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67-525: Bale was first mentioned during the rule of the Zagwe dynasty , and was described as a "mysterious province" that bordered the Islamic sultanates and provinces of Dawaro and Sharkha in the north, Adal in the east and Hadiya in the west. There was no hereditary dynasty that ruled Bale, but Islam was present in the province, as shown by the mention of "Alī", who was the ruler of Bale. Considered an isolated land, Bale

134-458: A fundamental change in the expansion of the Oromo. Newly-taken territories were permanently settled by Oromo for the first time. In the new phase of migration adopted under Meslé, the Oromo defeated Emperor Gelawdewos's Jan Amora corps, allowing them to pillage a number of towns. Instead of returning to their homelands, however, they stayed in the new territories. Gelawdewos campaigned against the Oromo as

201-490: A hundred Muslim villages, and advancing to the city's very walls, besieged Harar. Fierce fightings took place at one of the gates, which was soon full of corpses. Wazir Hamid was reportedly struck by twenty spears, but, though seriously wounded, succeeded in returning to the city alive. The invaders were later repulsed. The Adal Sultanate would move its capital to Aussa due to the Oromo provocation in 1577 however Adal leader imam Muhammad Gasa would be killed in battle against

268-526: A major impact on the modern day Horn of Africa . The Oromo had become one of the major players in the Horn, subsequently weakening Christian Abyssinia and effectively but slowly gaining control of Abyssinian courts via entering the "Era of the Princes" , where they had direct control over the majority of Abyssinian provinces whilst replacing Abyssinian emperors and putting them simply as a figurehead, somewhat similar to

335-644: A permanent menace to the Ethiopian Empire . About 1617, the Oromos attacked Begemder and Gojjam , which were central regions of the empire. Between 1620 and 1660, the Ethiopian emperors had to defend different parts of their territory but could not stop to the waves of advancing Oromo groups. The Tulama expanded from Shewa into Amhara and the Wallo and Azebo overran Angot, parts of Amhara and Waj, Begemder, and Tigre. In 1642

402-674: A presence of the Hadiya-Sidama cluster of speakers that was also present in Hadiya . Both Hadiya and Bale were dominated by Oromo clans, and Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha speaks of "sharifs and the Arabs who lived in Bale", which points to the Arab background of Bale and its population. However, there were Christian clans in Bale as well, such as Sabro, Fankal, Koiye, Daiyu and Fasil. While rulers of the sultanate of Bale were Muslims,

469-518: A result, defeating them at 'Asa Zeneb (yet unidentified), but he was nevertheless unable to drive them from the frontier provinces and continued to build the new town in Wej for new refugees. Oromo expansions were not restricted to Ethiopian territories either, as activities against Adal were also pursued. The forces of Nur ibn Mujahid (r. 1551/2–1567/8), the Amir of Harar , for instance, were soundly defeated by

536-462: A wall around Harar the capital city of the principality. By the late sixteenth century other Adalite towns in the Harar region also began to construct ramparts such as Gidaya , and Dakkar . According to Harari chronicles the combination of the Oromo invasion which followed drought led to the destruction of several towns and regions including Sim, Shewa, Negeb, Hargaya and Dakkar. Oromo invasions in

603-524: Is clearly a pseudonym (Taddesse Tamrat translates it as "The Unknown, the hidden one"), employed soon after his reign by the victorious Solomonic rulers in an act of damnatio memoriae . Taddesse Tamrat believes that this last ruler was actually Yetbarak . The end of the Zagwe came when Yekuno Amlak , who never personally claimed to be descendant of Dil Na'od or King Solomon, and acting under the guidance of either Saint Tekle Haymanot or Saint Iyasus Mo'a , pursued

670-555: Is that the Christian and Muslim kingdoms that surrounded Oromo pastoralists were deeply embroiled in wars. Instead of engaging with either kingdom directly, they targeted isolated communities that would go unnoticed and allowed their enemies to destroy each other without Oromo intervention. By the 1530s, the Oromo pastoralists had developed a three-staged method for territorial expansion; "scouting, night time surprise attack and settlement" (159). The introduction of scouting teams shows that

737-459: The Abati Oromo at a place called Weyne Deg'a . As a result of the battle, according to Bahrey , less than ten Oromo survived. Despite Sarsa Dengel's military campaigns, the Oromo expansion continued to spread northward during this time. It was under luba Birmajé that the Oromo first began to use body-length ox-hide shields. The shields allowed the Oromo to resist arrows and therefore to defeat

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804-667: The Indian Ocean . He is credited for introducing Islam to the Oromo people living in Ethiopia at the time. Despite the Sultanate being founded by a Somali saint and ruled by his descendants, the kingdom was mostly inhabited by the Karanle. Ajuran merchants began settling in the region, thus linking the two kingdoms economically as Bale had trade with neighbouring Ethiopian kingdoms and would serve as

871-528: The companions of the Prophet briefly lived in Ethiopia in 622 after being exiled from Mecca in the First Hijra . However, there is no archaeological evidence for this. There is, however, evidence for a Muslim community in eastern Tigray during the Zagwe period, possibly being Shiites depending on Fatimid patronage. Arabic funerary steles discovered near Qwiha confirm the presence of a Musli settlement between

938-472: The 10th and 12th century, although its whereabouts are still unclear. Recent excavations at nearby Bilet found a Muslim cemetery in use from the late 10th to the mid-13th century, although most tombstones date to the 11th century. The nisbas of the deceased suggest links with Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula , and even Iran. Another Islamic cemetery was found at Arra 30 km southwards and was used between

1005-511: The 16th century, the Oromo inhabited only the area of what is now modern-day southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya . Over the centuries due to many factors, mostly the wars between the Adal Sultanate and the Ethiopian Empire would further encourage the numerous Oromo tribes to expand towards central and eastern modern Ethiopia. Gudifecha adoption tradition also lead to massive diversification within Oromo populations as they expanded during

1072-462: The 16th century. The legend of Liqimssa is an ancient legend stemming from the Borana sect of the Oromo peoples that is credited as having been one of the main motivations for the beginning of the Oromo expansions. The Liqimssa roughly translates to "The Swallower" and was told to be a beast that consumed people one by one until there was nobody left to fight against it. It is meant to embody "hunger", and

1139-683: The Afran Qallo clan. Forced to fight the Ottomans in the north of his empire, Sarsa Dengel turned to curb the spread of the Oromo in the south in the 1570s. The first mention of his actions is in his short Royal Chronicle, which states that he fought a force of Borana Oromo at Lake Zway under a luba named Ambissa. After the 1572 rains, the Oromo had taken Wej , and the Emperor gathered his forces from throughout Ethiopia to form an army at Gind Beret. From there, Sarsa Dengel headed south, where he found that

1206-467: The Emperor defeated the Oromo incursions and made subject to his rule those he captured, which prevented further attacks for some time, with further incursions reduced to skirmishes. The initial attacks were significant, however, on a much larger and more devastating scale to the Ethiopian dynasty. Despite his reprisals, Gelawdewos was troubled and was forced to settle refugees in a town of Wej , north of Lake Zway , around 1550–1551. Meslé's time represent

1273-503: The Harar region were followed by epidemic and food shortages in Adal's capital Harar leading to massive loss of life which included Adal leader Nur ibn Mujahid among the casualties in 1567. The Oromo attacks on the Harar plateau did not let up in 1572, as recounted in a Harari chronicle. While Amir Muhammad was away on campaign the Oromos devastated the region. They are said to have destroyed

1340-633: The Macha Oromo crossed the Gojeb river and led an invasion of the Kingdom of Kaffa . They found formidable natural barriers, which opposed their advance towards Kaffa. The mountainous jungle terrain made rapid cavalry attack and retreat virtually impossible, and their advance was halted by the Kafficho. They, however, conquered all territories north of the Gojeb, including the city of Jimma . The Oromo migrations have had

1407-562: The Mara Tekle Haymanot, the founder of the dynasty. This term does not appear in contemporary sources, neither in indigenous documents nor in accounts of foreign observers. David Buxton has stated that the areas under the direct rule of the Zagwe kings apart from the centre of power in Lasta "probably embraced the highlands of modern Eritrea , Tigray , Wag and Bete Amhara and thence westwards towards Lake Tana ( Begemder )." Unlike

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1474-481: The Mayas. The Oromo often came into conflict with Daharagot , one of Sarsa Dengel's commanders, who was often successful. Nevertheless, during this time, the Oromo pillaged Ar'ine in Wej, killing Ethiopian couriers in the process. Further advances were made around Lake Tana , Dembiya , and (old) Damot , which was surrounded, and some of its inhabitants were enslaved. Under luba Mul'eta a large raid ( Oromo : dulaguto )

1541-399: The Oromo first began migrating around the time of Ahmed Gragn's invasion (1527). During the time of luba Bifolé, the Oromo migration achieved its first major success. All previous movements had been minor raids on neighbouring provinces, but under Bifolé, new raids were undertaken that began to weaken Ethiopian control. All of Dewaro was pillaged, and Fatagar to its north was attacked for

1608-452: The Oromo had also taken Maya . Despite the small size of his army, he was able to defeat the Oromo in the area, push them back to Fatagar , and capture a large number of cattle. Sarsa Dengel again learned in 1574 of Oromo incursions in Shewa and of the pillaging of cattle in lowland Zéma . The Emperor sent Azzaj Halibo with only 50 cavalry to the area, who forced the Oromo to flee and sent

1675-620: The Oromo in 1583. In the Chercher region of Harar, Ittu Oromo would incorporate the Harari and plausibly the Harla people . Its presumed the last remaining pre Oromo invasion inhabitants the Harla people were able to survive due to the fortification of the city of Harar. The greater part of the Adal Muslim population were assimilated by the Oromos . According to historian Mohammed Hassen and others,

1742-470: The Oromo in an ambush at the Battle of Hazalo . According to Bahrey, there had been "no such slaughter since the Oromo first invaded". During the luba of Harmufa rule, the Oromo advanced even deeper into Ethiopian territory. With the use of horses, they were able to attack the province Amhara , and Angot . Further advances were made under Robalé during whose time Shewa was pillaged and Gojjam attacked. For

1809-458: The Oromo invasions were devastating for the Harari people and is one of the major reasons for their diminished populace. The city Dire Dawa was part of Adal during the medieval times. After the weakening of Adal, it was exclusively settled by Dir , which is a major Somali clan. The Oromos were able to penetrate through the city and settle into those areas and to assimilate some of the local Gurgura clan. The Hawiye and Dir clans became

1876-470: The Oromo on the frontiers of the Ethiopian kingdom. After capturing cattle and other booty, the raiding parties would quickly return to their homelands. Actual settlement of new territories would not begin until the Gadaa of Meslé. According to Bahrey, the earliest Oromo expansion occurred under the Oromo luba Melbah, during the time of Emperor Dawit II . He states that they invaded the neighbouring Bale , in

1943-408: The Oromo pastoralists had quickly become accustomed to border warfare. The night time attacks that would come to follow were unceasing and relentless, stripping the community of their "booty" and killing a large amount of the warrior class, then escaping before dawn as to avoid being followed back to their base camps. Once the community under siege was broken down enough to be settled without resistance,

2010-548: The Patriarch is asked for a new abuna because the current office holder was too old, was from Mara Takla Haymanot, who wanted the abuna replaced because he would not endorse the new dynasty. The mystery of the Zagwe dynasty is perhaps darkest around its replacement by the Solomonic dynasty under Yekuno Amlak. The name of the last Zagwe king is lost—the surviving chronicles and oral traditions give his name as Za-Ilmaknun , which

2077-428: The Zagwe dynasty was recorded on the 1922 regnal list . Approximate dates: c. 916–1270 (354 years). This list contains 16 names. Approximate dates: c. 937–1270 (333 years). Oromo expansion The Oromo expansions or the Oromo invasions (in older historiography, Galla invasions ), were a series of expansions in the 16th and 17th centuries by the Oromo . Prior to their great expansion in

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2144-526: The army and in the administration of the provinces. In 1684–1685, Oromo groups fought against Emperor Iyasu I in Wollo and Gojjam . In 1694, the Gugru-Oromo attacked Gojjam and Begemder . Although the military expansion of the Oromo continued, many Oromo groups started to settle in Ethiopian territory and developed into a political power, which was used by the different secular and ecclesiastical groupings. By

2211-577: The contemporary powers of the Mediterranean. The only regular relations seem to have been maintained with Egypt and Jerusalem. Although their presence is often claimed to have been of considerable antiquity, it is only in the 11th and 12th centuries when Ethiopians are firmly attested to have lived in Egypt. A rare testament for their presence during the reign of the Zagwe is a fragmentary manuscript written in Ge'ez that

2278-533: The early 10th century when the power of the Solomonic line was in decline. Enno Littmann theorized that these kings were forerunners of the Zagwe dynasty and E.A. Wallis Budge believed they may have even founded the Zagwe line. The Zagwe period is still shrouded in mystery; even the number of kings in this dynasty is disputed. Some sources (such as the Paris Chronicle, and manuscripts Bruce 88, 91, and 93) give

2345-602: The eastern Oromo nearly annihilated the Ethiopian army from Tigray . Under the reign of emperors Fasiladas and Yohannes II , the Oromo seem to have been virtually unrestrained in their expansion. Iyasu I the Great (1682-1706) resumed the offensive against the Oromo and recruited battalions of Oromo which pledged their allegiance, whom he settled in conquered areas. Tulama and Liban Oromo were settled in northern Gojjam and Begemder and were encouraged to convert to Christianity. Some of their authorities were appointed to high offices in

2412-450: The first time, Oromo advances were devastating core Ethiopian provinces, but their earlier incursions had been simply against frontier provinces. Despite the deeper attacks, the core provinces remained under Ethiopian control, and Emperor Sarsa Dengel carried out punitive expeditions in return. One such reprisal in 1573 involved the engagement of the Oromo near Lake Zway in a frontier province. He defeated them, took their cattle and distributed

2479-402: The first time. Furthermore, according to Bahrey, the inhabitants of the pillaged areas were enslaved to become gebr s ( Ge'ez : ገብር gabr ; Amh. ግብር gebr , Tgn. ግብሪ gebri ), a term referring more precisely to "tax-paying serfs", similar to the serfs in Ethiopia during feudal times. Emperor Gelawdewos, however, campaigned in the south as a result of those attacks. According to his chronicle,

2546-533: The gateway for the neighbouring Sultanates including the Ajuran Sultanate . Along with other sultanates, including Dawaro , Arababni, Hadiya , Shirka, and Dara, Bale became part of the so-called confederation of Zeila . It bordered the sultanates of Dawaro and Makhzumi Dynasty in the north, Hadiya in the west, and Adal in the east and its core areas were located around the Shebelle River . However,

2613-660: The geopolitical borders of the sultanate are unclear - it is usually placed around the Wabe Shebelle river, although the Bale Sultanate also had territorial presence in some border areas north of the river. Another river that shaped the sultanate's borders was the Wabe River . Overall, borders of the Bale Sultanate corresponded to the modern districts of Goba , Sinana - Dinsho , Agarfa , Gasera and Goro . The sultanate consisted of both Semitic and Cushitic speakers, and also had

2680-694: The heads of 80 Gallas to the Emperor as trophies. Sarsa Dengel was again forced to head north with his army to crush the Ottoman-backed Bahr Negus Yeshaq , but later returned to Wej in 1577–1578 to fend off Oromo advances in the area. As a result of the battle in the Mojjo Valley (just east of modern Addis Ababa ) against the Borana Oromo, corpses were strewn all over the surrounding countryside. The Emperor then fended off an attack in Dembiya by

2747-531: The herd among his subjects, who were described in his chronicle as "becoming rich" as a result. At the same time, Barento Oromo groups attacked the Adal Sultanate, which was greatly weakened by its wars with the Christian Ethiopians leading to no potential resistance. In the 16th century, the Oromo began their invasion of Harar region occupying as far as Hubat which forced the Adal Sultanate to erect

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2814-497: The kingdom, eventually passing on the throne to her descendants, with Mara marrying the daughter of the last king of Aksum, Dil Na'od . According to other Ethiopian traditional accounts, the last of her dynasty was overthrown by Mara Takla Haymanot in 1137. Still more, according to another tradition, Mara was born in the province of Lasta , which was his power base. Originally a general of Dil Na'od, whose daughter Masoba Warq became his wife, Mara overthrew his father-in-law to found

2881-520: The land grant by king Tantawedem is to be believed, its dispossession by the Zagwe. Surviving chronicles and manuscripts show variation in the number of kings and their individual length of reign. There are three main versions of the Zagwe line that are recorded, known as the 'short', 'long' and 'longer' lists. Example list recorded by Pedro Páez contains 5 names. Approximate dates: c. 1179–1270 (141 years). Example list below recorded by Carlo Conti Rossini contains 11 names. This version of

2948-431: The land grant of king Tantawedem in c. 1030. Lalibela's land grants are the last time hasani is associated with the king. By the reign of Amda Seyon in the first half of the 14th century it was used to denote a provincial governor. Like the kings of Aksum who preceded them, the Zagwe kings bore three names: a baptismal name, a regnal name and finally the surname. Unlike Aksum, the Zagwe were virtually unknown to

3015-517: The last Zagwe King Za-Ilmaknun was killed in battle by the forces of the Amhara King Yekuno Amlak . The Zagwe are most famous for their king Gebre Meskel Lalibela , who is credited with having ordered the construction of the rock-hewn monolithic churches of Lalibela . The name "Zagwe" is thought to derive from the ancient Ge'ez phrase Ze- Agaw , meaning "of the Agaw", in reference to

3082-474: The last king of the Zagwe and killed him at the Battle of Ansata . In his land grants of 1204 and 1225, Lalibela called himself negus ("king"), which was the traditional title for Ethiopian kings. Besides negus he also called himself hasani , which means as much as "tutor", "nurse" or "counselor". This title first appeared in a 10th-century account by Ibn Hawqal describing an anonymous Ethiopian king, but also features in two undated Ge'ez inscriptions and

3149-458: The late 18th century, they were taking an active part in the political formation of the Ethiopian state. The process of mutual assimilation between the Oromo newcomers and other inhabitants of the empire was well under way. In the mid-17th century, the Oromos began expanding from their homeland around Lake Abaya in southern Ethiopia towards the southern Somali coast while the Ajuran Empire

3216-408: The local Muslim Somali clans and Christian inhabitants. Ethiopian rule of Bale also provided an outpost to carry out attacks on neighbouring states, such as Ifat and Adal. Adal was able to conquer Bale for a brief period in the early 15th century, but Bale was retaken by Christian Ethiopia under the emperor Zara Yaqob . As a result of the wars of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi between 1529 and 1549, and

3283-583: The mid-12th and mid-14th century, with most tombstones dating to the 13th century. A now broken frieze with a Kufic inscription stored in the Wukro Chirkos church probably dates to the second half of the 11th century and may have originally been from a mosque, perhaps sponsored by the Fatimid Caliphate . Tigray's Muslim community declined from the 12th century because of the collapse of the Fatimids and, if

3350-536: The names of eleven kings who ruled for 354 years; others (among them the book Pedro Páez and Manuel de Almeida saw at Axum ) list only five who ruled 143. Paul B. Henze reports the existence of at least one list containing 16 names. According to Carlo Conti Rossini , the shorter mooted length of this dynasty is the more likely one. He argues that a letter received by the Patriarch of Alexandria John V shortly before 1150 from an unnamed Ethiopian monarch, in which

3417-697: The new dynasty. James Bruce , on the other hand, presents another tradition that Dil Na'od was overthrown by Gudit , and that Mara Takla Haymanot (whom Bruce calls "Takla Haymanot") was a cousin of Gudit who succeeded her after several of her own family. Three inscriptions discovered in Axum mention the names of two kings, Dabra Ferem and his son Hasani Dan'el, who were Christian but are not recorded on Ethiopian regnal lists . The first inscription tells how Hasani Dan'el attacked rebel tribes in Kassala and claims that he conquered thirty peoples. The second inscription tells how

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3484-487: The people of Welkait rebelled and laid waste to Axum , and in response he carried off large numbers of cattle and other animals from them. Dan'el then went to the country of the Maya and took 10,000 sheep and 3,000 cattle. The third inscription tells of how Dan'el went to Axum after his campaigns to be acknowledged as king and imprisoned the old king. It is difficult to date the reigns of these kings, but it likely occurred in

3551-427: The population of Bale consisted of adherents of indigenous religions as well as Christians, in addition to Muslims. During medieval times Bale was known for its production of cotton, while salt brought from El Kere was an important trading item. In 1332, the Sultanate of Bale was conquered by the Christian king of the Ethiopian Empire , Amde Seyon . The subsequent rule of Christian Ethiopia led to conflict between

3618-446: The practice of later rulers of Ethiopia, Taddesse Tamrat argues that under the Zagwe dynasty the order of succession was that of brother succeeding brother as king, based on the Agaw laws of inheritance . According to one tradition, around 960, Queen Gudit destroyed the remnants of the Kingdom of Aksum , causing a shift in its temporal power centre that later regrouped more to the south. For 40 years she ruled over what remained of

3685-556: The predominant inhabitants of Hararghe Highlands (land of the Hararis ) in the 16th century after the weakening of Adal. The Oromos took advantage of the crippling state and decided to also invade and to occupy the Hararghe Highlands and assimilate with Somali clan population of Jarso , Akisho , Gurgura , Nole, Metta, Oborra, and Bursuk . All were sub-clans of Dir , a major Somali clan, and were later confederated into Oromo tribe,

3752-444: The province, despite the Oromo expansion that took place later in the 16th century. Zagwe dynasty The Zagwe dynasty ( Amharic : ዛጔ መንግሥት ) was a medieval Agaw monarchy that ruled the northern parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea . The Agaw are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the northern highlands of Ethiopia and neighboring Eritrea . It ruled large parts of the territory from approximately 1137 to 1270 AD, when

3819-418: The rear with the pick of their cavalry and infantry, praising those who went forward bravely and punishing those who lagged behind." Despite Bahrey's praise, Sarsa Dengel was forced to use coercion to draw troops, and decreed that anyone who failed to heed his call to arms would have his house pillaged and property confiscated. During the first half of the 17th century, invasions by different Oromo groups were

3886-458: The remaining peoples would quickly be integrated through Moggaasaa, having their status, material goods and general livelihoods returned to them. The remaining warriors would join the Oromo gada's troops. With each period of adoption into the fighting class, the Oromo's knowledge of the local terrain would increase drastically. After the death of Ahmed Gragn, Kilolé resumed his predecessor's raids and pierced further into Ethiopian territory. Aided by

3953-399: The situation by absorbing into his administration the energy of ambitious Macha individuals. That proved to be the cause of his destruction. By favouring the Oromo at his courts, Shisafotchi alienated his own people. The ambitious Oromo individuals at his court harnessed the popular fury to their own advantage by overthrowing the king and taking over the kingdom. Also around the 18th century,

4020-479: The southeast, just before the invasions of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal in the north. These early incursions ( Oromo : razzia ) were limited, however, as the encroaching groups returned to their homeland near the Shebelle River after each raid. Raids continued under Mudena past the Wabi Shebelle, but these groups also returned home shortly. The reason for the Oromo's returning after their short conquests

4087-409: The story represents how a powerful entity will consume all there is around it until the "land of plenty" (in reference to the Borana homeland) is left barren and empty. The legend is interpreted by Mohammed Hassen to be the embodiment of the Christian kingdom's growing power and influence in the regions directly north of the Oromo homelands. The early expansions were characterized by sporadic raids by

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4154-485: The subsequent Oromo migration from the 1540s, native Muslims lost their foothold in Bale . Bale remained under the direct rule of Christian rulers, although neighbouring Muslim states continued to organize raids and military expeditions into the area - Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was able to conquer Bale from Ethiopia, but was killed in battle in 1543. After restoring Ethiopian rule in 1549, Christian rulers maintained their rule of

4221-469: The weakening of both the Ethiopian Empire and the Adal Sultanate , he raided as far as the province of Dawaro, north of Bali. Again, however, after each raid, the parties returned to their villages. Bahrey's dating might, however, be off, as Shihab ad-din, who had written a decade before Ahmed Gragn's death, noted a locality named Werre Qallu, an Oromo name, in the province of Dawaro. Francisco de Almeida, however, agreed with Bahrey's dating, by affirming that

4288-591: Was at the height of its power. The Garen rulers conducted several military expeditions, known as the Gaal Madow wars, against the Oromo warriors. The Ajuran with their guns forced the Oromo conquerors to reverse their migrations towards the war-ravaged Muslim Adalites . Around 1710, the Macha Oromo reached to the Gonga kingdom of Ennarea in the Gibe region that had a king by name of Shisafotchi. He tried to come to terms with

4355-547: Was made on Gojjam south of Lake Tana. With the Ottoman situation in the north largely under control, Sarsa Dengel again took the initiative against the Oromo in the south, where he forced the Dawé (or Jawé) Oromo in Wej to flight. Bahrey praised Sarsa Dengel's campaign by stating that he "did not act according to the custom of the kings his ancestors, who, when making war were in the habit of sending their troops ahead, remaining themselves in

4422-627: Was nevertheless known for its production of cotton, although its southern location limited its ability to trade. The Bale Sultanate was founded in the 13th century by [[Sheikh Hussein (saint) |Sheikh Hussein] Hussein was born in merca, and was Somali from the Daauud sub-clan of the ABGAAL sub-clan of the Hawiye.[3][4] , who was born in the Hawiye capital of Merca and served as one of the commercial and Islamic centers on

4489-616: Was recently discovered in the Monastery of Saint Anthony , dating to the mid-12th to mid-13th centuries. The earliest sources confirming an Ethiopian community in Jerusalem date to the second half of the 13th century. Yet it is still probable that Ethiopians had lived there before. In the late 12th century, King Lalibela's knowledge of the town was sufficient to have inspired him during the expansion of his capital, adopting Jerusalem's form, attributions and toponyms. According to Muslim tradition,

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