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71-484: Since administrative reform in the 1970s the following villages have been part of the municipality: Althausen (pop. 600) , Apfelbach (350) , Dainbach (370) , Edelfingen (1,400 ; birthplace of the American biochemist Julius Adler ), Hachtel (360) , Herbsthausen (200) , Löffelstelzen (1,000) , Markelsheim (2,000) , Neunkirchen (1,000) , Rengershausen (480) , Rot (260) , Stuppach (680) , Wachbach (1,300) Mergentheim

142-420: A butterfly he saw in the woods when he was a child. This interest in butterflies expanded to include other organisms. It evolved into a curiosity about the behavior of organisms. He thought the behaviors of the monarch butterfly laying eggs on milkweeds and the caterpillars staying on the milkweed until maturity can be explained by volatile chemicals from the milkweed. To study how organisms sense and respond to

213-455: A counterclockwise rotation of their flagella in the presence of increasing attractant. In a decreasing attractant gradient, there is an increase in bacterial tumbling, produced by a clockwise flagellar rotation. Adler isolated bacterial envelopes and found that he could restore counterclockwise flagellar rotation by adding artificial electron donors and an energy source. This suggested that the driving force behind counterclockwise flagellar rotation

284-555: A further decline of interest in the Oriental. China closed its doors to exports and imports and for many people chinoiserie became a fashion of the past. As British-Chinese relations stabilized towards the end of the 19th century, there was a revival of interest in chinoiserie. Prince Albert , for example, reallocated many chinoiserie works from George IV's Royal Pavilion at Brighton to the more accessible Buckingham Palace. Chinoiserie served to remind Britain of its former colonial glory that

355-555: A general sense of capriciousness. William Alexander (1767–1816), a British painter, illustrator and engraver who travelled to the East Asia and China in the 18th century, was directly influenced by the culture and landscape he saw in the East. He presented an idealized, romanticized depiction of Chinese culture, but he was influenced by "pre-established visual signs." While the chinoiserie landscapes that Alexander depicted accurately reflected

426-416: A major representative, but the meaning of the term could change according to different contexts. Sir William Chambers for example, in his oeuvre A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening of 1772, generically addresses China as the 'Orient'. In the financial records of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries were already registered expressions like 'façon de la Chine', Chinese manner, or 'à la chinoise', made in

497-402: A range of grades and prices. The patterns on chinoiserie wallpaper are similar to the pagodas, floral designs, and exotic imaginary scenes found on chinoiserie furniture and porcelain. Like chinoiserie furniture and other decorative art forms, chinoiserie wallpaper was typically placed in bedrooms, closets, and other private rooms of a house. The patterns on wallpaper were expected to complement

568-655: A rapid pace. The water turned out to be the strongest sodium-sulfate water in Europe, reportedly effective for the treatment of digestive disorders. In the 1970s during the Gemeindereform (administrative reform) several neighbouring villages were incorporated into the municipality. The best-known sight of Bad Mergentheim is the Deutschordensschloss , the castle where the Teutonic Knights once had their home base. It

639-429: Is a complex of buildings built over a period of eight hundred years. The first buildings of the castle were probably erected as early as the 12th century. The castle was expanded in the late 16th century under Grand Master Walther von Cronberg . Over the course of time a representative Renaissance complex was built by connecting the individual buildings in the inner palace courtyard to a closed ring of buildings. In 1574,

710-554: Is mentioned in chronicles as early as 1058, as the residence of the family of the counts of Hohenlohe . The brothers Andreas, Heinrich and Friedrich von Hohenlohe joined the Deutscher Orden ( Teutonic Order ) in 1219 and gave their two castles near Mergentheim to the order. One was abandoned, the other became the seat of the local Komtur (commander) of the order. Following the Order's conquest of East Prussia and part of Livland in

781-553: Is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and other Sinosphere artistic traditions, especially in the decorative arts , garden design , architecture , literature , theatre , and music . The aesthetic of chinoiserie has been expressed in different ways depending on the region. It is related to the broader current of Orientalism , which studied Far East cultures from a historical, philological, anthropological, philosophical, and religious point of view. First appearing in

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852-586: The Dictionnaire de l'Académie . After the spread of Marco Polo's narrations , the knowledge of China held by the Europeans continued to derive essentially from reports made by merchants and diplomatic envoys. Dating from the latter half of the 17th century a relevant role in this exchange of information was then taken up by the Jesuits, whose continual gathering of missionary intelligence and language transcription gave

923-591: The Archbishopric of Cologne , including one Ludwig van Beethoven on viola . Mergentheim retained this role until the dissolution of the order in the countries of the Rheinbund in 1809 by Napoleon . Mergentheim's fortunes declined after that but were reversed in 1826, when a shepherd by the name of Franz Gehring discovered rich mineral springs in the surrounding area, during the time when spas were expanding in Germany at

994-644: The Callot Soeurs , and Jean Paquin . In the early 20th century, European and fashion designers would use China and other countries outside of the Eurocentric-fashion world to seek inspiration; Vogue magazine also acknowledged that China had contributed to the aesthetic inspiration to global fashion. Chinese motifs grew popular in European fashion during this period. China and the Chinese people also supplied

1065-525: The Chinese Symphony (1914) by Bernard van Dieren , and the light music orchestral fantasy In a Chinese Temple Garden by Albert Ketelbey (1923). In Britain, many 20th century song composers set English translations of Chinese poetry (by orientalists such as Launcelot Cranmer-Byng , Herbert Giles , Edward Powys Mathers and Arthur Waley ) to music, including Benjamin Britten in his cycle Songs from

1136-457: The Marienkirche (finished in 1388) features frescos made in 1300-10 by the monk Rudolfus. This was formerly the church of a Dominican monastery. The cloister has a fresco from 1486 showing a Visitation that depicts an embryo inside the body of Mary. The church also contains the epitaph of Walther von Cronberg, the first Mergentheim Grand Master. Modelled in 1539, probably by Hans Vischer , it

1207-560: The Schellenhäusle , a late Chinoiserie . The obelisk was built under Duke Paul von Württemberg , a memorial for a dog that saved his life on one of his expeditions. The castle complex is dominated by the Schlosskirche (palace church), begun in 1730 under Franz Ludwig Herzog von Pfalz-Neuburg in Baroque style. It was finished in 1735 under Clemens August von Wittelsbach . The plans for

1278-580: The University of Wisconsin–Madison and earned an M.S. in Biochemistry in 1954 and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1957. After graduating, Adler did postdoctoral fellowships with Arthur Kornberg in the Department of Microbiology at Washington University School of Medicine (1957–59) and A. Dale Kaiser in the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University School of Medicine (1959–60). Adler returned to

1349-525: The University of Wisconsin–Madison to join the faculty of the Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics as an assistant professor in 1960. He was promoted to associate professor in 1963 and became professor in 1966. He became an emeritus professor in 1997. He became Edwin Bret Hart Professor in 1972 and was Steenbock Professor of Microbiological Sciences from 1982 to 1992. His work was inspired by

1420-479: The rococo style. Entire rooms, such as those at Château de Chantilly , were painted with chinoiserie compositions, and artists such as Antoine Watteau and others brought expert craftsmanship to the style. Central European palaces like the Castle of Wörlitz or the Castle of Pillnitz all include rooms decorated with Chinese features, while in the palace of Sanssouci at Potsdam features a Dragon House (Das Drachenhaus) and

1491-475: The tang evolved into a mid-Georgian side table and squared slat-back armchairs suited English gentlemen as well as Chinese scholars. Not every adaptation of Chinese design principles falls within mainstream chinoiserie. Chinoiserie media included "japanned" ware imitations of lacquer and painted tin (tôle) ware that imitated japanning , early painted wallpapers in sheets, after engravings by Jean-Baptiste Pillement , and ceramic figurines and table ornaments. In

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1562-750: The 1230s, in 1309 the Grand Master of the order moved to the Marienburg . In 1340 Mergentheim was awarded town privileges . It rapidly became the most important of the eleven commanderies of the Teutonic Order. The Deutschmeister , highest ranking member inside the Holy Roman Empire (to which Prussia did not belong), moved his seat to Mergentheim in 1525 after his castle at Hornberg/Neckar had been destroyed by peasants . That same year, Grand Master Albrecht von Zollern-Brandenburg resigned his position, left

1633-507: The 17th and 18th centuries Europeans began to manufacture furniture that imitated Chinese lacquer furniture. It was frequently decorated with ebony and ivory or Chinese motifs such as pagodas. Thomas Chippendale helped to popularize the production of chinoiserie furniture with the publication of his design book The Gentleman and Cabinet-maker's Director: Being a large Collection of the Most Elegant and Useful Designs of Household Furniture, In

1704-578: The 17th century, Chinese arts and aesthetic were sources of inspiration to artists and creators, and fashion designers when goods from oriental countries were widely seen for the first time in Western Europe. In the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, chinoiserie fashion was especially celebrated in France, and the origin of most Chinese-inspired fashion was French during this period. Chinoiserie had also inspired designers such as Mariano Fortuny ,

1775-634: The 17th century, this trend was popularized in the 18th century due to the rise in trade with China (during the High Qing era ) and the rest of East Asia. As a style, chinoiserie is related to the Rococo style. Both styles are characterized by exuberant decoration, asymmetry, a focus on materials, and stylized nature and subject matter that focuses on leisure and pleasure. Chinoiserie focuses on subjects that were thought by Europeans to be typical of Chinese culture . Chinoiserie entered European art and decoration in

1846-473: The 18th century. Europeans had a fascination with Asia due to their increased, but still restricted, access to new cultures through expanded trade with East Asia, especially China. The 'China' indicated in the term 'chinoiserie' represented in European people's mind a wider region of the globe that could embrace China itself, but also Japan, Korea, South-East Asia, India or even Persia. In art, the style of "the Orient"

1917-809: The Chinese for high voice and guitar (1957). More recent operatic examples include A Night at the Chinese Opera ( Judith Weir , 1987) and Nixon in China ( John Adams , 1987). The influence of Chinese and East Asian music has also been evident in popular music, from musical comedy ( A Chinese Honeymoon , 1899), Tin Pan Alley ( Limehouse Nights by George Gershwin , 1920), Broadway musicals and jazz ( Chinoiserie by Duke Ellington , 1971) through to modern rock music ( China Girl by David Bowie , 1976 and many more). These pieces often incorporate Western cultural shorthand clichés of Chinese musical style, such as

1988-705: The Chinese House (Das Chinesische Haus). Pleasure pavilions in "Chinese taste" appeared in the formal parterres of late Baroque and Rococo German and Russian palaces, and in tile panels at Aranjuez near Madrid . Chinese Villages were built in the mountainous park of Wilhelmshöhe near Kassel, Germany; in Drottningholm , Sweden and Tsarskoe Selo , Russia . Thomas Chippendale 's mahogany tea tables and china cabinets, especially, were embellished with fretwork glazing and railings, c. 1753–70, but sober homages to early Qing scholars' furnishings were also naturalized, as

2059-558: The Chinese way. In the 19th century the term 'chinoiserie' appeared for the first time in French literature. In the novel L'Interdiction published in 1836, Honoré de Balzac used chinoiserie to refer to the craftworks made in the Chinese style. From this moment on the term gained momentum and started being used more frequently to mean objects produced in the Chinese style but sometimes also to indicate graceful objects of small dimension or of scarce account. In 1878 'chinoiserie' entered formally in

2130-525: The Cross . The main altar painting is Die Salbung Jesu durch Maria in Bethanien by local painter Matthäus Zehender  [ de ] . Side altar paintings were by Giambattista Pittoni ( Kreuzaufnahme , Armenspeisung durch die heilige Elisabeth ). The crypt below the church is the burial site of the order's grand masters. For around 200 years the Schlosskirche has been a Protestant church. The sacristy of

2201-681: The European public a new deeper insight of the Chinese empire and its culture. While Europeans frequently held inaccurate ideas about East Asia, this did not necessarily preclude their fascination and respect. In particular, the Chinese who had "exquisitely finished art... [and] whose court ceremonial was even more elaborate than that of Versailles" were viewed as highly civilized. According to Voltaire in his Art de la Chine , "The fact remains that four thousand years ago, when we did not know how to read, they [the Chinese] knew everything essentially useful of which we boast today." Moreover, Indian philosophy

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2272-501: The Most Fashionable Taste. His designs provided a guide for intricate chinoiserie furniture and its decoration. His chairs and cabinets were often decorated with scenes of colorful birds, flowers, or images of exotic imaginary places. The compositions of this decoration were often asymmetrical. The increased use of wallpaper in European homes in the 18th century also reflects the general fascination with chinoiserie motifs. With

2343-558: The West's then utopian, nostalgic view of Chinese landscape and culture in pieces such as Pagodas ( Debussy, 1903 ). There followed three major 20th century examples of musical chinoiserie: Mahler 's Das Lied von der Erde (1908), Stravinsky 's The Nightingale (1914), and Puccini 's Turandot (1926). Other notable pieces include Tchaikovsky 's 'Chinese Dance' (from Act Two of The Nutcracker 1892), Ravel 's 'Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes' (from Ma mère l'Oye , 1910),

2414-440: The ability to methylate and demethylate them were unable to respond to stimuli. An increase in concentration of attractants led to an increase in methylation level of MCP; similarly, a decrease in attractants or increase in repellents led to a decrease in methylation level. By the 1980s, it was determined that bacterial chemotaxis resulted from the regulation of flagellar rotation by chemoreceptors. Bacteria swam more smoothly due to

2485-541: The actual Chinese art and architecture. Finally, still others believed that an interest in chinoiserie indicated a pervading "cultural confusion" in European society. Chinoiserie persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries but declined in popularity. There was a notable loss of interest in Chinese-inspired décor after the death in 1830 of King George IV , a great proponent of the style. The First Opium War of 1839–1842 between Britain and China disrupted trade and caused

2556-469: The bufu), the jiaoling ruqun , kanjia , mamianqun , yunjian , yaoqun (short waist-skirt), piling (collar), as well as traditional Chinese embroideries , and traditional Chinese Lào zi , pankou , high collars , etc. According to the Ladies' Home Journal of June 1913, volume 30, issue 6: Interest in the political and civic activities of the new China, which is more or less world-wide at this time, led

2627-621: The centre of the gardens, designed and built by William Chambers , exhibits strong English architectural elements, resulting in a product of combined cultures (Bald, 290). A replica of it was built in Munich 's Englischer Garten , while the Chinese Garden of Oranienbaum includes another pagoda and also a Chinese teahouse. Though the rise of a more serious approach in Neoclassicism from the 1770s onward tended to replace Oriental inspired designs, at

2698-435: The chinoiserie style, complete with Chinese-styled bed, phoenix -themed wallpaper, and china . Later exoticism added imaginary Turkish themes, where a "diwan" became a sofa . One of the things that contributed to the popularity of chinoiserie was the 18th-century vogue for tea drinking. The feminine and domestic culture of drinking tea required an appropriate chinoiserie mise en scène . According to Beevers, "Tea drinking

2769-477: The decorative and pictorial arts of the East permeated the European and American arts and craft scene. For example, in the United States, "by the mid-18th century, Charleston had imported an impressive array of Asian export luxury goods [such as]...paintings." The aspects of Chinese painting that were integrated into European and American visual arts include asymmetrical compositions, lighthearted subject matter and

2840-402: The decorative objects and furniture in a room, creating a complementary backdrop. European understanding of Chinese and East Asian garden design is exemplified by the use of the word Sharawadgi , understood as beauty, without order that takes the form of an aesthetically pleasing irregularity in landscape design. The word traveled together with imported lacquer ware from Japan where shara'aji

2911-468: The designers of this page [p.26] and the succeeding one [p.27] to look to that country for inspiration for clothes that would be unique and new and yet fit in with present-day modes and the needs and environments of American women [...] Western approximations of Chinese music first began to be used in the mid-17th century in operas such as Purcell 's The Fairy-Queen (1692) and Gluck 's Le cinesi (1754). Jean-Jacques Rousseau included what he claimed

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2982-610: The direct imitation of Chinese designs in faience began in the late 17th century, was carried into European porcelain production, most naturally in tea wares, and peaked in the wave of rococo chinoiserie (c. 1740–1770). Earliest hints of chinoiserie appear in the early 17th century, in the arts of the nations with active East India Companies, Holland and England , then by the mid-17th century, in Portugal as well. Tin-glazed pottery (see delftware ) made at Delft and other Dutch towns adopted genuine blue-and-white Ming decoration from

3053-455: The discovery of the methylation of a protein in the envelope of E. coli that is involved in chemotaxis . This protein is methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) and it acquires methyl groups from methionine . Adler also identified the methylated residue of MCP. Adler eventually discovered that E. coli contain several MCPs which play important roles in chemotaxis sensory transduction system. Strains of bacteria without this protein, or lacking

3124-500: The early 17th century. After a book by Johan Nieuhof was published the 150 pictures encouraged chinoiserie, and became especially popular in the 18th century. Early ceramic wares in Meissen porcelain and other factories naturally imitated Chinese designs, though the shapes for "useful wares", table and tea wares, typically remained Western, often based on shapes in silver. Decorative wares such as vases followed Chinese shapes. The ideas of

3195-560: The environment, Adler decided to study the behavior of bacteria and then ultimately broaden out to the behavior of all organisms. In 1880, Wilhelm Pfeffer , a famous German botanist, had used motile bacteria to study attraction and repulsion by various plant and animal extracts and chemicals. Adler built on this work. Using the system in Escherichia coli (E. coli), Adler showed that bacteria sensed attractants and repellants with sensory proteins he termed chemoreceptors . These findings led to

3266-508: The gardens of the East. These gardens often contain various fragrant plants, flowers and trees, decorative rocks, ponds or lake with fish, and twisting pathways. They are frequently enclosed by a wall. Architectural features placed in these gardens often include pagodas, ceremonial halls used for celebrations or holidays, pavilions with flowers and seasonal elements. Landscapes such as London's Kew Gardens show distinct Chinese influence in architecture. The monumental 163-foot Great Pagoda in

3337-565: The height of Regency "Grecian" furnishings, the Prince Regent came down with a case of Brighton Pavilion , and Chamberlain's Worcester china manufactory imitated " Imari " wares. While classical styles reigned in the parade rooms, upscale houses, from Badminton House (where the "Chinese Bedroom" was furnished by William and John Linnell , ca 1754) and Nostell Priory to Casa Loma in Toronto, sometimes featured an entire guest room decorated in

3408-650: The interior were drawn up by François de Cuvilliés , the Electoral court architect of Cologne. Architects working on site were Joseph Roth and Friedrich Kirchenmayer. Its Rococo interior features elaborate ceiling frescos by the court painter Nikolaus Gottfried Stuber  [ de ] , depicting The Defense of Faith , the Glorification of the Cross in Heaven and on Earth and the Emperor Constantine 's Vision of

3479-520: The landscape of China, "paradoxically, it is this imitation and repetition of the iconic signs of China that negate the very possibility of authenticity, and render them into stereotypes." The depiction of China and East Asia in European and American painting was dependent on the understanding of the East by Western preconceptions, rather than representations of Eastern culture as it actually was. Various European monarchs, such as Louis XV of France , gave special favor to chinoiserie, as it blended well with

3550-509: The late-16th century, as the Casino of San Marco remained open from 1575 to 1587. Despite never being commercial in nature, the next major attempt to replicate Chinese porcelain was the soft-paste manufactory at Rouen in 1673, with Edme Poterat, widely reputed as creator of the French soft-paste pottery tradition, opening his own factory in 1647. Efforts were eventually made to imitate hard-paste porcelain , which were held in high regard. As such,

3621-525: The main architect, Blasius Berwart  [ de ] , also constructed the spiral staircase between the west and north wing. Today the castle houses the Deutschordensmuseum (museum of the Teutonic Order). The English landscape garden between palace and spa building is mainly due to Archduke Maximilian Franz. In 1797, he had a "mosque" built there to recall the past Turkish threat and in 1802

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3692-516: The materials and aesthetics to American fashion. Original Chinese fashion also influenced various designs and styles of deshabille . There was also a fashion trend for day-wear jackets and coats to be cut in styles which would suggest various Chinese items as was published the Ladies' Home Journal in June 1913, where the garments displayed showed influences of the Qing dynasty mandarin court gown (especially

3763-485: The mid-to-late 17th century; the work of Athanasius Kircher influenced the study of Orientalism . The popularity of chinoiserie peaked around the middle of the 18th century when it was associated with the Rococo style and with works by François Boucher , Thomas Chippendale , and Jean-Baptist Pillement. It was also popularized by the influx of Chinese and Indian goods brought annually to Europe aboard English , Dutch , French , and Swedish East India Companies . There

3834-412: The order's southern German territories much like the residence town of any ruling prince. Some grand masters, like Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1614–62), who in his 21 years in that role never once set foot in the town, were hardly ever present. Others, like Maximilian Franz (1756-1801), a son of Maria Theresa , loved the place. For the order's general chapter in 1791 he brought the orchestra of

3905-458: The order, introduced Reformation , married and – supported by his liege lord the King of Poland – turned the order's eastern territories into a temporal duchy. The rulers of the order in Germany, now styling themselves Hoch- und Deutschmeister , then made Mergentheim the order's new headquarters and expanded the castle into a palatial residence. Over the next centuries, the town served as the centre of

3976-427: The rise of the villa and a growing taste for sunlit interiors, the popularity of wallpaper grew. The demand for wallpaper created by Chinese artists began first with European aristocrats between 1740 and 1790. The luxurious wallpaper available to them would have been unique, handmade, and expensive. Later wallpaper with chinoiserie motifs became accessible to the middle class when it could be printed and thus produced in

4047-413: The style of chinoiserie was assimilated under the generic definition of exoticism . Even though the root of the word 'chinoiserie' is 'Chine' (China), the Europeans of the 17th and 18th centuries did not have a clear conceptualization of how China was in reality. Often terms like 'Orient', 'Far East' or 'China' were all equally used to signify the region of Eastern Asia that had proper Chinese culture as

4118-503: Was Western styled goods produced in 18th century China for Chinese consumers. Although this was a notable interest of the Kangxi Emperor and Qianlong Emperor , as shown by the architecture of Xiyang Lou , it was not restricted only to the court. "Occidenterie" artifacts and art were accessible to a wider variety of consumers, as they were domestically produced. There were many reasons why chinoiserie gained such popularity in Europe in

4189-436: Was a "keen competition between Margaret, 2nd Duchess of Portland , and Elizabeth, Countess of Ilchester , for a Japanese blue and white plate," shows how wealthy female consumers asserted their purchasing power and their need to play a role in creating the prevailing vogue. The term is also used in the fashion industry to describe "designs in textiles, fashion, and the decorative arts that derive from Chinese styles". Since

4260-408: Was a fundamental part of polite society; much of the interest in both Chinese export wares and chinoiserie rose from the desire to create appropriate settings for the ritual of tea drinking." After 1750, England was importing 10 million pounds of tea annually, demonstrating how widespread this practice was. The taste for chinoiserie porcelain, both export wares and European imitations, and tea drinking

4331-961: Was a revival of popularity for chinoiserie in Europe and the United States from the mid-19th century through the 1920s, and today in elite interior design and fashion. Though usually understood as a European style, chinoiserie was a global phenomenon. Local versions of chinoiserie were developed in India, Japan, Iran, and particularly Latin America. Through the Manila galleon trade , Spanish traders brought large amounts of Chinese porcelain, lacquer, textiles, and spices from Chinese merchants based in Manila to New Spanish markets in Acapulco, Panama, and Lima . Those products then inspired local artists and artisans such as ceramicists making Talavera pottery at Puebla de Los Angeles. Chinoiserie had some parallel in "occidenterie", which

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4402-471: Was an authentic Chinese melody, the air chinois , in his 1768 Dictionary of Music , and it was re-used by Weber in his Overtura cinesa (1804). Offenbach 's satirical one-act operetta Ba-ta-clan (1855) was a big success in Paris. The 1889 Paris World Fair played a significant role in bringing world music to the attention of modern Western composers. In the early 20th century French composers responded to

4473-469: Was an idiom in appraisal of design in decorative arts. Sir William Temple (1628–1699), referring to such artwork, introduces the term sharawadgi in his essay Upon the Gardens of Epicurus written in 1685 and published in 1690. Under Temple's influence European gardeners and landscape designers used the concept of sharawadgi to create gardens that were believed to reflect the asymmetry and naturalism present in

4544-665: Was born in Edelfingen , Germany in 1930. He came to the United States in 1938 at the age of 8 and became a naturalized citizen in 1943. His family settled in Grand Forks , North Dakota where their relatives were among the first Europeans to arrive in 1880. Since he was child, Adler had been fascinated by how organisms sense and respond to the environment. Adler attended Harvard University and received his A.B. in Biochemical Sciences in 1952. He then studied with Henry A. Lardy at

4615-412: Was considered a source of inspiration; the atmosphere rich in images and the harmonic designs of the oriental style reflected the picture of an ideal world, from which to draw ideas in order to reshape one's own culture. For this reason the style of chinoiserie is to be regarded as an important result of the exchange between the West and the East. During the 19th century, and especially in its latter period,

4686-505: Was increasingly admired by philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer, who regarded the Upanishads as the "production of the highest human wisdom" and "the most profitable and elevating reading which...is possible in the world." Chinoiserie was not universally popular. Some critics saw the style as "…a retreat from reason and taste and a descent into a morally ambiguous world based on hedonism, sensation and values perceived to be feminine." It

4757-449: Was more associated with women than men. A number of aristocratic and socially important women were famous collectors of chinoiserie porcelain, among them Queen Mary II , Queen Anne , Henrietta Howard, and the Duchess of Queensbury, all socially important women. This is significant because their homes served as examples of good taste and sociability. A single historical incident in which there

4828-596: Was rapidly fading with the modern era. From the Renaissance to the 18th century Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of Chinese export porcelain (and for that matter Japanese export porcelain – Europeans were generally vague as the origin of "oriental" imports), with only partial success. One of the earliest successful attempts, for instance, was the Medici porcelain manufactured in Florence during

4899-490: Was taken to Monrepos at Ludwigsburg in 1809, when Mergentheim became part of the Kingdom of Württemberg . In 1853, the statue was restored to this church. Bad Mergentheim is twinned with: Julius Adler (biochemist) Julius Adler (April 30, 1930 – April 2, 2024) was an American biochemist . He had been an Emeritus Professor of biochemistry and genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison since 1997. Adler

4970-780: Was the proton electrochemical potential. Adler was recently doing research on sensory reception and decision making in Drosophila fruitflies. Flies were presented with attractant and/or repellent, and mutants that are neither attracted nor repelled were isolated. Defects in the mutants will be studied in hope of revealing the mechanisms involved. Adler died April 2, 2024. Chinoiserie Chinoiserie ( English: / ʃ ɪ n ˈ w ɑː z ər i / , French: [ʃinwazʁi] ; loanword from French chinoiserie , from chinois , "Chinese"; traditional Chinese : 中國風 ; simplified Chinese : 中国风 ; pinyin : Zhōngguófēng ; lit. 'China style')

5041-408: Was viewed as lacking the logic and reason upon which Antique art had been founded. Architect and author Robert Morris claimed that it "…consisted of mere whims and chimera, without rules or order, it requires no fertility of genius to put into execution." Those with a more archaeological view of the East, considered the chinoiserie style, with its distortions and whimsical approach, to be a mockery of

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