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117-643: The Grand Duchy of Baden was an independent state in what is now southwestern Germany until the creation of the German Empire in 1871. It had its own state-owned railway company, the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways ( Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen or G.Bad.St.E. ), which was founded in 1840. At the time when it was integrated into the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1920, its network had an overall length of about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi). Baden

234-570: A morganatic marriage between the Grand Duke Charles Frederick and Luise Geyer von Geyersberg (created countess Hochberg), capable of succeeding to the crown. A controversy between Bavaria and Baden ensued, which was only decided in favour of the Hochberg claims by a treaty signed by Baden and the four great powers at Frankfurt on 10 July 1819. Meanwhile, the dispute had wide-ranging effects. In order to secure popular support for

351-466: A constitutional struggle. This struggle ended in 1863 with the victory of secular principles, making the communes responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management. The quarrel between secularism and Catholicism , however, did not end. In 1867, on the accession to the premiership of Julius von Jolly (1823–1891), several constitutional changes in a secular direction occurred: responsibility of ministers, freedom of

468-651: A cousin of French empress Josephine's first husband and adopted daughter of Napoleon. The Napoleonic Code was adopted in 1810, and remained in force until the adoption of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch in 1900. Charles fought for his father-in-law until after the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, when he joined the Sixth Coalition . In 1815 Baden became a member of the German Confederation established by

585-712: A direct link from Karlsruhe to Konstanz, without the diversion via Basel, in the shape of the Black Forest Railway (opened 1866–1873). Even when the Baden Mainline was being built, plans were already being formulated to link up with the Swiss railway network. This was not achieved until the bridge at Waldshut over the river Rhine, built by Robert Gerwig , was completed on 18 August 1859. Other links were made in 1863 at Schaffhausen , in 1871 at Konstanz and in 1875 at Singen . The Basel link line, which connected Baden station on

702-569: A direct route to France after the completion of the Rhine bridge between Kehl and Strasbourg. The opening up of the Palatinate ( Pfalz ) was first realised in 1865 with a pontoon bridge from Karlsruhe–Maxau as well as a link between Mannheim and Ludwigshafen in 1867. A connexion with Bavaria followed the opening of the Baden Odenwald Railway ( Baden Odenwaldbahn ) in 1866. Negotiations for

819-412: A dream in which he dreamt of founding his new city. A variation of this story claims that he built the new palace to find peace from his wife. Charles William founded the city on June 17, 1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, Durlach . The founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the palace . Karlsruhe became the capital of Baden-Durlach , and, in 1771, of

936-502: A fair adjustment of the interests of capital and labour . The news of the revolution of February 1848 in Paris brought agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings were held and the Offenburg programme was adopted. On 4 March 1848, under the influence of popular excitement, the lower chamber accepted this programme almost unanimously. As in other German states, the government bowed to

1053-436: A leading part in the struggles against our country. The Grand Duke Frederick, Grand Duke by the will of Napoleon, has done France all the harm he could. But French opinion itself renders justice to the probity of his character and to the ardour of his patriotism, and nobody will feel surprise at the homage with which Germany feels bound to surround his old age. Grand Duke Frederick I died at Mainau on 28 September 1907. He

1170-554: A mayor was appointed from 1718. From 1812 the mayors received the title of Lord Mayor. In addition to the Lord Mayor, there are five other mayors. Mayor for: The Karlsruhe city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: The Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe (VBK) operates the city's urban public transport network, comprising seven tram routes and

1287-551: A member of Replacement Battalion 171 who returned from Kiel initiated the demonstration. Another soldiers' council was formed in Mannheim on 9 November. The NLP, Centre, and Progressive (FVP) parties requested President Heinrich Bodman 's resignation on 9 November, due to fears that violence would break out in Mannheim. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated the same day while the mayors of Mannheim and Karlsruhe formed Welfare Committees. The Karlsruhe Welfare Committee and Soviets formed

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1404-485: A military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly – too hesitantly for the more radical Gustav Struve and his followers, who overthrew him and established a Pole, Ludwig Mieroslawski (1814–1878), in his place. Mieroslawski reduced the insurgents to some semblance of order. On 20 June, 1849, he met the Prussians at Waghausel , and suffered complete defeat. On 25 June, Prince William entered Karlsruhe and, at

1521-541: A network of bus routes. All city areas can be reached round the clock by tram and a night bus system. The Turmbergbahn funicular railway , to the east of the city centre, is also operated by the VBK. Similar to a premetro tramlines operating in the city centre use two tramway tunnels that were completed on 11 December 2021. The VBK is also a partner, with the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft and Deutsche Bahn , in

1638-507: A number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the Mummelsee , Wildersee , Eichenersee and Schluchsee , but none of them is of any significant size. Lake Constance ( Bodensee ) belongs partly to the German federal states ( Länder ) of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, and partly to Austria and Switzerland . Karlsruhe Karlsruhe was the capital of

1755-642: A peculiar influence in the councils of Berlin. When, on 20 September 1906, the Grand Duke celebrated at once the jubilee of his reign and his golden wedding anniversary, all Europe honoured him. King Edward VII appointed him, by the hands of the Duke of Connaught , a Knight of the Order of the Garter . But more significant, perhaps, was the tribute paid by Le Temps , the leading Parisian paper: Nothing more clearly demonstrates

1872-785: A provisional government, with Bodman's recognition, on 10 November. Five SPD members, two Independent Social Democrats , two Centrists, and two National Liberals made up the government. Anton Geiss , the chair of the SPD in Baden and vice-president of the Landtag, chaired the provisional government. From 10 to 14 November, soldiers' councils called for the government to declare a republic and remove Frederick II. Frederick II called this government unconstitutional, but did not contest it and dismissed his ministers. He renounced his governmental powers on 13 November, and abdicated on 22 November, ending 600 years of rule by

1989-667: A railway connexion from Bretten to Kürnbach (with a planned junction to the Zabergäu Railway ( Zabergäubahn ) at Leonbronn ) was begun, but the line was never completed. The Baden State Railways began electric railway operations on 13 September 1913 with opening of the 15 KV AC, 16 2 ⁄ 3  Hz Wiese Valley Railway , Basel – Zell im Wiesental , and on its Schopfheim – Bad Säckingen branch. In addition to an experimental Class A¹ locomotive, eleven Class A² and A³ ( DRG Class E 61 ) electric locomotives were procured. All had side-rods driving three axles. The electrification of

2106-559: A route to Württemberg were particularly difficult because both states were competing for traffic between Germany and the Alpine passes. While Baden favoured a line via Pforzheim, Württemberg was interested in a more direct connexion at Bruchsal . An agreement was finally reached in the state treaty of the 4 December 1850, whereby Württemberg was granted the right to build the direct Stuttgart – Mühlacker – Bretten – Bruchsal route ( Württemberg Western Railway ) even on Baden territory, while Baden

2223-576: A sovereign prince and grand duke , and received additional territory. Baden continued to assist France militarily, and by the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809, it was rewarded with accessions of territory at the expense of the Kingdom of Württemberg . Having quadrupled the area of Baden, Charles Frederick died in June 1811, and was succeeded by his grandson Charles , who was married to Stéphanie de Beauharnais (1789–1860)

2340-564: A track length of 1996 km, of which 1521 km was owned by the State Railways. In the succeeding years the main effort was the expansion of stations which formed railway hubs. The most important conversions were: The newly built Heidelberg central station could not be completed due to the start of the First World War . Its completion had to be delayed until 1955. Several routes in Baden were built by private concerns, but operated by

2457-672: A transport hub. The most important of the privately built lines operated by the State Railways were: On the formation of the Deutsche Reichsbahn on 1 April 1920 the Baden State Railways were merged into it. The head office in Karlsruhe became the Karlsruhe Reichsbahn Division. The foundation of the Reichsbahn meant that a wish list of routes in Baden was cancelled and only four new lines were built: Construction work on

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2574-564: A treaty of peace and alliance with Prussia. Bismarck himself resisted the adhesion of Baden to the North German Confederation . He had no wish to give Napoleon III a good excuse for intervention, but the opposition of Baden to the formation of a South German confederation made the union inevitable. The Baden army took a conspicuous share in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and it was Grand Duke Frederick of Baden, who, in

2691-482: A vivid and spreading startup community with well-known startups. Together, the local high tech industry is responsible for over 22,000 jobs. The current mayor of Karlsruhe is Frank Mentrup of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2013. The most recent mayoral election was held on 6 December 2020, and the results were as follows: After the castle was founded in 1715, there was also a settlement in which

2808-813: Is a mausoleum rather than a church, and is located in the middle of the forest. The main cemetery of Karlsruhe is the oldest park-like cemetery in Germany. The crematorium was the first to be built in the style of a church. Karlsruhe is also home to a natural history museum (the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe ), an opera house (the Baden State Theatre ), as well as a number of independent theatres and art galleries. The State Art Gallery , built in 1846 by Heinrich Hübsch , displays paintings and sculptures from six centuries, particularly from France, Germany and Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum

2925-532: Is concentrated on single evening thunderstorms. In 2008, the weather station in Karlsruhe, which had been in operation since 1876, was closed; it was replaced by a weather station in Rheinstetten , south of Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe is divided into 27 districts. According to legend, the name Karlsruhe , which translates as "Charles' repose" or "Charles' peace", was given to the new city after a hunting trip when Margrave Charles III William of Baden-Durlach woke from

3042-491: Is dedicated to Baden's first constitution in 1818, which was one of the most liberal of its time. The Münze (mint), erected in 1826/27, was also built by Weinbrenner. The St. Stephan parish church is one of the masterpieces of neoclassical church architecture in. Weinbrenner, who built this church between 1808 and 1814, orientated it to the Pantheon, Rome . The neo-Gothic Grand Ducal Burial Chapel, built between 1889 and 1896,

3159-472: Is maintained by the university. The Marktplatz has a stone pyramid marking the grave of the city's founder. Built in 1825, it is the emblem of Karlsruhe. The city is nicknamed the "fan city" ( die Fächerstadt ) because of its design layout, with straight streets radiating fan-like from the Palace. The Karlsruhe Palace ( Schloss ) is an interesting piece of architecture; the adjacent Schlossgarten includes

3276-517: Is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the Rhine-Ruhr area. Summers are hot with several days registering maximum temperatures between 35 and 40 °C (95 and 104 °F). With an average of more than 2,000 sunshine hours a year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the Rhine-Palatinate area. Precipitation occurs mainly during the winter, while in summer it

3393-593: Is one of the most important art museums in Baden-Württemberg . Further cultural attractions are scattered throughout Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. Established in 1924, the Scheffel Association is the largest literary society in Germany. Today the Prinz-Max-Palais , built between 1881 and 1884 in neoclassical style, houses the organisation and includes its museum. Due to population growth in

3510-399: Is only possible along radial streets and along circular avenues around the centre. The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets. The central part of the palace runs east–west, with two wings, each at a 45° angle, directed southeast and southwest (i.e., parallel with the streets marking the boundaries of

3627-426: Is the 30th largest city in Germany measured by land area. The longest north–south distance is 16.8 km (10.4 mi) and 19.3 km (12.0 mi) in the east–west direction. Karlsruhe is part of the urban area of Karlsruhe/Pforzheim, to which certain other towns in the district of Karlsruhe , such as Bruchsal , Ettlingen , Stutensee , and Rheinstetten , as well as the city of Pforzheim , belong. The city

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3744-430: The 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ). After it turned out that all her neighbouring states had opted for 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge rail, the Baden State Railways rebuilt all their existing routes and rolling stock to standard gauge within just one year during 1854/55. The line reached Basel in 1855, Waldshut in 1856 and Konstanz in 1863. With that

3861-530: The Bundesgerichtshof . The courts came to Karlsruhe after World War II, when the provinces of Baden and Württemberg were merged. Stuttgart , capital of Württemberg, became the capital of the new province ( Württemberg-Baden in 1945 and Baden-Württemberg in 1952). In compensation for the state authorities relocated to Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied to become the seat of the high court. There are four hospitals: The Karlsruhe Municipal Hospital provides

3978-520: The 49th parallel runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the Canada–United States border and the cities of Vancouver (Canada), Paris (France), Regensburg (Germany), and Hulunbuir (China). Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the Stadtgarten (municipal park). The total area of the city is 173.46 km (66.97 sq mi), hence it

4095-498: The American Civil War as abolitionists and union soldiers. Grand Duke Leopold returned on 10 August and at once dissolved the diet. The following elections resulted in a majority favourable to the new ministry, which passed a series of laws of a reactionary tendency with a view to strengthening the government. Grand Duke Leopold died on 24 April 1852 and was succeeded by his second son, Frederick , as regent, since

4212-606: The Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Austria's contingents, under Prince William, had two sharp engagements with the Prussian Army of the Main . However, on 24 July 1866, two days before the Battle of Werbach , the second chamber petitioned the grand duke to end the war and enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia. Baden announced her withdrawal from the German Confederation and, on 17 August 1866, signed

4329-616: The Dachau concentration camp , Gurs concentration camp , Theresienstadt , and Auschwitz during the Holocaust , with 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews being killed. During World War II , it was the location of a forced labour camp for men, and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp, whose prisoners were mainly Poles and Russians . Much of the central area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombing during World War II, but

4446-707: The Grand Duchy of Hesse , to the west by the Rhine , to the south by Switzerland , and to the east mainly by the Kingdom of Württemberg . Its unofficial anthem has been the Badnerlied , or Song of the People of Baden, which has four or five traditional verses and many more added: there are collections with up to 591 verses. Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden and subsequently split into various smaller territories that were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden

4563-576: The House of Zähringen . He was one of the last German monarchs to abdicate. The Free People's Republic of Baden was formed on 14 November, and elections scheduled on 5 January 1919. After World War II the French military government created the State of Baden , at first called South Baden, out of the southern half of the former duchy, with Freiburg as its capital; this area was declared in its 1947 constitution to be

4680-483: The Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog , the first internet site that allowed researchers worldwide (for free) to search multiple library catalogues worldwide. In 2000, the regional online newspaper ka-news.de was created. As a daily newspaper, it not only provides the news, but also informs readers about upcoming events in Karlsruhe and surrounding areas. In addition to established companies, Karlsruhe has

4797-572: The Margraviate of Baden-Durlach ( Durlach : 1565–1718; Karlsruhe: 1718–1771), the Margraviate of Baden (1771–1803), the Electorate of Baden (1803–1806), the Grand Duchy of Baden (1806–1918), and the Republic of Baden (1918–1945). Its most remarkable building is Karlsruhe Palace , which was built in 1715. It contains the Baden State Museum , the large cultural, art and regional history museum of

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4914-590: The Swiss Industrial Company . Grand Duchy of Baden The Grand Duchy of Baden ( German : Großherzogtum Baden ) was a state in south-west Germany on the east bank of the Rhine . It originally existed as a sovereign state from 1806 to 1871 and later as part of the German Empire until 1918. The duchy's 12th-century origins were as a margraviate that eventually split into two, Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden , before being reunified in 1771. The territory grew and assumed its ducal status after

5031-628: The Turmberg in the east, and also lies on the borders of the Kraichgau leading to the Northern Black Forest . The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of Maximiliansau and Wörth am Rhein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate . The city centre is about 7.5 km (4.7 mi) from the river, as measured from

5148-486: The Wahlmänner (deputy electors ), the latter selecting the representatives. The chambers met at least every two years. The lower chambers were elected for four years, half the members retiring every two years. The executive consisted of four departments: the interior, foreign and grand-ducal affairs; finance; justice; and ecclesiastical affairs and education. The chief sources of revenue were direct and indirect taxes ,

5265-526: The neoclassical style. The area north of the palace is a park and forest. Originally the area to the east of the palace consisted of gardens and forests, some of which remain, but the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (founded in 1825), Wildparkstadion football stadium, and residential areas have been built there. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential. Karlsruhe experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) and its winter climate

5382-572: The railways and domains. The railways were operated by the state, and formed the only source of major public debt, about 22 million pounds sterling. The supreme courts lay in Karlsruhe , Freiburg , Offenburg , Heidelberg , Mosbach , Waldshut , Konstanz , and Mannheim , from which appeals passed to the Reichsgericht (the supreme tribunal) in Leipzig . At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden

5499-586: The 'Railway Construction Division'. Later the railway construction authorities were incorporated into the 'Water and Road Construction Division'. Responsibility for the operation of the railway was, by contrast, given to the Foreign Ministry because it took over the running of the Postal Division, that from then on became the 'Post and Railway Division'. Not until the merger of the Baden Post Office into

5616-593: The 414.3 km long Baden main line was completed. After the all-important north–south axis as well as links to the Lake Constance region had been established by the Baden Mainline, the remaining network expansion plans concentrated on opening up the area of Pforzheim with the Karlsruhe – Pforzheim – Mühlacker route (opened 1859–1863), linking up the Odenwald and Tauberfrankens with the Baden Odenwald Railway ( Heidelberg – Mosbach – Würzburg , opened 1862–1866) and forging

5733-604: The Act of 8 June, annexed to the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna of 9 June. However, in the haste of winding up the Congress, the question of the succession to the grand duchy did not get settled, a matter that would soon become acute. The treaty of 16 April 1816 , by which the territorial disputes between Austria and Bavaria were settled, also supported Bavaria's claim to

5850-541: The Baden region of Baden-Württemberg. There are nine institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology . Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport is the second-busiest airport in Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart Airport , and the 17th-busiest airport in Germany. Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the Rhine , and almost completely on the Upper Rhine Plain . It contains

5967-527: The Botanical Garden with a palm, cactus and orchid house, and walking paths through the woods to the north. The so-called Kleine Kirche (Little Church), built between 1773 and 1776, is the oldest church of Karlsruhe's city centre. The architect Friedrich Weinbrenner designed many of the city's most important sights. Another sight is the Rondellplatz with its 'Constitution Building Columns' (1826). It

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6084-564: The Ettlingen West–Ettlingen Stadt line, taken over by the B.L.E.A.G. (Baden Branch Lines) on 1 January 1899, all state-operated private lines went into state ownership over the course of time. In addition to those lines run by the Baden State Railways there were also fully private lines after 1889 that are not listed. The Deutsche Reichs Railway completed the following routes within the Baden railway network by 1945: In addition several routes were built by foreign state railways that ran through Baden territory. The section from Bretten to Bruchsal

6201-430: The Grand Duke of Baden had joined with Bavaria in requesting the armed intervention of Prussia, which Berlin granted on the condition that Baden would join the Alliance of the Three Kings . From this moment, the revolution in Baden was doomed, and with it the revolution across Germany. The Prussian Army , under Prince William (afterwards William I, German Emperor ), invaded Baden in the middle of June 1849. Afraid of

6318-429: The Hochberg heir, in 1818 Grand Duke Charles granted to the grand duchy, under Article XIII of the Act of Confederation , a liberal constitution , under which two chambers were constituted and their assent declared necessary for legislation and taxation . The outcome was important far beyond the narrow limits of the duchy, as all of Germany watched the constitutional experiments in the southern states. In Baden,

6435-463: The Marktplatz (Market Square). Two tributaries of the Rhine, the Alb and the Pfinz , flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine. The city lies at an altitude of between 100 and 322 m (328 and 1,056 ft), the higher figure being near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach. Its geographical coordinates are 49°00′N 8°24′E  /  49.000°N 8.400°E  / 49.000; 8.400 ;

6552-410: The Palatine parts of Baden on the east bank of the Rhine and reaffirmed the succession rights of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and his House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld to all of Baden, upon the expected event of the extinction of the House of Zähringen . As a counter to this, in 1817, the Grand Duke Charles issued a pragmatic sanction ( Hausgesetz ) declaring the counts of Hochberg, the issue of

6669-641: The Reichspost in 1872 did a separate railway administration emerge in Baden: the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways . The first route, called the Baden Mainline ( Badische Hauptbahn ), was built in sections between 1840 and 1863. The first, 18.5 km long, section between Mannheim and Heidelberg was taken into service on 12 September 1840. Other sections followed: to Karlsruhe in 1843, Offenburg in 1844, Freiburg im Breisgau in 1845, Schliengen in 1847, Efringen-Kirchen in 1848 and Haltingen in 1851. The branches to Kehl and Baden-Baden were opened as early as 1844 and 1845 respectively. The extension of

6786-553: The State Railways and, in most cases, subsequently taken over. These were not just branch lines of purely local significance like the Wiese Valley Railway ( Wiesentalbahn ) ( Basel – Schopfheim – Zell im Wiesental ), opened in 1862, but also main lines. In addition to attempts by towns, that still had no railway connexion and wanted better access to the railway network, the large cities in the state also got involved in railway line construction, in order to open up their environs and to strengthen their position as transport hubs. For example,

6903-429: The Wiesen valley line was mainly done in order to trial electric traction; it had no great significance in terms of traffic. No further expansion of electric services was carried out after the First World War due to the serious economic situation and it was not until 1952 that the electrification of Baden's railway network was begun in earnest. The railway lines in Baden State Railway network were opened as follows: On

7020-428: The adhesion of Baden to the Prussian Zollverein did much for the material prosperity of the country. By 1847, radicalism once more began to raise its head in Baden. On 12 September 1847, a popular demonstration held at Offenburg passed resolutions demanding the conversion of the regular army into a national militia , which should take an oath to the constitution, as well as a progressive income tax , and

7137-420: The aid of the Conservatives and, in 1897, a coalition of the Catholic Centre Party , Socialists , Social Democrats and Radicals ( Freisinnige ) won a majority for the opposition in the chamber. Amid all these contests, the statesmanlike moderation of Grand Duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the German Empire in 1871, he had reserved only

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7254-399: The army sympathised with the revolution, which was proclaimed two days later at Offenburg amid tumultuous scenes. Also, on 13 May a mutiny at Karlsruhe forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee, and the next day his ministers followed. Meanwhile, a committee of the diet under Lorenz Brentano (1813–1891), who represented the more moderate radicals against the republicans, established itself in

7371-403: The capital in an attempt to direct affairs pending the establishment of a provisional government. This was accomplished on 1 June and, on 10 June, the constituent diet , consisting entirely of the most "advanced" politicians, assembled. It had little chance of doing more than make speeches. The country remained in the hands of an armed mob of civilians and mutinous soldiers. Meanwhile,

7488-443: The chambers to vote on the military budget, the grand duke dissolved them and levied the taxes on his own authority. In January 1825, owing to official pressure, only three Liberals were returned to the chamber. A law was passed making the budget presentable only every three years, and the constitution ceased to have any active existence. In 1830 Grand Duke Louis was succeeded by his half-brother Grand Duke Leopold (ruled 1830–1852),

7605-446: The city of Mannheim built a direct railway line to Karlsruhe without having to go via Heidelberg, in order to step out of the shadows into which they had fallen when the Badische Haupt Railway was married up at Friedrichsfeld and Heidelberg with the Main-Neckar Line that ran on northwards. In a countermove the city of Heidelberg pressed for the construction of the Heidelberg– Schwetzingen – Speyer route, in order to secure its importance as

7722-455: The conditions were not favourable for success. During the revolutionary period, the people had fallen completely under the influence of French ideas, and this was sufficiently illustrated by the temper of the new chambers, which tended to model their activity on the proceedings of the National Convention (1792–1795) in the earlier days of the French Revolution. Additionally, the new Grand Duke Louis I (ruled 1818–1830), who had succeeded in 1818,

7839-467: The cross-border lines marked with ¹ only the section as far as the border belonged to the Baden State Railways. The Basel link line was built by the Swiss Central Railway and co-financed by the Baden State Railway. The state railway had a special role for the only narrow gauge line, from Mosbach – Mudau , that opened on 3 June 1905. The firm of Vering & Waechter were contracted to build and run this line. State-operated private lines: Apart from

7956-417: The dignity of a prince-elector . Baden then changed sides in 1805 to join France under Napoleon in the War of the Third Coalition . France and its allies won the war, and in the Peace of Pressburg the same year, Baden obtained the Breisgau and other territories in Further Austria at the expense of the Austrian Empire . In 1806, Charles Frederick joined the Confederation of the Rhine , declared himself

8073-421: The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire but suffered a revolution in 1848, whose demands had been formulated in Offenburg the previous year at a meeting now considered the first-ever democratic program in Germany. With the collapse of the German Empire it became part of the Weimar Republic under the name Republic of Baden . The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the Kingdom of Bavaria and

8190-474: The east of the Rhine with the Central station west of the Rhine, was opened in 1873. Today it is the most important railway connexion between Germany and Switzerland. The connexion to the north towards Weinheim - Darmstadt – Frankfurt had been established since 1846 by the Main-Neckar Line , in which the Grand Duchy of Baden participated. In 1879 the Ried Railway ( Riedbahn ) followed, although Baden did not own any section of it. From 1861 there had also been

8307-411: The eldest, Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden (died 22 January 1858), was incapable of ruling. The internal affairs of Baden during the period that followed have little general interest. Grand Duke Frederick I (ruled 1856–1907) opposed the war with Prussia from the first, but yielded to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia on the Schleswig-Holstein question. The ministry, as one, resigned. In

8424-485: The end of the month, the members of the provisional government, who had taken refuge at Freiburg , dispersed. The insurgent leaders who were caught, notably the ex-officers, suffered military execution. The army was dispersed among Prussian garrison towns, and Prussian troops occupied Baden for a time. Franz Trefzger managed to escape to Switzerland . In the months following, no fewer than 80,000 people left Baden for America. Many of these migrants would later participate in

8541-560: The exclusive right to tax beer and spirits . The army, the post office, railways and the conduct of foreign relations passed to the effective control of Prussia. In his relations with the German Empire, too, Frederick proved himself more of a great German noble than a sovereign prince actuated by particularist ambitions. His position as husband of the Emperor William I 's only daughter, Louise (whom he had married in 1856), gave him

8658-548: The first of the Höchberg line. The July Revolution (1830) in France did not cause any disturbances in Baden, but the new grand duke showed liberal tendencies from the beginning. The elections of 1830 proceeded without interference, and resulted in the return of a Liberal majority. The next few years saw the introduction, under successive ministries, of liberal reforms in the constitution, in criminal and civil law, and in education. In 1832,

8775-489: The first route between Mannheim and the Swiss border at Basel, as well as a stub line to Baden-Baden and a branch to Strasbourg. The construction of the railway line was to be funded by the state, something that had been championed especially by Karl Friedrich Nebenius . In September 1838 work started. The Ministry of the Interior was responsible for the construction of the railway, setting up for that purpose its own authority,

8892-619: The fleet. At the end of the First World War the vehicle inventory included 915 locomotives, 27,600 goods wagons and 2,500 passenger coaches, of which 106 locomotives, 7,307 goods wagons and 400 passenger coaches had to be given to the victorious powers as reparations in accordance with the Versailles Treaty . An overview of Baden's locomotive classes may be found in the List of Baden locomotives and railbuses . The Baden State Railways fostered

9009-409: The foundation of a railway company in the neighbouring French province of Alsace , for the construction of a line from Basel to Strasbourg in 1837, did any serious planning begin for the building of a railway in Baden in order to avoid the loss of trade routes to Alsace. At an extraordinary meeting of the state parliament, the Baden legislature passed three laws on 29 March 1838 for the construction of

9126-584: The growth of an indigenous railway vehicle industry in Baden, because they preferred to buy from local firms such as the engineering works of Kessler and Martiensen in Karlsruhe, which later became the Maschinengesellschaft Karlsruhe ('Karlsruhe Engineering Company'). And two coach manufacturers emerged in Baden in the shape of Waggonfabrik Fuchs founded in Heidelberg in 1862 and Waggonfabrik Rastatt in 1897. Some coaches were also purchased by

9243-599: The highest point of which is 536 metres (1,759 ft). The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the Main and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the Danube , which there takes its rise in

9360-492: The historic assembly of the German princes at Versailles , was the first to hail the king of Prussia as German Emperor . The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centered in the main around the question of religion . The signing on 28 June 1859 of a concordat with the Holy See , which placed education under the oversight of the clergy and facilitated the establishment of religious institutes , led to

9477-416: The late 1990, Karlsruhe became known as the internet capital of Germany. The DENIC , Germany's network information centre , has since moved to Frankfurt, though, where DE-CIX is located. Two major internet service providers , WEB.DE and schlund+partner / 1&1 , now both owned by United Internet  AG, are located at Karlsruhe. The library of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology developed

9594-594: The late 19th century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban areas ( Vorstadt ) in the Gründerzeit and especially Art Nouveau styles of architecture, with many preserved examples. Karlsruhe is also home to the Majolika-Manufaktur , the only art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany. Founded in 1901, it is located in the Schlossgarten . A 'blue streak' ( Blauer Strahl ) consisting of 1,645 ceramic tiles, connects

9711-530: The main line through Basel territory required negotiations with the Swiss Confederation , during which differences of opinion over the best place for the junction of the Baden line to the Swiss network – Basel or Waldshut – led to delays. In the state treaty of 27 July 1852 an accommodation was reached which enabled the construction and operation of a line on Swiss sovereign territory by the Baden State Railways. The Baden railway lines were initially laid to

9828-532: The margraviate's countryside. Baden was defeated in 1796 with Margrave Charles Frederick being compelled to pay an indemnity and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of Tsar Alexander I of Russia , Charles Frederick received the Prince-Bishopric of Constance , part of the Rhenish Palatinate , and other smaller districts, together with

9945-547: The maximum level of medical services, the St. Vincentius-Kliniken and the Diakonissen krankenhaus , connected to the Catholic and Protestant churches, respectively, offer central services, and the private Paracelsus-Klinik basic medical care, according to state hospital demand planning. Germany's largest oil refinery is located in Karlsruhe, at the western edge of the city, directly on

10062-748: The north the mean height is only 640 metres (2,100 ft), and the Hornisgrinde , the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1,164 metres (3,819 ft). To the north of the Neckar is the Odenwald Range, with a mean of 439 metres (1,440 ft), and in the Katzenbuckel , an extreme of 603 metres (1,978 ft). Lying between the Rhine and the Dreisam is the Kaiserstuhl , an independent volcanic group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 km in breadth,

10179-517: The only merger of states to have taken place in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany . A constitution was adopted on 22 August 1814, and existed with some changes until the end of the duchy. The Grand Duchy of Baden was a hereditary monarchy with executive power vested in the Grand Duke; legislative authority was shared between him and a representative assembly ( Landtag ) consisting of two chambers. The upper chamber included all

10296-569: The operation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn , the rail system that serves a larger area around the city. This system makes it possible to reach other towns in the region, like Ettlingen , Wörth am Rhein , Pforzheim , Bad Wildbad , Bretten , Bruchsal , Heilbronn , Baden-Baden , and even Freudenstadt in the Black Forest right from the city centre. The Stadtbahn is known for pioneering the concept of operating trams on train tracks, to achieve

10413-507: The press , and compulsory education. On 6 September 1867, a law compelled all candidates for the priesthood to pass government examinations. The archbishop of Freiburg resisted, and, on his death in April 1868, the see remained vacant. In 1869, the introduction of civil marriage did not allay the strife, which reached its climax after the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility in 1870. The Kulturkampf raged in Baden, as in

10530-534: The princes of the ruling family of full age, the heads of all the mediatized families, the Archbishop of Freiburg , the president of the Protestant Evangelical Church of Baden , a deputy from each of the universities and the technical high school, eight members elected by the territorial nobility for four years, three representatives elected by the chamber of commerce , two by that of agriculture, one by

10647-491: The quadrant defining the city center). The market square lies on the street running south from the palace to Ettlingen . The market square has the town hall ( Rathaus ) to the west, the main Lutheran church ( Evangelische Stadtkirche ) to the east, and the tomb of Margrave Charles III William in a pyramid in the buildings, resulting in Karlsruhe being one of only three large cities in Germany where buildings are laid out in

10764-458: The resolutions of the Frankfurt parliament, led to more serious trouble. It did little to satisfy the radicals, angered by the refusal of the second chamber to agree to their proposal for the summoning of a constituent assembly on 10 February, 1849. The new insurrection that broke out proved a more formidable affair than the first. A military mutiny at Rastatt on 11 May showed that

10881-513: The rest of Germany, and, here as elsewhere, the government encouraged the formation of Old Catholic communities. Not until 1880, after the fall of the ministry of Jolly, did Baden reconcile with Rome. In 1882 the archbishopric of Freiburg was again filled. The political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1892 the National Liberals had a majority of just one in the diet. From 1893, they could stay in power only with

10998-431: The river Rhine . The Technologieregion Karlsruhe is a loose confederation of the region's cities in order to promote high tech industries; today, about 20% of the region's jobs are in research and development . EnBW , one of Germany's biggest electric utility companies, with a revenue of €19.2 billion in 2012, is headquartered in the city. Due to the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology providing services until

11115-665: The south of Murg being descended from the Alemanni and those to the north from the Franks , while the Swabian Plateau derives its name from the adjacent German tribe ( Schwaben ), who lived in Württemberg . The grand duchy had an area of 15,081 km (5,823 sq mi) and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile valley of the Rhine and of the mountains which form its boundary. The mountainous part

11232-518: The sterile paradox of the Napoleonic work than the history of the Grand Duchy. It was Napoleon , and he alone, who created this whole state in 1803 to reward in the person of the little margrave of Baden a relative of the emperor of Russia . It was he who after Austerlitz aggrandized the margravate at the expense of Austria; transformed it into a sovereign principality and raised it to a Grand Duchy. It

11349-451: The storm, proclaimed an amnesty and promised reforms. The ministry remodelled itself in a more liberal direction, and sent a new delegate to the federal diet at Frankfurt , empowered to vote for the establishment of a parliament for a united Germany . Disorder, fomented by republican agitators, continued nonetheless. The efforts of the government to suppress the agitators with the aid of federal troops led to an armed insurrection, which

11466-527: The studio with the Palace. It is the world's largest ceramic artwork. Another tourist attraction is the Centre for Art and Media ( Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie , or ZKM), which is located in a converted ammunition factory. Karlsruhe is the seat of the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) and the highest Court of Appeals in civil and criminal cases,

11583-436: The trades, two mayors of municipalities, and eight members (two of them legal functionaries) nominated by the Grand Duke. The lower chamber consisted of 73 popular representatives, of whom 24 were elected by the burgesses of certain communities, and 49 by rural communities. Every citizen of 25 years of age, who had not been convicted and was not a pauper , had a vote. The elections were, however, indirect. The citizens selected

11700-522: The true successor of the duchy. The northern half was combined with northern Württemberg , becoming part of the American-occupied zone and forming the state of Württemberg-Baden . Both Baden and Württemberg-Baden became states of West Germany upon the latter's formation in 1949, but in 1952 they merged with each other and with Württemberg-Hohenzollern , which was southern Württemberg and a former Prussian exclave, to form Baden-Württemberg – still

11817-564: The united Baden until 1945. Built in 1822, the Ständehaus was the first parliament building in a German state. In the aftermath of the democratic revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected there. Karlsruhe was visited by Thomas Jefferson during his time as the American envoy to France; when Pierre Charles L'Enfant was planning the layout of Washington, D.C. , Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which

11934-400: Was a margraviate , with an area of barely 1,300 sq mi (3,400 km ) and a population of 210,000. Subsequently, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5,823 sq mi (15,082 km ) and a population of 2,010,728. Of that number, 61% were Roman Catholics , 37% Protestants , 1.5% Jews , and the remainder of other religions. At that time, about half of the population

12051-599: Was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit. In 1860, the first-ever international professional convention of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress , was held in the city. In 1907 the town was site of the Hau Riot where large crowds caused disturbance during the trial of murderer Carl Hau . On Kristallnacht in 1938, the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, and the city's Jews were later sent to

12168-607: Was by far the most extensive, forming nearly 80% of the whole area. From Lake Constance in the south to the river Neckar in the north is a portion of the Black Forest ( German : Schwarzwald ), which is divided by the valley of the Kinzig into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 945 m (3,100 ft)), and the highest summit, the Feldberg , reaches about 1,493 m (4,898 ft), while to

12285-419: Was founded by Charles III William , became a major city in the 19th century. In the 1950s, Karlsruhe became a significant city where the population started to grow. It gained a large student population due to the university of technology and media arts. Karlsruhe reached populations of 200,000 in 1950 and 300,000 in 2014. The Stadtgarten is a recreational area near the main railway station ( Hauptbahnhof ) and

12402-472: Was he too who, by the secularization on the one hand and by the dismemberment of Württemberg on the other, gave the Grand Duke 500,000 new subjects. He believed that the recognition of the prince and the artificial ethnical formation of the principality would be pledges of security for France. But in 1813 Baden joined the coalition, and since then that nation created of odds and ends ( de bric et de broc ) and always handsomely treated by us, had not ceased to take

12519-411: Was mastered without much difficulty. The uprising , led by Friedrich Hecker and Franz Joseph Trefzger , was lost at Kandern on 20 April 1848. Freiburg , which they held, fell on 24 April and, on 27 April, a Franco–German legion , which had invaded Baden from Strasbourg , was routed at Dossenbach. In the beginning of 1849, however, the issue of a new constitution in accordance with

12636-543: Was permitted to build and operate the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line , which ran partly in Württemberg. The connexion with Bruchsal was taken into service in 1853. The subsequent expansion of Baden's railway network was either aimed at opening up the regions or carried out from a military perspective. Worth mentioning are: Around 1895, Baden's railway network was more or less finished bar a few small sections. In 1900 it had

12753-416: Was planned with the palace tower ( Schloss ) at the center and 32 streets radiating out from it like the spokes of a wheel, or the ribs of a folding fan , so that one nickname for Karlsruhe in German is the "fan city" ( Fächerstadt ). Almost all of these streets survive to this day. Because of this city layout, in metric geometry , Karlsruhe metric refers to a measure of distance that assumes travel

12870-635: Was raised to Electoral dignity within the Holy Roman Empire , with ecclesiastical and secular territories added to it during the German mediatisation . Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1815 it joined the German Confederation . The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792 saw Baden joining the First Coalition against France . The conflict devastated

12987-435: Was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the postwar Allied occupation , Karlsruhe was home to an American military base, established in 1945. After the war, the city was part of West Germany until 1990. In 1995, the bases closed , and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe has a population of about 310,000 and is the 3rd largest city in Baden-Württemberg . Karlsruhe, which

13104-541: Was rebuilt for the 1967 Federal Garden Show ( Bundesgartenschau ). It is also the site of the Karlsruhe Zoo . The Durlacher Turmberg has a lookout tower (hence its name). It is a former keep dating back to the 13th century. The city has two botanical gardens: the municipal Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe , which forms part of the Palace complex, and the Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe , which

13221-476: Was rural, living in communities of less than 2,000; the density of the rest was about 330/sq mi (130/km ). The country was divided into the following districts: The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and important towns other than those listed included Rastatt , Baden-Baden , Bruchsal , Lahr and Offenburg . The population was most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss city of Basel . The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to

13338-543: Was succeeded by his son, Grand Duke Frederick II (ruled 1907–1918, died 1928). His wife, Princess Hilda of Nassau , was popular due her supports of artistic endeavors and treatment of the wounded soldiers during World War I . 22,000 industrial workers in Mannheim went on strike in January 1918. Members of the garrisons of Lahr and Offenburg formed a soldiers' council on 8 November 1918. Wilhelm Engelbert Oeftering stated that

13455-469: Was the second German state after the Duchy of Brunswick to build and operate railways at state expense. In 1833 a proposal for the construction of a railway from Mannheim to Basel was put forward for the first time by Mannheim businessman, Ludwig Newhouse, but initially received no support from the Baden state government. Other proposals too by, for example Friedrich List , were unsuccessful at first. Not until

13572-559: Was transferred in 1878 to the ownership of the Baden State Railways. The first two steam locomotives for the Baden State Railways were built by the English locomotive works of Sharp, Roberts and Company and delivered in 1839. They were given the names Löwe and Greif ( Lion and Griffin ). As the railway network expanded the size of the fleet grew rapidly. When the railways were converted from broad to standard gauge in 1854/55, there were already 66 locomotives, 65 tenders and 1,133 wagons in

13689-518: Was unpopular, and the administration was in the hands of hide-bound and inefficient bureaucrats . The result was a deadlock. Even before the promulgation of the Carlsbad Decrees in October 1819, the grand duke had prorogued the chambers after three months of unproductive debate. The reaction that followed was as severe in Baden as elsewhere in Germany, and culminated in 1823 when, on the refusal of

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