21-569: Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī , also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji , was a Turko-Afghan military general of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor , who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bihar and established himself as their ruler. He was the founder of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal , ruling Bengal for a short period, from 1203 to 1227 CE. Khalji's invasions of
42-529: A brutal sacking. But some historians don't agree and reason that Bakhtiyar's attacks weren't on the Buddhist viharas, and the actual Buddhist sites were already abandoned or in declining state. His rule is said to have begun the Muslim rule in Bengal, most notably those of Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal . Bakhtiyar launched an ill-fated Tibet campaign in 1206 and was assassinated upon returning to Bengal. He
63-633: A disastrous defeat at the hands of Tibetan guerrilla forces at Chumbi Valley , which forced him to retreat to Devkot with only about a hundred surviving soldiers. This was first and shameful defeat of Khalji. As Bakhtiyar Khalji lay ill and exhausted in Devkot after defeated by Tibetans, he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji. The Khalji noblemen then appointed Muhammad Shiran Khalji as Bakhtiyar's successor. Loyal troops under Shiran Khalji and Subedar Aulia Khan avenged Ikhtiyar's death, imprisoning Ali Mardan Khalji. Eventually Ali Mardan fled to Delhi and provoked
84-570: The Indian subcontinent between A.D. 1197 and 1206 led to mass flight and massacres of monks, and caused damage to the traditional Buddhist institutions of higher learning in Northern India. In Bengal, Khalji's reign was responsible for the displacement of Buddhism. The leading centre of teaching for Mahayana Buddhism was Nalanda . At the end of the 12th century, Bakhityar Khilji demolished the Monastery in
105-458: The Mughal period and one of India's most influential historians. His book, Medieval India , has been widely used as a textbook in schools and colleges around India. He belonged to the group of historians, along with Romila Thapar , R. S. Sharma , Bipan Chandra and Arjun Dev, who are sometimes referred to as "left-leaning." In 2004, his textbook was reintroduced in the national curriculum after
126-606: The Second Battle of Tarain against Prithviraja III . Mahmud was later honoured with the iqta of Kashamandi. After the death of his uncle, the iqta was passed to Bakhtiyar. However, Bakhtiyar did not stay in Kashamndi for long. He approached the commander of Benaras , Husamudin Aghul Bek, who was impressed with his gallantry and bestowed on him the iqtas of Bhagwat and Bhilui (present-day Mirzapur district). In his early career, before
147-548: The octogenarian emperor Lakshmana Sena at the helm, the Sena dynasty was in a state of decline and could not provide much resistance. As Khalji came upon the city of Nabadwip , it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up. The small horde entered the city unchallenged and took the emperor and his army by shock. This caused Lakhsmana Sena to flee with his retainers to east Bengal. Khalji subsequently went on to capture Gauda (ancient Lakhnauti),
168-838: The Centre for Historical Studies at the School of Social Sciences in JNU. He was chairperson of the centre for a few years. He was the Secretary and President of the Indian History Congress . Through the 1970s, he served as the vice chairman and chairman of the University Grants Commission of India. Among his various other appointments, he served in the council of the United Nations University , Tokyo between 1980 and 1986. He
189-624: The Khaljis faced discrimination and were looked down upon by other Turks for Afghan barbarians. Bakhtiyar during his early years went in search of employment to Ghazni and Delhi . At the latter, he was rejected due to his ugly appearance. Afterwards, he moved towards Badaun in present-day Uttar Pradesh , where he obtained his first employment. Accounts differ regarding who initially took Bakhtiyar into his service. Bakhtiyar did not come from an obscure background. His uncle Muhammad bin Mahmud had fought in
210-557: The Sultan of Delhi Qutb al-Din Aibak to invade Bengal, who sent an army under Qayemaz Rumi, the governor of Awadh , to dethrone Shiran Khalji. Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died. Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji assisted the invasion and assumed the governorship of Bengal in 1208. But shortly after, he yielded power to Ali Mardan willingly, when the latter returned from Delhi in 1210. However,
231-466: The capital and the principal city of Bengal and intruded into much of Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar's rule was related by Minhaj al-Siraj , as he visited Bengal about 40 years later: After Muhammad Bakhtiyar possessed himself of that territory he left the city of Nudiah in desolation, and the place which is (now) Lakhnauti he made the seat of government. He brought the different parts of the territory under his sway, and instituted therein, in every part,
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#1732845675153252-410: The end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century. He subjugated much of Bihar in 1200. His invasions destroyed the university establishments at Odantapuri , Vikramashila Mahaviras. Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani's Tabaqat-i Nasiri documents Bakhtiyar Khalji's sack of a Buddhist monastery, which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from the soldiers' use of
273-478: The expeditions in Bengal and Bihar , Bakhtiyar displaced the minor Gahadavala chiefs in the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh and from there raided Maner and Bihar where he looted a large amount of booty. These successful raids increased Bakhtiyar's fame and many Khaljis joined in his service. Qutb ud-Din Aibak also honoured him. Khalji was head of the Ghurid military force that conquered parts of eastern India at
294-812: The historiography of the Indian subcontinent, the term Turco-Afghan refers to the successive Islamic dynasties of the Ghaznavids , and the Delhi Sultanate , all of which had their origin in Turkic speakers from Central Asia. The Turco-Afghan period begins with the Ghaznavid campaigns in India in 1000 AD. This Indian history-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Satish Chandra (historian) Satish Chandra (20 November 1922 – 13 October 2017)
315-499: The nobles of Bengal conspired against and assassinated Ali Mardan in 1212. Iwaj Khalji assumed power again and proclaimed his independence from the Delhi sultanate. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the Khutbah read and coins struck in his name. Mosques, madrasas , and khanqahs arose through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his subordinates. Turko-Afghan In
336-500: The reading of the khutbah , and the coining of money; and, through his praiseworthy endeavours, and those of his Amirs , masjids [mosques], colleges, and monasteries (for Dervishes ), were founded in those parts. Bakhtiyar Khalji left the town of Devkot in 1206 to attack Tibet, leaving Ali Mardan Khalji in Ghoraghat Upazila to guard the eastern frontier from his headquarters at Barisal . Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces suffered
357-531: The word vihara . According to the early 17th-century Buddhist scholar Taranatha , the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila. Historians Satish Chandra , Mohammad Habib and others have directly or indirectly implicated Bakhtiyar in the destruction of the Mahaviharas in their writings, but others like D.N. Jha and Namit Arora have reasoned that those sites may not have been destroyed by him. In 1203, Khalji invaded Bengal. With
378-552: Was an Indian historian whose main area of specialisation was medieval Indian history . Satish Chandra was born in Meerut , Uttar Pradesh (then the United Provinces ) to Sir Sita Ram, who later become the first Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan, and his wife, Basudevi. He attended Allahabad University where he earned his B.A. (1942), M.A. (1944), and D.Phil. (1948) under the supervision of R.P. Tripathi. His doctoral thesis
399-560: Was an associated director of research at the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme as well as an executive board member at the International Congress of Historical Sciences, both in Paris . In 1988, he was asked by Union Public Service Commission to head a committee to review the system of appointments to the higher civil services. Chandra has been described as one of India's leading scholars of
420-591: Was on the Parties and Politics in 18th century India . He was married to Savitri and had three sons. He taught at Allahabad University , Aligarh Muslim University , Delhi University , and Rajasthan University and was the Smuts' Visiting Professor at Cambridge in 1971. He was Professor of History at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in New Delhi . Along with S. Gopal , Bipan Chandra , and Romila Thapar , he co-founded
441-635: Was succeeded by Muhammad Shiran Khalji . Bakhtiyar Khalji was born and raised in Garmsir , Helmand , in present-day southern Afghanistan . He was member of the Khalaj tribe, which was originally of Turkic origin. After being settled in south-eastern Afghanistan for over 200 years , it led to the creation of the Pashtun Ghilji tribe, with Bakhtiyar seen as a Turko-Afghan . Later in the Khalji Revolution ,
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