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36-650: Badme ( Tigrinya : ባድመ , Arabic : بادم ) is a town in Gash-Barka region of Eritrea . Control of the town was at the centre of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict , which lasted from the beginning of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War , in 1998, to the signing of a joint statement at the Eritrea–Ethiopia summit in 2018 , twenty years later. The boundaries of Ethiopia and Eritrea follow a frontier defined by

72-525: A Tigrayan , that is a native of Tigray , who also speaks the Tigrinya language, is referred to in Tigrinya as təgraway (male), təgrawäyti (female), tägaru (plural). Bəher roughly means "nation" in the ethnic sense of the word in Tigrinya, Tigre , Amharic and Ge'ez. The Jeberti in Eritrea also speak Tigrinya. Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in Eritrea (see Demographics of Eritrea ), and

108-453: A one party national Assembly governed by People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) (originally Eritrean Liberation Front ), From the time of independence since 30 May 1991, the country has been continuing with a transitional government elected during the elections in April 1993. The scheduled elections in 2001 has been postponed indefinitely. The regional and local elections are conducted on

144-503: A result, thousands of internally displaced people were in refugee camps and there was a threat of renewed war. In 2002, authorities in Ethiopia's Tigray Region resettled some 210 people from central Tigray to Badme. In 2005, Badme residents voted in Ethiopian elections for the first time since Eritrean independence in 1991 . In June 2018, following a meeting of the executive council of

180-601: A standard. Even though the most spread and used in, for example books, movies and news is the Asmara dialect. For the representation of Tigrinya sounds, this article uses a modification of a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages , but differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet . Tigrinya has a fairly typical set of phonemes for an Ethiopian Semitic language. That is, there

216-512: A word, the cluster is broken up with the introduction of an epenthetic vowel -ə- , and when two consonants (or one geminated consonant) would otherwise end a word, the vowel -i appears after them, or (when this happens because of the presence of a suffix) -ə- is introduced before the suffix. For example, Stress is neither contrastive nor particularly salient in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination, but it has apparently not been systematically investigated. Grammatically, Tigrinya

252-409: Is Mount Soira 3,018 m (9,902 ft), situated east of Senafe. The topography of the region has coastal plains, which are hotter than the regions around the highland plateau. There are two rainy seasons, the heavier one during summer and the lighter one during spring. The climate and geography of the region along with other regions of Eritrea is similar to the one of Ethiopia . The hottest month

288-405: Is ä, the first column in the table. However, since the pharyngeal and glottal consonants of Tigrinya (and other Ethiopian Semitic languages) cannot be followed by this vowel, the symbols in the first column for those consonants are pronounced with the vowel a, exactly as in the fourth column. These redundant symbols are falling into disuse in Tigrinya and are shown with a dark gray background in

324-414: Is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C (86 °F), while the coldest months are December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 508 mm (20.0 in) of rainfall and the soil is conducive for agriculture. As of 2005, the region had a population of 952,100 compared to a population of 839,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.81 per cent. The total area of

360-488: Is a set of ejective consonants and the usual seven-vowel system. Unlike many of the modern Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has preserved the two pharyngeal consonants which were apparently part of the ancient Geʽez language and which, along with [ xʼ ] , voiceless velar ejective fricative or voiceless uvular ejective fricative , make it easy to distinguish spoken Tigrinya from related languages such as Amharic, though not from Tigre, which has also maintained

396-510: Is a typical Ethiopian Semitic (ES) language in most ways: Tigrinya grammar is unique within the Ethiopian Semitic language family in several ways: Tigrinya is written in the Geʽez script , originally developed for Geʽez. The Ethiopic script is an abugida : each symbol represents a consonant+vowel syllable, and the symbols are organized in groups of similar symbols on the basis of both

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432-512: Is an Ethio-Semitic language commonly spoken in Eritrea and in northern Ethiopia 's Tigray Region by the Tigrinya and Tigrayan peoples respectively. It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions. Although it differs markedly from the Geʽez (Classical Ethiopic) language, for instance in having phrasal verbs, and in using a word order that places the main verb last instead of first in

468-525: Is especially clear from verb roots in which one consonant is realized as one or the other allophone depending on what precedes it. For example, for the verb meaning ' cry ' , which has the triconsonantal root √b-k-y, there are forms such as ምብካይ /məbkaj/ ( ' to cry ' ) and በኸየ /bɐxɐjɐ/ ( ' he cried ' ), and for the verb meaning ' steal ' , which has the triconsonantal root √s-r-kʼ, there are forms such as ይሰርቁ /jəsɐrkʼu/ ( ' they steal ' ) and ይሰርቕ /jəsɐrrəxʼ/ ( ' he steals ' ). What

504-453: Is especially interesting about these pairs of phones is that they are distinguished in Tigrinya orthography. Because allophones are completely predictable, it is quite unusual for them to be represented with distinct symbols in the written form of a language. A Tigrinya syllable may consist of a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. When three consonants (or one geminated consonant and one simple consonant) come together within

540-464: Is indicated in brackets. Gemination , the doubling of a consonantal sound, is meaningful in Tigrinya, i.e. it affects the meaning of words. While gemination plays an important role in the morphology of the Tigrinya verb, it is normally accompanied by other marks. But there is a small number of pairs of words which are only differentiable from each other by gemination, e.g. /kʼɐrrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he brought forth ' ); /kʼɐrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he came closer ' ). All

576-449: Is now considered old-fashioned. These less-used series are shown with a dark gray background in the chart. The orthography does not mark gemination, so the pair of words qärräbä 'he approached', qäräbä 'he was near' are both written ቀረበ . Since such minimal pairs are very rare, this presents no problem to readers of the language. Debub Region Zoba Debub is one of the six zobas (administrative regions) of Eritrea, located in

612-1017: The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), the ruling party in Ethiopia, the government of Ethiopia announced plans to withdraw from Badme and cede it to Eritrea. A bilateral summit the following month ended the border conflict. During the Tigray War , attacks were carried out on Badme by the joint Ethiopian and Eritrean armies. On 19 December 2020, a foreign diplomat stated that "thousands" of Eritrean soldiers are engaged in Tigray. Two diplomats claimed that Eritrean troops entered Ethiopia through three northern border towns: Zalambessa , Rama , and Badme. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia in 2005 reported that this town has an estimated total population of 1,563, of whom 834 are men and 729 are women. Tigrinya language Tigrinya ( ትግርኛ , Təgrəñña ), sometimes spelled Tigrigna ,

648-684: The PFDJ , Eritrea's ruling organization) in November 1977. The Ethiopian government considered Badme as one of four towns in Tahtay Adiyabo woreda . In addition to Badme, other disputed areas along the Eritrean–Ethiopian border include Tsorona-Zalambessa and Bure . In 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia signed the Algiers Agreement , which forwarded the border dispute to a Hague boundary commission. In

684-606: The Treaty of Addis Ababa between Ethiopia and Italy, which ruled Eritrea as a colony at the time. However, the frontier near Badme was poorly defined in the treaty, and since Eritrea became a separate nation in 1993, each nation has disputed where the boundary actually runs. The town of Badme was ceded by the TPLF (the predecessor of the EPRDF , Ethiopia's former ruling party) to the EPLF (the predecessor of

720-459: The pharyngeal consonants . The charts below show the phonemes of Tigrinya. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography is indicated in brackets. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography

756-425: The uvular place of articulation (although it is represented in this article as [xʼ] ). All of these possible realizations – velar ejective fricative , uvular ejective fricative , velar ejective affricate and uvular ejective affricate – are cross-linguistically very rare sounds. Since these two sounds are completely conditioned by their environments, they can be considered allophones of /k/ and /kʼ/ . This

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792-622: The 13th century. In Eritrea, during British administration , the Ministry of Information put out a weekly newspaper in Tigrinya that cost 5 cents and sold 5,000 copies weekly. At the time, it was reported to be the first of its kind. Tigrinya (along with Arabic) was one of Eritrea's official languages during its short-lived federation with Ethiopia . In 1958, it was replaced by the Southern Ethiopic language Amharic prior to its annexation. Upon Eritrea's independence in 1991, Tigrinya retained

828-538: The agreement, both parties agreed in advance to comply with the ruling of the border commission. In 2002, the commission ruled on where the boundary ran, placing Badme inside Eritrean territory. Despite initially agreeing to abide by the terms of the Algiers Agreement, Ethiopia rejected its ruling and refused to withdraw to the border established by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission. As

864-452: The consonant and the vowel. In the table below the columns are assigned to the seven vowels of Tigrinya; they appear in the traditional order. The rows are assigned to the consonants, again in the traditional order. For each consonant in an abugida, there is an unmarked symbol representing that consonant followed by a canonical or inherent vowel . For the Ethiopic abugida, this canonical vowel

900-432: The consonants, with the exception of the pharyngeal and glottal , can be geminated. The velar consonants /k/ and /kʼ/ are pronounced differently when they appear immediately after a vowel and are not geminated . In these circumstances, /k/ is pronounced as a velar fricative . /kʼ/ is pronounced as a fricative, or sometimes as an affricate . This fricative or affricate is more often pronounced further back, in

936-639: The fourth most spoken language in Ethiopia after Amharic , Oromo , and Somali . It is also spoken by large immigrant communities around the world, in countries including Sudan , Saudi Arabia , Israel, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In Australia, Tigrinya is one of the languages broadcast on public radio via the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service . Tigrinya dialects differ phonetically, lexically, and grammatically. No dialect appears to be accepted as

972-481: The province was 8000.00 km and the density was 119.01 persons per km . As of 2002, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), defined as the children per woman was 5.7. The General Fertility Rate (GFR), defined as the births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 45 remained at 172.0. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR), the number of births per 1,000 population, was 34.0. The percentage of women pregnant as of 2002 out of

1008-582: The sentence, there is a strong influence of Geʽez on Tigrinya literature, especially with terms relating to Christian life, Biblical names, and so on. Ge'ez, because of its status in Eritrean and Ethiopian culture, and possibly also its simple structure, acted as a literary medium until relatively recent times. The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local laws found in the district of Logosarda, Debub Region in Southern Eritrea, which dates from

1044-730: The southern part of the country with longitude of 38° 15' – 39° 40' east and latitude 14° 25' – 15° 15 north. It shares borders with Zoba Maekel (Central Region) in the north, Zoba Northern Red Sea in the east, Gash Barka in the west and Ethiopia in the south. It is the largest region in the country by population. This region has an area of around 8,000 square kilometers, and its capital is Mendefera (Adi Ugri). Other towns in Debub include Adi Keyh , Mayduma , Adi Quala , Dekemhare , Debarwa , Segeneyti , Areza and Senafe . The archeological sites of Metera , Qohaito and Mendefera are also located here. The highest point in this region, and in Eritrea,

1080-468: The status of working language in the country. Eritrea was the only state in the world to officially recognize Tigrinya until 2020, when Ethiopia made changes to recognize Tigrinya on a national level. There is no general name for the people who speak Tigrinya. In Eritrea, Tigrinya speakers are officially known as the Bəher-Təgrəñña ( ' nation of Tigrinya speakers ' ) or Tigrinya people . In Ethiopia,

1116-549: The table. When it is necessary to represent a consonant with no following vowel, the consonant + ə form is used (the symbol in the sixth column). For example, the word ʼǝntay 'what?' is written እንታይ , literally ʼǝ-nǝ-ta-yǝ. Since some of the distinctions that were apparently made in Ge'ez have been lost in Tigrinya, there are two rows of symbols each for the consonants ‹ḥ›, ‹s›, and ‹sʼ›. In Eritrea, for ‹s› and ‹sʼ›, at least, one of these has fallen into disuse in Tigrinya and

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1152-511: The total population was 9.5 per cent. The mean number of children ever born stood at 6.6. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), defined as the number of deaths of children for every 1,000 born was 58.0 while the Child Mortality Rate (CMR), defined as the number of child deaths for every 1,000 children 5 years of age was 56.0. The under-5 mortality rate stood at 111.0. The number of children with the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)

1188-424: Was 1811, fever was 1811, and Diarrhea was 1811. The number of women with the knowledge of AIDS was 2,388 and the number of people with no knowledge of the disease or its prevention was 0.0 per cent. As of 2002, the number of males completing or attending highest level of schooling in the region was 4,105 while it was 5,417 females. The per centage of literate males was 62.80 and the percentage of literate females

1224-475: Was 41.90. A fraction of 34.40 males had no education, while the corresponding number for females was 52.70. The fraction of males completing secondary school stood at 1.60 and the fraction of males completing more than secondary was 001. The corresponding numbers for females was 1.10 and 001 respectively. As of 2002, the number of people engaged in Professional/technical/managerial activities

1260-527: Was 6.60 and in both was 5.20. The number of women who were paid their total earnings in cash was 77.60 per cent, in kind was 6.10 per cent and in both was 4.50 per cent. The region also includes the following districts : Adi Keyh District , Adi Quala District , Maidima District, Debarwa District , Dekemhare District , Hadidia District, Kudo Be'ur District , Mai-Mne District , Mendefera District , Segeneiti District , Senafe District , Tera-Emni District , Tsorona District and Shiketi District. Eritrea has

1296-409: Was 7.00 per cent, Clerical was 1.20 per cent, Sales and services was 19.70 per cent, Skilled Manual was 10.10 per cent, Unskilled Manual was 0.00 per cent, Domestic Service was 8.80 per cent and Agriculture was 52.10 per cent. The total number of employed men was 3,042 and the total number of employed women was 3,255. The number of men who were paid their total earnings in cash was 74.50 per cent, in kind

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