision to establish diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, an adversary of
3978-426: A wave of evacuations of foreign nationals and refugees. The crisis led both Aleksandër Meksi and Sali Berisha to resign from office in the wake of the general election. In April 1997, Operation Alba , a U.N. peacekeeping force led by Italy, entered Albania with two goals: to assist with the evacuation of expatriates and secure the ground for international organizations. The main international organization involved
4131-531: A widespread campaign targeting religious clergy of various faiths, resulting in public persecution and executions, particularly targeting Muslims, Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox adherents. In 1946, religious estates underwent nationalization, coinciding with the closure or transformation of religious institutions into various other purposes. This culminated in 1976, when Albania became the world's first constitutionally atheist state. Under this regime, citizens were forced to renounce their religious beliefs, adopt
4284-616: A work by Michael Attaliates , who referred to the Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople . At this point the Albanians were fully Christianised. After the dissolution of Arbanon, Charles of Anjou concluded an agreement with the Albanian rulers, promising to protect them and their ancient liberties. In 1272, he established the Kingdom of Albania and conquered regions back from
4437-502: Is also providing assistance to Moldova in implementing the necessary reforms for full accession by 2030. The European Union's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell has confirmed that the pathway to accession does not depend upon a resolution of the Transnistria conflict . On 27 June, Moldova signed a comprehensive free trade agreement with
4590-408: Is around 29.% of the total land area, equivalent to 788,900 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 788,800 hectares (ha) in 1990. Of the naturally regenerating forest 11% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 97% of the forest area
4743-778: Is dominated by the service sector . It has one of the lowest Human Development Indexes in Europe, ranking 76th in the world (2022). Moldova ranks 68th in the world on the Global Innovation Index as of 2024 . Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development ,
Balkan Mathematical Olympiad - Misplaced Pages Continue
4896-571: Is extremely rare for such a southerly latitude. Moldova Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe , on the northeastern corner of the Balkans . The country spans a total of 33,483 km (12,928 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 2.42 million as of January 2024. Moldova is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to
5049-730: Is home to extensive mountain ranges, including the Albanian Alps in the north, the Korab Mountains in the east, the Pindus Mountains in the southeast, the Ceraunian Mountains in the southwest, and the Skanderbeg Mountains in the center. In the northwest is the Lake of Shkodër , Southern Europe's largest lake. Toward the southeast emerges the Lake of Ohrid , one of the world's oldest continuously existing lakes. Farther south,
5202-487: Is invested with the power of judicial review over all acts of parliament , over presidential decrees , and over international treaties signed by the country. The head of state is the President of Moldova, who between 2001 and 2015 was elected by the Moldovan Parliament, requiring the support of three-fifths of the deputies (at least 61 votes). This system was designed to decrease executive authority in favour of
5355-584: Is the Presidential Palace, Chișinău . After the prime minister and government resigned in 2020 and the president and parliament failed to form a new government, early parliamentary elections were held in July 2021. According to Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe observers, the 2021 parliamentary elections were well-administered and competitive, and fundamental freedoms were largely respected. The Party of Action and Solidarity won 63 seats in
5508-437: The 2013 and 2017 parliamentary elections . As prime minister , he implemented numerous reforms focused on modernizing the economy , as well as democratizing state institutions, including the judiciary and law enforcement . Unemployment has steadily declined, with Albania achieving the 4th-lowest unemployment rate in the Balkans. Rama has also placed gender equality at the center of his agenda; since 2017 almost 50% of
5661-557: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . A memorandum dated 29 March 2023 stated that the mission aims at "enhancing the resilience of Moldova's security sector in the area of crisis management as well as enhancing resilience to hybrid threats, including cybersecurity, and countering foreign information manipulation and interference". The initial mandate of the mission is expected to be for two years and it will be made up of up to 40 police and customs officers and judicial officials. Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Germany, Poland , Sweden,
5814-716: The Aurignacian culture . The Neolithic era in Albania began around 7000 BC and is evidenced in finds which indicate domestication of sheep and goats and small-scale agriculture. A part of the Neolithic population may have been the same as the Mesolithic population of the southern Balkans like in the Konispol cave where the Mesolithic stratum co-exists with Pre-Pottery Neolithic finds. Cardium pottery culture appears in coastal Albania and across
5967-738: The Battle of Novšiće , the league was forced to retreat from their contested regions. The league was later defeated by the Ottoman army sent by the sultan. Albania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912, accompanied by the establishment of the Senate and Government by the Assembly of Vlorë on 4 December 1912. Its sovereignty was recognized by the Conference of London . On 29 July 1913,
6120-841: The Congress of Durrës sought Paris Peace Conference protection but was denied, further complicating Albania's position on the international stage. Territorial tensions escalated as Yugoslavia, particularly Serbia, sought control of northern Albania, while Greece aimed dominance in southern Albania. The situation deteriorated in 1919 when the Serbs launched attacks on Albanian inhabitants, among others in Gusinje and Plav , resulting in massacres and large-scale displacement . Meanwhile, Italian influence continued to expand during this time, driven by economic interests and political ambitions. Fan Noli , renowned for his idealism , became prime minister in 1924, with
6273-521: The Czech Republic , Portugal , Romania , and Denmark have all voiced support for the mission. On 2 February 2023 Moldova passed a law introducing criminal penalties for separatism , including prison terms. The law continues with penalties for financing and inciting separatism, plotting against Moldova, and collecting and stealing information that could harm the country's sovereignty, independence and integrity. The Moldovan armed forces consists of
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6426-642: The Despotate of Epirus . The kingdom claimed all of central Albania territory from Dyrrhachium along the Adriatic Sea coast down to Butrint . A catholic political structure was a basis for the papal plans of spreading Catholicism in the Balkan Peninsula. This plan found also the support of Helen of Anjou , a cousin of Charles of Anjou. Around 30 Catholic churches and monasteries were built during her rule mainly in northern Albania. Internal power struggles within
6579-505: The European Free Trade Association . On 28 June 2023, the European Union announced a €1.6 billion support and investment programme for Moldova, as well as confirming reductions in the price of mobile data and voice roaming charges in Moldova by European and Moldovan telecoms operators, as well as Moldova joining the EU's joint gas purchase platform. Formal accession talks began on 13 December 2023. A referendum on joining
6732-643: The European Parliament approved a grant of €90 million to Moldova. The money was to supplement US$ 570 million in International Monetary Fund loans, World Bank and other bilateral support already granted to Moldova. In April 2010, Romania offered Moldova development aid worth of €100 million while the number of scholarships for Moldovan students doubled to 5,000. According to a lending agreement signed in February 2010, Poland provided US$ 15 million as
6885-493: The European Union , and was granted candidate status in June 2022. Accession talks to the EU began on 13 December 2023. Sandu has also suggested an end to Moldova's constitutional commitment to military neutrality in favour of a closer alliance with NATO and strongly condemned Russia's invasion of neighbouring Ukraine . Moldova is the second poorest country in Europe by GDP per official capita after Ukraine and much of its GDP
7038-569: The Ground Forces and Air Force . Moldova maintains a standing army of just 6,500 soldiers, and spends just 0.4 percent of its GDP on defence, far behind its regional neighbours. Moldova accepted all relevant arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union. On 30 October 1992, Moldova ratified the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment and provides for
7191-703: The Illyrians inhabited northern and central regions of Albania, whilst Epirotes inhabited the south. Several important ancient Greek colonies were also established on the coast. The Illyrian kingdom centered in what is now Albania was the dominant power before the Rise of Macedon . In the 2nd century BC, the Roman Republic annexed the region, and after the division of the Roman Empire it became part of Byzantium . The first known Albanian autonomous principality, Arbanon ,
7344-417: The Kingdom of Albania , which became Greater Albania , and then a protectorate of Nazi Germany during World War II . After the war, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania was formed, which lasted until the Revolutions of 1991 concluded with the fall of communism in Albania and eventually the establishment of the current Republic of Albania. Since its independence in 1912, Albania has undergone
7497-432: The Korab Mountains are recognised as the coldest areas in the country. Throughout the year, the average monthly temperatures fluctuate, ranging from −1 °C (30 °F ) during the winter months to 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) in the summer months. Notably, the highest recorded temperature of 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) was observed in Kuçovë on 18 July 1973, while the lowest temperature of −29 °C (−20 °F)
7650-409: The Köppen classification , Albania encompasses five primary climatic types, spanning from Mediterranean and subtropical in the western half to oceanic , continental and subarctic in the eastern half of the country. The coastal regions along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas in Albania are acknowledged as the warmest areas, while the northern and eastern regions encompassing the Albanian Alps and
7803-419: The Left Bank of the Dniester ). The final status of Transnistria is disputed , as the central government does not control that territory. 10 other cities, including Comrat and Tiraspol , the administrative seats of the two autonomous territories, also have municipality status . Moldova has 66 cities (towns), including 13 with municipality status, and 916 communes. Another 700 villages are too small to have
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#17328557115427956-531: The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MAI) and is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, and criminal investigations. Several agencies responsible for border management, emergency situations, migration and asylum also report to the ministry. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. The Moldovan Police are divided into state and municipal organisations. State police provide law enforcement throughout Moldova while municipal police operate at
8109-419: The Neolithic and Bronze Ages . In antiquity , Moldova's location made it a crossroads for invasions by the Scythians , Goths , Huns , and other tribes, followed by periods of Roman and Byzantine control. The medieval Principality of Moldavia emerged in the 1350s , and was the medieval precursor of modern Moldova and Romania . It reached prominence under rulers like Stephen the Great before becoming
8262-470: The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation , and the Association Trio . The name Moldova is derived from the Moldova River ( German : Moldau ); the valley of this river served as a political centre at the time of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The origin of the name of the river remains unclear. According to a legend recounted by Moldavian chroniclers Dimitrie Cantemir and Grigore Ureche , Prince Dragoș named
8415-413: The Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë ), is a country in Southeast Europe . It is located in the Balkans , on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea , and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. With an area of 28,748 km (11,100 sq mi), it has
8568-433: The Russian Republic . In February 1918, it declared independence and then integrated into Romania later that year following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia , which in 1924 established, within the Ukrainian SSR , a so-called Moldavian autonomous republic on partially Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of Bessarabia. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Romania
8721-501: The Sanjak of Prizren as representatives of the central authorities and no delegates from Vilayet of Scutari . Signed by only 47 Muslim deputies, the league issued the Kararname that contained a proclamation that the people from northern Albania, Epirus and Bosnia and Herzegovina are willing to defend the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire by all possible means against the troops of Bulgaria , Serbia and Montenegro . Ottomans authorities cancelled their assistance when
8874-428: The Treaty of London delineated the borders of the country and its neighbors, leaving many Albanians outside Albania, predominantly partitioned between Montenegro , Serbia , and Greece . Headquartered in Vlorë, the International Commission of Control was established on 15 October 1913 to take care of the administration of Albania until its own political institutions were in order. The International Gendarmerie
9027-420: The UN Firearms Protocol , Stability Pact Regional Implementation Plan , the UN Programme of Action (PoA), and the OSCE Documents on Stockpiles of Conventional Ammunition. Since declaring independence in 1991, Moldova has participated in UN peacekeeping missions in Liberia , Côte d'Ivoire , Sudan , and Georgia . On 12 November 2014, the US donated to Moldovan Armed Forces 39 Humvees and 10 trailers, with
9180-402: The United Kingdom and Austro-Hungarian Empire consequently blocked the arrangement and caused the Treaty of Berlin . From this point, Albanians started to organise themselves with the goal to protect and unite the Albanian-populated lands into a unitary nation, leading to the formation of the League of Prizren . The league had initially the assistance of the Ottoman authorities whose position
9333-423: The Venice Commission across all areas and ensure effective and continuous implementation of human rights legislation." The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ' 2016 recommendations on hate crimes were "largely reflected in amendments to the Criminal Code adopted by the Moldovan Parliament and published on 3 June 2022", but the report notes that Moldovan law enforcement officers often fail to record
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#17328557115429486-640: The Wayback Machine ^ "BMO 2010" . www.math.md . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "XXVIII Balkan Mathematical Olympiad" . www.bmo2011.lbi.ro . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2022 . ^ "BMO 2012 says welcome to everybody | 29th Balkan Mathematical Olympiad" . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2019 . ^ "JBMO" . www.massee-org.eu . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . External links [ edit ] BMO JBMO Problems and solutions from all BMOs Archived 2014-08-29 at
9639-901: The Wayback Machine The MOlympiad All Problems Solutions of BMO in MOlympiad website All Problems Solutions of JBMO in MOlympiad website The IMO Compendium All problems of BMO from 1984 to now in IMO website Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balkan_Mathematical_Olympiad&oldid=1239587904 " Categories : European student competitions Mathematics competitions Recurring events established in 1984 Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2022 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Albania Albania ( / æ l ˈ b eɪ n i ə , ɔː l -/ a(w)l- BAY -nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ), officially
9792-400: The de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. The constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994, and the country became a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government . Under the presidency of Maia Sandu , elected in 2020 on a pro-Western and anti-corruption ticket, Moldova has pursued membership of
9945-521: The parliamentary elections of 1992 directed by the Democratic Party . Considerable economic and financial resources were devoted to pyramid schemes that were widely supported by the government. The schemes swept up somewhere between one sixth and one third of the population of the country. Despite the International Monetary Fund 's warnings, Sali Berisha defended the schemes as large investment firms, leading more people to redirect their remittances and sell their homes and cattle for cash to deposit in
10098-431: The 101-seat parliament, enough to form a single-party majority. The 1994 Constitution of Moldova sets the framework for the government of the country. A parliamentary majority of at least two-thirds is required to amend the Constitution of Moldova , which cannot be revised in times of war or national emergency. Amendments to the Constitution affecting the state's sovereignty, independence, or unity can only be made after
10251-454: The 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state ) and became known as Bessarabia . In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania , but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution , Bessarabia briefly became an autonomous state within
10404-519: The 17th century, while Orthodox Albanians followed suit mainly in the following century. Since the Albanians were seen as strategically important, they made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman military and bureaucracy. Many Muslim Albanians attained important political and military positions and culturally contributed to the broader Muslim world . Enjoying this privileged position, they held various high administrative positions with over two dozen Albanian Grand Viziers . Others included members of
10557-404: The 7th century. In the 11th century, the Great Schism formalised the break of communion between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic Church that is reflected in Albania through the emergence of a Catholic north and Orthodox south. The Albanian people inhabited the west of Lake Ochrida and the upper valley of River Shkumbin and established the Principality of Arbanon in 1190 under
10710-471: The Adriatic after 6500 BC, while the settlements of the interior took part in the processes which formed the Starčevo culture . The Albanian bitumen mines of Selenicë provide early evidence of bitumen exploitation in Europe, dating to Late Neolithic Albania (from 5000 BC), when local communities used it as pigment for ceramic decoration, waterproofing , and adhesive for reparing broken vessels. The bitumen of Selenicë circulated towards eastern Albania from
10863-451: The Albanians became primarily widespread from the 17th century and continued into the 18th century. Islam offered them equal opportunities and advancement within the Ottoman Empire. However, motives for conversion were, according to some scholars, diverse depending on the context though the lack of source material does not help when investigating such issues. Because of increasing suppression of Catholicism, most Catholic Albanians converted in
11016-719: The Arbanitai as subjects of the Duke of Dyrrachium . In the Middle Ages, Albania was denoted as Arbëri or Arbëni by its inhabitants, who identified themselves as Arbëreshë or Arbëneshë . Albanians employ the terms Shqipëri or Shqipëria for their nation, designations that trace their historical origins to the 14th century. But only in the late 17th and early 18th centuries did these terms gradually supersede Arbëria and Arbëreshë among Albanians. These two expressions are widely interpreted to symbolise "Children of
11169-555: The Byzantine Empire in the 14th century enabled Serbs' most powerful medieval ruler, Stefan Dusan , to establish a short-lived empire that included all of Albania except Durrës. In 1367, various Albanian rulers established the Despotate of Arta . During that time, several Albanian principalities were created, notably the Principality of Albania , Principality of Kastrioti , Lordship of Berat and Principality of Dukagjini . In
11322-719: The Commonwealth of Independent States and the immediate suspension of its participation. In July 2023 Moldova passed a law on denunciation of the agreement on Moldova's membership in the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly . On 25 July 2023, the Moldovan government summoned the Russian ambassador to Moldova, Oleg Vasnetsov, after media reports of alleged spying devices on the rooftop of their embassy in Chişinău. On 26 July 2023,
11475-508: The EU is planned for autumn 2024, there will be no voting stations in Transnistria, however residents there will be free to travel into other areas of Moldova to vote, should they wish to. In Moldova's referendum on joining the EU, a narrow 50.17% voted "yes," with Maia Sandu alleging "unprecedented" outside interference. Sandu received 42% in the simultaneous presidential election, while her rival, Alexandr Stoianoglo, garnered 26%, leading to
11628-507: The Eagles" and "Land of the Eagles". Mesolithic habitation in Albania has been evidenced in several open air sites which during that period were close to the Adriatic coastline and in cave sites. Mesolithic objects found in a cave near Xarrë include flint and jasper objects along with fossilised animal bones, while those discoveries at Mount Dajt comprise bone and stone tools similar to those of
11781-617: The Greek colony of Epidamnos . The Illyrian Ardiaei tribe, centred in Montenegro, ruled over most of the territory of northern Albania. Their Ardiaean Kingdom reached its greatest extent under King Agron , the son of Pleuratus II . Agron extended his rule over other neighbouring tribes as well. Following Agron's death in 230 BC, his wife, Teuta , inherited the Ardiaean kingdom. Teuta's forces extended their operations further southwards to the Ionian Sea. In 229 BC, Rome declared war on
11934-880: The IE-ization of Albania involves a man with predominantly Yamnaya ancestry buried in a tumulus of northeastern Albania which dates to 2663–2472 calBC. During the Middle Bronze Age, Cetina culture sites and finds appear in Albania. Cetina culture moved southwards across the Adriatic from the Cetina valley of Dalmatia . In Albania, Cetina finds are concentrated around southern Lake Shkodër and appear typically in tumulus cemeteries like in Shkrel and Shtoj and hillforts like Gajtan (Shkodër) as well as cave sites like Blaz, Nezir and Keputa (central Albania) and lake basin sites like Sovjan (southeastern Albania). The incorporated territory of Albania
12087-508: The Moldovan government expelled 45 Russian diplomats and embassy staff due to "hostile actions" intended to destabilise the Republic of Moldova, according to Foreign Minister Nicu Popescu. On 30 July, the Russian embassy announced that it would suspend consular appointments "for technical reasons". The Moldovan Security and Intelligence Service (SIS) also ended all partnership agreements with Russia's FSB after sending official notifications to
12240-470: The OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions. The foreign minister of Moldova , Andrei Stratan , repeatedly stated that the Russian troops stationed in the breakaway region were there against the will of the Moldovan government and called on them to leave "completely and unconditionally". In 2012, a security zone incident resulted in the death of a civilian, raising tensions with Russia. In September 2010,
12393-622: The Ottomans were gaining a firm foothold in the region, Albanian towns were organised into four principal sanjaks . The government fostered trade by settling a sizeable Jewish colony of refugees fleeing persecution in Spain. The city of Vlorë saw passing through its ports imported merchandise from Europe such as velvets, cotton goods, mohairs, carpets, spices and leather from Bursa and Constantinople . Some citizens of Vlorë even had business associates throughout Europe. The phenomenon of Islamisation among
12546-752: The Parliament (Sfatul Țării), united with Romania . During the Second World War it was occupied by the Soviet Union which reclaimed it from Romania. It joined the Union in 1940 as the Moldavian SSR . During this period, policies of Russification and economic transformation deeply influenced the region. The dissolution of the USSR in 1991 led to declared independence , followed by the Transnistria War in 1992,
12699-658: The Serbian elite, ignited allegations of bolshevism from Belgrade. This in turn led to increased pressure from Italy and culminated in Zog's restoration to authority. In 1928, Zog transitioned Albania from a republic to a monarchy that garnered backing from Fascist Italy , with Zog assuming the title of King Zog I. Key constitutional changes dissolved the Senate and established a unicameral National Assembly while preserving Zog's authoritative powers. In 1939, Italy under Benito Mussolini launched
12852-666: The West heightened due to Albania's refusal to hold free elections and allegations of Western support for anti-communist uprisings . Albania's enduring partnership was with China; it sided with Beijing during the Sino-Soviet conflict , resulting in severed ties with the Soviet Union and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact in response to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. But their relations stagnated in 1970, prompting both to reassess their commitment, and Albania actively reduced its dependence on China. Under Hoxha's regime, Albania underwent
13005-626: The area. They lived in an area that corresponds much of present-day Albania. Together with the Dardanian ruler Cleitus , Glaucias , the ruler of the Taulantian kingdom, fought against Alexander the Great at the Battle of Pelium in 335 BC. As the time passed, the ruler of Ancient Macedonia, Cassander of Macedon captured Apollonia and crossed the river Genusus ( Albanian : Shkumbin ) in 314 BC. A few years later Glaucias laid siege to Apollonia and captured
13158-728: The authorities in Moscow. Moldova has set 2030 as the target date for EU Accession. Moldova signed the Association Agreement with the European Union in Brussels on 27 June 2014. The signing came after the accord was drafted in Vilnius in November 2013. Moldova signed the membership application to join the EU on 3 March 2022. On 23 June 2022, Moldova was officially granted candidate status by EU leaders. The United Nations Development Programme
13311-484: The bias motivations behind hate crimes, and additionally recommended "developing its victim support system to ensure effective access to justice, assistance, and protection services for hate crime victims". In 2021, 8 hate crimes were recorded, 7 of which reached a successful conviction, with one going to prosecution but without a conviction. Moldova is divided into 32 districts ( raioane , singular raion ), three municipalities and two autonomous regions ( Gagauzia and
13464-655: The breakaway Transdniestria region, prosecution and imprisonment for peaceful dissent continued." On 18 June 2023, some 500 LGBT activists and supporters held a Pride parade in the capital city of Chișinău which for the first time needed no heavy police cordons to protect them from protesters largely linked to the Orthodox church. According to Human Rights Report of the United States Department of State , released in 2022, "While authorities investigated reports of human rights abuses and corruption committed by officials,
13617-479: The country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova . Officially, the name Republic of Moldova is designated by the United Nations. The history of Moldova spans prehistoric cultures , ancient and medieval empires, and periods of foreign rule and modern independence . Evidence of human habitation dates back 800,000–1.2 million years, with significant developments in agriculture , pottery , and settlement during
13770-608: The country itself, which is marked by political instability and excessive influence by oligarchs." According to Amnesty International 's 2022/23 report, "No visible progress was made in reducing instances of torture and other ill-treatment in detention. Impunity continued for past human rights violations by law enforcement agencies. New "temporary" restrictions on public assemblies were introduced. The rights of LGBTI people were not fully realized, leading to cases of harassment, discrimination and violence. Some refugee reception centres turned away religious and ethnic minority refugees. In
13923-792: The country signed the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly Convention to become a member and was also admitted in July 1995 to the Council of Europe . Moldova became a member state of the United Nations the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council , the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1992. 1994 saw Moldova became
14076-621: The destruction of weapons in excess of those limits. The country acceded to the provisions of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in October 1994 in Washington, D.C. It does not have nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological weapons. Moldova joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 's Partnership for Peace on 16 March 1994. Moldova is committed to a number of international and regional control of arms regulations such as
14229-542: The early 5th millennium BC. First evidence of its overseas trade export comes from Neolithic and Bronze Age southern Italy . The high-quality bitumen of Selenicë has been exploited throughout all the historical ages since the Late Neolithic era until today. The Indo-Europeanization of Albania in the context of the IE-ization of the western Balkans began after 2800 BC. The presence of the Early Bronze Age tumuli in
14382-473: The east, Greece to the south, and the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is between latitudes 42° and 39° N and longitudes 21° and 19° E . Geographic coordinates include Vërmosh at 42° 35' 34" northern latitude as the northernmost point, Konispol at 39° 40' 0" northern latitude as the southernmost, Sazan at 19° 16' 50" eastern longitude as the westernmost, and Vërnik at 21° 1' 26" eastern longitude as
14535-504: The easternmost. Mount Korab , rising at 2,764 m (9,068.24 ft) above the Adriatic , is the highest point, while the Mediterranean Sea, at 0 m (0.00 ft), is the lowest. The country extends 148 km (92 mi) from east to west and around 340 km (211 mi) from north to south. Albania has a diverse and varied landscape with mountains and hills that traverse its territory in various directions. The country
14688-544: The end of August 1914. Prince Wied's regime collapsed, and he left the country on 3 September 1914. The interwar period in Albania was marked by persistent economic and social difficulties, political instability and foreign interventions. After World War I , Albania lacked an established government and internationally recognized borders, rendering it vulnerable to neighboring entities such as Greece, Italy, and Yugoslavia, all of which sought to expand their influence. This led to political uncertainty, highlighted in 1918 when
14841-635: The expanse includes the Large and Small Lake of Prespa , some of the Balkans' highest lakes. Rivers rise mostly in the east and discharge into the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The country's longest river, measured from mouth to source, is the Drin , which starts at the confluence of its two headwaters, the Black and White Drin . Of particular concern is the Vjosë , one of Europe's last intact large river systems. In Albania forest cover
14994-558: The failure of most European nations, with the exception of Naples, in giving him support, along with the failure of Pope Pius II's plans to organize a promised crusade against the Ottomans meant that none of Skanderbeg's victories permanently hindered the Ottomans from invading the Western Balkans. Despite his brilliance as a military leader, Skanderbeg's victories were only delaying the final conquests. The constant Ottoman invasions caused enormous destruction to Albania, greatly reducing
15147-467: The first Albanian cabinet. In November 1913, the Albanian pro-Ottoman forces had offered the throne of Albania to the Ottoman war minister of Albanian origin, Ahmed Izzet Pasha . The pro-Ottoman peasants believed that the new regime was a tool of the six Christian Great Powers and local landowners, who owned half of the arable land. In February 1914, the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
15300-806: The first half of the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire invaded most of Albania, and the League of Lezhë was held under Skanderbeg as a ruler, who became the national hero of the Albanian medieval history. With the fall of Constantinople , the Ottoman Empire continued an extended period of conquest and expansion with its borders going deep into Southeast Europe . They reached the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast in 1385 and erected their garrisons across Southern Albania in 1415 and then occupied most of Albania in 1431. Thousands of Albanians consequently fled to Western Europe, particularly to Calabria , Naples , Ragusa and Sicily , whereby others sought protection at
15453-514: The intenser amount of precipitation, whilst the northeastern and southwestern highlands as well as the Western Lowlands the more limited amount. The Albanian Alps in the far north of the country are considered to be among the most humid regions of Europe, receiving at least 3,100 mm (122.0 in) of rain annually. Four glaciers within these mountains were discovered at a relatively low altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), which
15606-620: The kingdom for extensively plundering Roman ships. The war ended in Illyrian defeat in 227 BC. Teuta was eventually succeeded by Gentius in 181 BC. Gentius clashed with the Romans in 168 BC, initiating the Third Illyrian War . The conflict resulted in Roman conquest of the region by 167 BC. The Romans split the region into three administrative divisions. The Roman Empire
15759-488: The leadership of Enver Hoxha was a significant epoch in modern Albanian history. Hoxha's regime embraced Marxist–Leninist ideologies and implemented authoritarian policies, including prohibition of religious practices, severe restrictions on travel, and abolition of private property rights. It was also defined by a persistent pattern of purges, extensive repression, instances of betrayal, and hostility to external influences. Any form of opposition or resistance to his rule
15912-533: The leadership of Progon of Kruja . The realm was succeeded by his sons Gjin and Dhimitri. Upon the death of Dhimiter, the territory came under the rule of the Albanian-Greek Gregory Kamonas and subsequently under the Golem of Kruja . In the 13th century, the principality was dissolved. Arbanon is considered to be the first sketch of an Albanian state, that retained a semi-autonomous status as
16065-465: The league, under Abdyl Frashëri , became focused on working towards Albanian autonomy and requested merging four vilayets , including Kosovo , Shkodër , Monastir and Ioannina , into a unified vilayet, the Albanian Vilayet . The league used military force to prevent the annexing areas of Plav and Gusinje assigned to Montenegro. After several successful battles with Montenegrin troops, such as
16218-560: The legislature. Nevertheless, the Constitutional Court ruled on 4 March 2016 that this constitutional change adopted in 2000 regarding the presidential election was unconstitutional, thus reverting the election method of the president to a two-round system direct election . After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, Moldova's foreign policy was designed with a view to establishing relations with other European countries, neutrality, and European Union integration. In May 1995
16371-495: The local administrative level. National and municipal police forces often collaborate closely for law enforcement purposes. The Special Forces Brigade "Fulger" is a specialized combat-ready police force primarily responsible for tackling organized crime, serious violent crime, and hostage situations. They are subordinate to the General Police Inspectorate and therefore under strict civilian control. There are also
16524-429: The ministers have been female, the largest number of women serving in the country's history. During the 2021 parliamentary elections , the ruling Socialist Party led by Rama secured its third consecutive victory, winning nearly half of votes and enough seats in parliament to govern alone. On 26 November 2019, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake ravaged Albania, with the epicenter about 16 km (10 mi) southwest of
16677-667: The modernization of the defence sector and the strengthening of security through the European Peace Facility . In October 2022, Defense Minister Anatolie Nosatii claimed that 90 percent of the country's military equipment is outdated and of Soviet origin, dating back to the 1960s and 1980s. In April 2023, Valeriu Mija, Secretary of State for Defence Policy and National Army Reform in the Defence Ministry, claimed that Moldova needed $ 275 million to modernize its armed forces, especially in light of Russia's invasion of Ukraine and
16830-486: The national team: Those are: Θαλής ( Thales ) – first round; Ευκλείδης ( Euclid ) – second round and Αρχιμήδης ( Archimedes ) – third round Serbia BMO 2011: 1.Teodor von Burg 2.Filip Zivanovic 3.Igor Spasojevic 4.Rade Spegar 5.Stefan Mihajlovic 6.Stevan Gajovic Montenegro BMO 2011: 1.Radovan Krtolica: Silver Medal 2.Oleg Smiljanic 3.Olja Krastovic 4.Nikola Kovacevic 5.Beco Merulic 6.Aleksandar Dobrasinovic List of BMOs [ edit ] The 1st BMO
16983-515: The north, east, and south. The unrecognised breakaway state of Transnistria lies across the Dniester river on the country's eastern border with Ukraine. Moldova is a unitary parliamentary representative democratic republic with its capital in Chișinău , the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from
17136-586: The often inaccessible Mountains of Albania . The Albanians, as Christians, were considered an inferior class of people, and as such they were subjected to heavy taxes among others by the Devshirme system that allowed the Sultan to collect a requisite percentage of Christian adolescents from their families to compose the Janissary . The Ottoman conquest was also accompanied with the gradual process of Islamisation and
17289-431: The original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ "25th Balkan Mathematical Olympiad" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2008 . ^ Archived copy Archived 2016-03-15 at
17442-516: The population and destroying flocks of livestock and crops. Besides surrender, there was no possible way Skanderbeg would be able to halt the Ottoman invasions despite his successes against them. His manpower and resources were insufficient, preventing him from expanding the war efforts and driving the Turks from the Albanian borders. Albania was therefore doomed to face an unending series of Ottoman attacks until it eventually fell years after his death. When
17595-598: The population speaks Romanian. A document written in 2021 by the Russia's FSB's Directorate for Cross-Border Cooperation, titled "Strategic objectives of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Moldova" sets out a 10-year plan to destabilise Moldova. Using energy blackmail, political and elite sources in Moldova that are favourable to Russia and the Orthodox Church. Russia denies any such plan. Religious leaders play
17748-461: The possibility of historical continuity. The precise relationship among these historical references and the question of whether Albanopolis was synonymous with Albanon remain subjects of scholarly debate. The Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates , in his 11th-century historical account, provides the earliest undisputed reference to the Albanians, when he mentions them having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1079. He also identifies
17901-547: The presence of 1,500 Russian soldiers in Transnistria . In June 2023, Poland also sent a transport of military equipment worth €8 million (including drones , laptops, explosive ordnance disposal equipment , and ultrasound equipment) to the Moldovan police to increase the country's internal security. Analysts at the Centre for European Policy Analysis have called for further western weapon donations. Freedom House ranked Moldova as
18054-500: The process was slow and burdensome. During the year, authorities indicted and detained several former high-level officials including former President Igor Dodon, former member of parliament Vladimir Andronachi, Shor Party member of parliament Marina Tauber and former director of Moldovan Railways Anatolie Topala. None of these cases resulted in conviction by a court at year's end. Authorities took some steps to identify, investigate, and prosecute officials for human rights abuses, but progress
18207-564: The prominent Köprülü family , Zagan Pasha , Muhammad Ali of Egypt and Ali Pasha of Tepelena . Furthermore, two sultans, Bayezid II and Mehmed III , both had mothers of Albanian origin. The Albanian Renaissance was a period with its roots in the late 18th century and continuing into the 19th century, during which the Albanian people gathered spiritual and intellectual strength for an independent cultural and political life within an independent nation . Modern Albanian culture flourished too, especially Albanian literature and arts , and
18360-508: The rapid construction of mosques. A prosperous and longstanding revolution erupted after the formation of the League of Lezhë until the fall of Shkodër under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg , who consistently defeated major Ottoman armies led by Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II . Skanderbeg managed to unite several of the Albanian principalities, amongst them the Arianitis , Dukagjinis , Zaharias and Thopias , and establish
18513-455: The river after hunting aurochs : following the chase, the prince's exhausted hound Molda (Seva) drowned in the river. The dog's name, given to the river, extended to the principality. For a short time in the 1990s, at the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States , the name of the current Republic of Moldova was also spelled Moldavia . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union ,
18666-609: The savior of Albania and Islam. To gain the support of the Mirdita Catholic volunteers from northern Albania, Prince Wied appointed their leader, Prênk Bibë Doda , foreign minister of the Principality of Albania. In May and June 1914, the International Gendarmerie was joined by Isa Boletini and his men, mostly from Kosovo , and the rebels defeated northern Mirdita Catholics, capturing most of Central Albania by
18819-509: The schemes. The schemes began to collapse in late 1996, leading many of the investors to join initially peaceful protests against the government, requesting their money back. The protests turned violent in February 1997 as government forces responded by firing on the demonstrators. In March, the Police and Republican Guard deserted, leaving their armories open. These were promptly emptied by militias and criminal gangs. The resulting civil war caused
18972-413: The service sector, with manufacturing and tourism also playing significant roles. After the dissolution of its communist system the country shifted from centralized planning to an open market economy . Albanian citizens have universal health care access and free primary and secondary education. The country is an official candidate for membership in the European Union. The historical origins of
19125-588: The term "Albania" can be traced back to medieval Latin , with its foundations believed to be associated with the Illyrian tribe of the Albani . This connection gains further support from the work of the Ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy during the 2nd century AD, where he included the settlement of Albanopolis situated to the northeast of Durrës . The presence of a medieval settlement named Albanon or Arbanon hints at
19278-506: The town of Mamurras . The tremor was felt in Tirana and in places as far away as Taranto , Italy, and Belgrade , Serbia, while the most affected areas were the coastal city of Durrës and the village of Kodër-Thumanë . Comprehensive response to the earthquake included substantial humanitarian aid from the Albanian diaspora and various countries around the world . On 9 March 2020, COVID-19
19431-470: The vicinity of later Apollonia dates to 2679±174 calBC (2852-2505 calBC). These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to later Cetina culture ) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj). The first archaeogenetic find related to
19584-412: The western extremity of the Byzantine Empire , under the Byzantine Doukai of Epirus or Laskarids of Nicaea . Towards the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries, Serbs and Venetians started to take possession over the territory. The ethnogenesis of the Albanians is uncertain; however, the first undisputed mention of Albanians dates back in historical records from 1079 or 1080 in
19737-400: Was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR). On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was underway, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. However, the strip of Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester has been under
19890-413: Was based on the religious solidarity of Muslim people and landlords connected with the Ottoman administration . They favoured and protected the Muslim solidarity and called for defence of Muslim lands simultaneously constituting the reason for titling the league Committee of the Real Muslims . Approximately 300 Muslims participated in the assembly composed by delegates from Bosnia, the administrator of
20043-400: Was confirmed to have spread to Albania. From March to June 2020, the government declared a state of emergency as a measure to limit the virus's spread. The country's COVID-19 vaccination campaign started on 11 January 2021, but as of 11 August 2021, the total number of vaccines administered in Albania was 1,280,239 doses. On 21 September 2024, it was reported that Prime Minister Rama
20196-491: Was elected as the new president of the republic, becoming the first female elected president of Moldova. In the November 2024 presidential election , President Maia Sandu was re-elected with 55% of the vote in the run-off. The Republic of Moldova is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliamentary system of government and competitive, multi-party elections . The constitution provides for executive and legislative branches as well as an independent judiciary and
20349-403: Was established as the Principality of Albania 's first law enforcement agency. In November, the first gendarmerie members arrived in the country. Prince of Albania Wilhelm of Wied (Princ Vilhelm Vidi) was selected as the first prince of the principality. On 7 March, he arrived in the provisional capital of Durrës and began to organize his government, appointing Turhan Pasha Përmeti to form
20502-502: Was established at the joint request of the presidents of Moldova and Ukraine. EUBAM assists the Moldovan and Ukrainian governments in approximating their border and customs procedures to EU standards and offers support in both countries' fight against cross-border crime. After the 1990–1992 War of Transnistria , Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the conflict in the Transnistria region by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and co-operating with
20655-414: Was established in the 12th century. The Kingdom of Albania , Principality of Albania and Albania Veneta were formed between the 13th and 15th centuries in different parts of the country, alongside other Albanian principalities and political entities. In the late 15th century, Albania became part of the Ottoman Empire . In 1912, the modern Albanian state declared independence . In 1939, Italy invaded
20808-457: Was frequently linked to the influences of the Romanticism and Enlightenment principles. Prior to the rise of nationalism , Ottoman authorities suppressed any expression of national unity or conscience by the Albanian people. The victory of Russia over the Ottoman Empire following the Russian-Ottoman Wars resulted the execution of the Treaty of San Stefano which assigned Albanian-populated lands to their Slavic and Greek neighbours. However,
20961-501: Was held in Antalya , Turkey on 8-13 May 2023. Junior Balkan Mathematical Olympiad [ edit ] The Junior Balkan Mathematical Olympiad is a similar competition, except that students must be under the age of 15.5 on the day of the contest. References [ edit ] ^ "Romanian Mathematical Society – Balkan Mathematical Olympiad – Home" . Archived from the original on 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 23 September 2005 . ^ "New Page 0" . Archived from
21114-437: Was held in Athens , Greece in 1984. The 2nd BMO was held in Sofia , Bulgaria in 1985. The 3rd BMO was held in Bucharest , Romania in 1986. The 4th BMO was held in Athens , Greece in 1987. The 5th BMO was held in Nicosia , Cyprus in 1988. The 6th BMO was held in Split , Yugoslavia in 1989. The 7th BMO was held in Sofia , Bulgaria in 1990. The 8th BMO was held in Constanţa , Romania in 1991. The 9th BMO
21267-414: Was held in Athens , Greece in 1992. The 10th BMO was held in Nicosia , Cyprus in 1993. The 11th BMO was held in Novi Sad , Yugoslavia in 1994. The 12th BMO was held in Plovdiv , Bulgaria in 1995. The 13th BMO was held in Bacău , Romania in 1996. The 14th BMO was held in Kalambaka , Greece on 28 April-4 May 1997. The 15th BMO was held in Nicosia , Cyprus on 3–9 May 1998. The 16th BMO
21420-403: Was held in Belgrade , Serbia on 7–12 May 2018. The 36th BMO was held in Chișinău , Moldova on 30 April -5 May 2019. The 37th BMO was hosted virtually due to Covid and organized by Romania on 31 October- 5 November 2020. The 38th BMO was hosted virtually due to Covid and organized by Cyprus on 6–10 September 2021. The 39th BMO was held in Agros , Cyprus on 4–9 May 2022. The 40th BMO
21573-413: Was held in Iaşi , Romania on 4–10 May 2005. The 23rd BMO was held in Agros , Cyprus on 27 April-3 May 2006. The 24th BMO was held in Rhodes , Greece on 26 April-2 May 2007. The 25th BMO was held in Ohrid , Republic of Macedonia on 4–10 May 2008. The 26th BMO was held in Kragujevac , Serbia on 28 April-4 May 2009. The 27th BMO was held in Chișinău , Moldova on 2–8 May 2010. The 28th BMO
21726-466: Was held in Iaşi , Romania on 4–8 May 2011. The 29th BMO was held in Antalya , Turkey on 26 April-2 May 2012. The 30th BMO was held in Agros , Cyprus on 28 June – 3 July 2013. The 31st BMO was held in Pleven , Bulgaria on 2–7 May 2014. The 32nd BMO was held in Athens , Greece on 3–8 May 2015. The 33rd BMO was held in Tirana , Albania on 5–10 May 2016. The 34th BMO was held in Ohrid , Republic of Macedonia on 2–7 May 2017. The 35th BMO
21879-407: Was held in Ohrid , Republic of Macedonia on 6–12 May 1999. The 17th BMO was held in Chişinău , Moldova on 3–9 May 2000. The 18th BMO was held in Belgrade , Yugoslavia on 3–9 May 2001. The 19th BMO was held in Antalya , Turkey on 25 April-1 May 2002. The 20th BMO was held in Tirana , Albania on 2–8 May 2003. The 21st BMO was held in Pleven , Bulgaria on 5–11 May 2004. The 22nd BMO
22032-413: Was historically inhabited by Indo-European peoples , amongst them numerous Illyrian and Epirote tribes. There were also several Greek colonies . The territory referred to as Illyria corresponded roughly to the area east of the Adriatic Sea in the Mediterranean Sea extending in the south to the mouth of the Vjosë . The first account of the Illyrian groups comes from Periplus of the Euxine Sea ,
22185-419: Was met with expeditious and severe consequences, such as internal exile, extended imprisonment, and execution. The regime confronted a multitude of challenges, including widespread poverty, illiteracy, health crises and gender inequality. In response, Hoxha initiated a modernization initiative aimed at attaining economic and social liberation and transforming Albania into an industrial society. The regime placed
22338-419: Was planning to create the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order , a sovereign microstate for the Order within Tirana. Albania lies along the Mediterranean Sea on the Balkan Peninsula in South and Southeast Europe , and has an area of 28,748 km (11,100 sq mi). It is bordered by the Adriatic Sea to the west, Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to
22491-407: Was proclaimed in Gjirokastër by the local Greek population against incorporation to Albania. This initiative was short-lived, and in 1921 the southern provinces were incorporated into the Albanian Principality. Meanwhile, the revolt of Albanian peasants against the new regime erupted under the leadership of the group of Muslim clerics gathered around Essad Pasha Toptani , who proclaimed himself
22644-417: Was reached in 2009, when the country attained membership in NATO, marking a pioneering achievement among the nations of Southeast Europe . In adherence to its vision for further integration into the EU, it formally applied for membership on 28 April 2009. Another milestone was reached on 24 June 2014, when the country was granted official candidate status . Edi Rama of the Socialist Party won both
22797-401: Was recorded in Shtyllë, Librazhd on 9 January 2017. Albania receives most of the precipitation in winter months and less in summer months. The average precipitation is about 1,485 millimetres (58.5 inches). The mean annual precipitation ranges between 600 and 3,000 millimetres (24 and 118 inches) depending on geographical location. The northwestern and southeastern highlands receive
22950-403: Was reported to be under public ownership , 3% private ownership and 0% with ownership listed as other or unknown. The climate of Albania exhibits a distinguished level of variability and diversity due to the differences in latitude, longitude and altitude. Albania experiences a Mediterranean and Continental climate , characterised by the presence of four distinct seasons. According to
23103-421: Was slow." In a meeting with the European Union in October 2022, EU representatives "welcomed positive developments in Moldova such as the ratification of the Istanbul Convention on preventing and combating violence against women, the adoption of legislation on hate crime , and the ongoing work to reform the Electoral Code. It encouraged Moldovan authorities to address shortcomings identified by OSCE/ODIHR and
23256-424: Was split in 395 upon the death of Theodosius I into an Eastern and Western Roman Empire in part because of the increasing pressure from threats during the Barbarian Invasions . From the 6th century into the 7th century, the Slavs crossed the Danube and largely absorbed the indigenous Greeks, Illyrians and Thracians in the Balkans ; thus, the Illyrians were mentioned for the last time in historical records in
23409-434: Was the Western European Union 's multinational Albanian Police element, which worked with the government to restructure the judicial system and simultaneously the Albanian police. After its communist system disintegrated, Albania embarked on an active path toward Westernization with the ambition to obtain membership in the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). A notable milestone
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