134-682: Bacup ( / ˈ b eɪ k ə p / BAY -kəp , / ˈ b eɪ k ʊ p / ) is a town in the Rossendale Borough in Lancashire , England, in the South Pennines close to Lancashire's boundaries with West Yorkshire and Greater Manchester . The town is in the Rossendale Valley and the upper Irwell Valley , 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Rawtenstall , 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Rochdale , and 7 miles (11 km) south of Burnley . At
268-655: A temperate maritime climate , like much of the British Isles , with relatively cool summers, yet harsh winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. The town's parish church is dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist . Aside from just this church, Bacup has many other churches. The majority of Bacup's culturally significant architecture is in the Victorian period , but there are older buildings of note are Fearns Hall (1696), Forest House (1815) and
402-508: A community based radio station which broadcast its studios in Rawtenstall on 104.7 FM. The area is served by local newspaper, Lancashire Telegraph . Rossendale is the home to a large community of artists with several painters' studios, many of which are centred on the area around Waterfoot. Rossendale's only traditional theatre is in Bacup. The Royal Court Theatre first opened in 1893 and has
536-476: A continuous urban area with Waterfoot and Rawtenstall . The towns of Burnley and Accrington are to the north and northwest respectively; Todmorden , Walsden and the county of West Yorkshire are to the east; Rochdale and the county of Greater Manchester are to the south; Rawtenstall , from where Bacup is governed, is to the west. Areas and suburbs of Bacup include Britannia , Broadclough, Deerplay, Dulesgate, Stacksteads and Weir . Bacup experiences
670-625: A custom of blackening their faces. The origin of the troupe is claimed to have its roots in Moorish , pagan, medieval, mining and Cornish customs. The Easter Saturday procession begins annually at the Traveller's Rest Public House on the A671 road . The dancers are accompanied by members of Stacksteads Silver Band and proceed to dance their way through the streets. Bacup Museum is local history hub and exhibition centre in Bacup. The Bacup Natural History Society
804-507: A design competition managed by RIBA Competitions which was launched in 2003. It is lit after dark using low-energy LEDs powered by an adjacent wind turbine . It is the fourth Panopticon in Lancashire . It, and the adjacent landscaped area at Top o'Slate, was opened to the public in September 2007, and was designed by John Kennedy of LandLab and engineered by Booth King Partnership. Rossendale
938-628: A five-storey masonry box; high, long and narrow, with ranges of windows along each side and large relatively unbroken internal spaces, it provided the basic architectural prototype that was followed by cotton mills and English industrial architecture through to the end of the 19th century. Arkwright recruited large, highly disciplined workforces for his mills, managed credit and supplies and cultivated mass consumer markets for his products. By 1782 his annual profits exceeded £40,000, and by 1784 he had opened 10 more mills. He licensed his technology to other entrepreneurs and in 1782 boasted that his machinery
1072-408: A greater attention to decoration and the main gate was often highlighted with stone decoration. The stair columns were exterior to the main floors. During this period the mules got wider and the width of the bays increased. Specialised mill architects appeared. Mills of this period were tall, narrow, and wide. They were commonly built with one or two wings to form an 'L' or 'U' shape. Brunswick Mill
1206-493: A major employer in the area. The area became one of the cradles of the Industrial Revolution , and was known as 'The Golden Valley'. There was great hardship among working people during this time, but many fortunes were made among the mill-owning classes. There was large-scale immigration from Ireland to find work building the railways and in the mills, which led to several instances of serious civil disturbances between
1340-441: A major shareholder, and by 1840 lay at the centre of a major industrial complex powered by five steam engines, that included a twist mill, foundry and a rum distillery. Just before 1870, a mill was built by a joint-stock spinning company and this financial structure led to a new wave of mill construction. The phrase Oldham Limiteds describes these companies. Family-run firms continued to build, but grouped into associations such as
1474-402: A mill was defined by the positioning of machines. In an 1870 mill the bay was typically 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m), and the brick vaults 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m) though there were variations. Engines were run at higher pressures and from 1875, powered horizontal shafts on each floor by means of ropes. This was a prominent change as a rope race had to be built running
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#17328514791241608-526: A nearby reservoir that powered the water wheel, but were later used as the mill's primary power source. The Corliss valve was adopted in the UK, where in 1868 more than 60 mill engines were fitted with them. The large steam-powered Bowreath Cotton Mills opened at Fort Gloster near Calcutta by British interests in the 1820s, using British women to impart machine-spinning skills to the local workforce. They closed down in 1837 but reopened with Dwarkanath Tagore as
1742-451: A new vision for Bacup, aiming to capitalise on the gains made through the THI scheme whilst redeveloping aspects of the town to make it fit for a high-street model less reliant on retail and more suited to the needs of visitors and local residents alike. In order to realise the scheme, the council considered multiple bid options and the Bacup 2040 Vision was used as the basis of its bid for a share of
1876-478: A period of even greater prosperity. The limited companies took control of spinning, while the room and power system was the norm for the weaving sheds. One point of view in the 1880s was that vertically integrating the weaving sheds into new mills would reduce costs and lead to greater profits. This route had been followed in New England, where it was successful, but not in Lancashire. The industry peaked in 1907. There
2010-459: A ridge"; the fūl- element, which meant "foul" or "muddy" was used in the earliest known reference to the area, in a charter by Robert de Lacey, around the year 1200, as used in the Middle English spelling fulebachope . The prefix ful- was dropped from the toponym. The -bæchop element is less clear, possibly meaning "ridge valley", or else "back valley" referring to the locale's position at
2144-564: A second mill in Birmingham set up by Samuel Touchet in 1744, about which little is known, but which was sufficiently successful for Touchet later to seek the lease on the mill in Northampton. The Paul-Wyatt mills spun cotton for several decades but were not very profitable, becoming the ancestors of the cotton mills that followed. Richard Arkwright obtained a patent for his water frame spinning machinery in 1769. Although its technology
2278-470: A section of the culvert in the centre of the town however the culvert was eventually replaced with concrete. Bacup is roughly 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea level ; the Deerplay area of Weir is 1,350 feet (411 m) above sea level; Bacup town centre is 835 feet (255 m) above sea level. Bacup is surrounded by open moor and grassland on all sides with the exception of Stacksteads at the west which forms
2412-514: A shaft (Little Mill, 1908), and then later on individual machines. Mills constructed in South Carolina increased in size. At Rutledge Ford the Saluda River was dammed and a power plant constructed. It was completed in 1904 before the construction of a state-of-the-art textile mill in 1906. That power plant provided for 4,800 horse power. The mill contained 30,000 spindles. By 1916 a new mill
2546-428: A shortage of building materials restricted the building of new mills, and activity was financial with the mills seeking recapitalisation. There is no clear concession on the reason for the final decline. Some say that the cotton men concentrated on making easy money ignoring the possibility of foreign competition best countered by larger mills by re-equipping the mills with more modern ring frames. Daniels and Jewkes argued
2680-691: A small rugby union club playing in the lower leagues, but in recent years the club has gained two promotions to take them into Regional 1 North West . Notable players such as Daniel Collins, Dave Wood and Tim Fourie now play at the valley side. The area's only semi-pro non league football team are Bacup Borough F.C. who play their home games at West View and are members of the North West Counties League Division One. The area's other major non league side Rossendale United , who played their home games at nearby Newchurch near Rawtenstall , folded in 2011. The only other semi-pro team from
2814-449: A square brick structure between the boiler house and the chimney. The engines were double compound upright beam engines of the type patented by McNaught in 1845. Each room in the mill would have line shafts suitable for the type of frame, connected by belt drives or gearing. In 1860, there were 2650 cotton mills in the Lancashire region, employing 440,000 people. The workers, 90 per cent of whom were adults and 56 per cent females, were paid
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#17328514791242948-451: A thriving Youth Theatre called The Rossendale Musical Theatre Academy. The theatre and arts centre known as 'The Boo' as well as being a regular venue for family theatre shows, music and a wide range of community arts events, is the home of the Horse and Bamboo Theatre Company who specialise in visual theatre, often using distinctive puppets and masks . The painters and other artists who make up
3082-403: A total of £11.5 million per annum. The mills used 300,000 hp of power, of which 18,500 was generated by waterpower. The mills had 30,387,467 spindles and 350,000 power looms . The industry imported 1,390,938,752 lb of raw cotton a year. It exported 2,776,218,427 yards of cotton cloth and 197,343,655 pounds (89,513,576 kg) of twist and yarn. The total value of its exports
3216-418: A treasure trove of local produce, crafts and a varied array of food and drink – where market days and events will come to life - and where visitors will be encouraged to relax and enjoy the surroundings, both during the day and into the evening. The upper floor will introduce a cycle hub and makers’ spaces, championing creativity and discovery." Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since
3350-483: A two-storey ancillary building. Large mills remained the exception during this period. In 1833 the largest mill was that of McConnel and Company in Ancoats , Manchester with 1,545 workers, but in 1841 there were still only 25 mills in Lancashire with 1,000 workers or more, and the number of workers in the average mill was 193. The Lancashire boiler was patented in 1844, and the economiser in 1845. This can be seen as
3484-538: Is Accrington and Rossendale College , based in Accrington . In terms of television, the area is served by BBC North West and ITV Granada . Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lancashire on 95.5 FM, Heart North West on 105.4 FM, Capital Manchester and Lancashire on 107.0 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire on 96.5 FM, and Rossendale Radio ,
3618-401: Is also home to touring theatre company Hard Graft. Established in 1999 Hard Graft found notoriety in the UK touring non theatre venues. Their first tour was with their award-winning comedy Thick As Thieves , touring living rooms throughout the UK. They then toured 56 charity shops with Burt n Joyce turning each shop into a theatre for the evening. Three Rossendale towns have cricket clubs in
3752-494: Is based at The Business Centre on Futures Park in Bacup. It was built as commercial offices called the Kingfisher Business Centre in 2003. The council took some office space in the building before creating a council chamber there in 2009 and consolidating its functions at the site. Prior to 2009 the council was based at Rawtenstall Town Hall at the corner of Bacup Road and Lord Street. It had been built in 1876 as
3886-621: Is first recorded in 1292. A record of the name as Rocendal (1242) suggests Celtic ros "moor, heath", with Old Norse dalr "dale, valley ", hence moor valley i.e. the valley of the River Irwell . Rossendale is part of the Forest of Rossendale , which consists of the steep-sided valleys of the River Irwell and its tributaries, which flow from the Pennines southwards to Manchester and cut through
4020-554: Is home to a unique dancing troupe, the Britannia Coconut Dancers , formed in the mid-19th century, and who traditionally dance along the local roads every Easter. There has been a long tradition of dialect poetry and writing in Rossendale. Local poets have included Andrew Houston ( The Rossendale Bard ), Walter Hargreaves ( Shepster ) and Clifford Heyworth ( Bill o' Bows ). Waugh's Well, above Edenfield and Cowpe , marks
4154-598: Is partly filmed in Bacup. Borough of Rossendale Rossendale ( / ˈ r ɒ z ən d eɪ l / ) is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire , England. Its council is based in Bacup and its largest town is Rawtenstall . It also includes the towns of Haslingden and Whitworth . The borough is named after the Rossendale Valley , the upper part of the River Irwell . The neighbouring districts are Burnley , Hyndburn , Blackburn with Darwen , Bury , Bolton and Calderdale . The name Rossendale
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4288-558: Is still carried out, largely of sheep but also of cattle. The history of Rossendale is well documented, largely through the efforts of the historian Chris Aspin, a specialist on the textile industry, and Derek Pilkington, whose efforts led to the preservation of Higher Mill in Helmshore, now Helmshore Mills Textile Museum . The Whitworth Doctors were local surgeons and bone setters in the late 1700s and early 1800s whose reputation spread far and wide, so that they treated patients from throughout
4422-536: The 2011 Census , Bacup had a population of 13,323. Bacup emerged as a settlement following the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the Early Middle Ages . For centuries, it was a small and obscure centre of domestic flannel and woollen cloth production, and many of the original weavers' cottages survive today as listed buildings. Following the Industrial Revolution , Bacup became a mill town , growing up around
4556-558: The Cotton Industry Act 1959 and was then used by the John Myers mail order company. One mill was later demolished leaving the other to be used as a Shopping Outlet Centre and Craft Village. The reduction of capacity led to a legacy of redundant mills, which were readily reused for other industrial purposes. Ring spinning technology had successfully replaced the spinning mule, with mills having been converted mules to rings. However, in
4690-494: The Fine Spinners' and Doublers' Association . Joseph Stott of Oldham perfected a method of fireproof floor construction using steel beams supporting brick vaults that in turn supported concrete floors that would support heavier equipment. Ring frames replaced mule frames; they were heavier and larger and were placed transversely, the floors became larger (up to 130 feet (40 m) wide) and higher to provide light. The bay size in
4824-521: The Great Depression and the ensuing deindustrialisation of the United Kingdom largely eliminated Bacup's textile processing sector and economic prosperity. Bacup followed the regional and national trend of deindustrialisation during the early and mid-20th century; a process exacerbated by the closure of Bacup railway station in 1966. Bacup also experienced population decline ; from 22,000 at
4958-561: The Great Depression . Cotton mills and their owners dominated the economy and politics of the Piedmont well into the 20th century. The modern Indian mechanised textile industry was born in 1854, when a steam-powered mill was opened in Bombay by Cowasjee N. Davar. More followed: there were 10 by 1865 and 47 by 1875. By 1880 there were 58 mills in India employing 40,000 workers, with over 80% of them in
5092-566: The High Middle Ages , Bacup was a chapelry linked with the parishes of Whalley and Rochdale , and divided between the townships of Newchurch and Spotland in the hundred of Blackburn . Bacup's first local authority was a Local board of health established in 1863; Bacup Local Board of Health was a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation in the Bacup Urban Sanitary District . The area of
5226-538: The Industrial Revolution in the development of the factory system . Although some were driven by animal power , most early mills were built in rural areas at fast-flowing rivers and streams, and used water wheels for power. The development of viable steam engines by Boulton and Watt from 1781 led to the growth of larger, steam-powered mills. They were built in a concentrated way in urban mill towns , such as Manchester . Together with neighbouring Salford , it had more than 50 mills by 1802. The mechanisation of
5360-472: The Lancashire Coalfield began to develop before 1800. Many more people were employed by the mills. The first cotton mills were established in the 1740s to house roller spinning machinery invented by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt . The machines were the first to spin cotton mechanically "without the intervention of human fingers". They were driven by a single non-human power source which allowed
5494-670: The Lancashire League – Bacup, Haslingden and Rawtenstall. The overseas professionals who are associated with the League have therefore often lived in the Rossendale Valley. For example, Everton Weekes was long associated with Bacup; Clive Lloyd with Haslingden. Edenfield Cricket Club are also associated with the Lancashire League but only participate in the leagues T/20 competition. Rossendale rugby club for many years had been
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5628-532: The West Lancashire Football League (Haslingden St Mary's), East Lancashire League (Stacksteads St Joseph's, Water FC), Lancashire Amateur League (Rossendale FC, Whitworth Valley, Valley United). The popular comedy series, The League of Gentlemen , is apparently based upon Rossendale (and perhaps Bacup in particular), playing upon stereotypes and exaggerations of the area. Subsequently, the producers filmed in various northern towns, one of which
5762-545: The Winter Hill and local relay TV transmitters. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lancashire on 95.5 FM, Heart North West on 105.4 FM, Capital Manchester and Lancashire on 107.0 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire on 96.5 FM, and Rossendale Radio , a community based radio station which broadcast to the town on 104.7 FM. The town's the local newspaper is the Lancashire Telegraph . The Sky TV comedy Brassic
5896-766: The parliamentary constituency of Rossendale and Darwen , by Janet Anderson , a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP). Bacup had previously formed part of the Rossendale constituency. In the general election of 2010, the seat was taken by Jake Berry of the Conservative Party, and in 2024 it was taken by Andy MacNae of Labour. At 53°42′14″N 2°11′56″W / 53.70389°N 2.19889°W / 53.70389; -2.19889 (53.704°, −2.199°), 15 miles (24.1 km) north-northeast of Manchester , 17 miles (27.4 km) southeast of Blackburn and 26 miles (41.8 km) southwest of Bradford . Bacup stands on
6030-569: The weaving process was more gradual partly because of the success of John Kay 's 1733 invention of the flying shuttle , which increased the productivity of domestic hand loom weavers. Kay took out a patent for the application of water power to a Dutch loom in 1745 and opened a weaving factory in Keighley in 1750, but nothing is known of its success. A further attempt to mechanise the weaving process took place at Garrett Hall in Manchester in 1750 but
6164-622: The "Exchange Club" and was subsequently acquired in 1890 by the Rawtenstall Local Board (predecessor of the Rawtenstall Borough Council) for use as its offices. The building was later extended into the offices of an adjoining tramway depot. The borough is linked by the motorway network to Manchester, Burnley and Blackburn via the A56 / M65 and M66 motorways. There was once a rail link south to Manchester via Bury, but this
6298-539: The 18th-century Stubbylee Hall . The Bacup Natural History Society Museum was formed in 1878. Bacup is home to the 17 ft (5.2 m) long Elgin Street which held the record as the shortest street in the world until November 2006, when it was surpassed by Ebenezer Place , in the Scottish Highlands . Many of the town's historic buildings are set to be renewed in a £2m regeneration scheme. Bacup railway station
6432-461: The 1970s, the depleted industry was challenged by a new technology open-end or break spinning. In 1978 Carrington Viyella opened a factory to do open-end spinning in Atherton . This was the first new textile production facility in Lancashire since 1929. Immediately Pear Mill, Stockport and Alder Mill, Leigh were closed. These were both Edwardian mills designed by Stott and Sons. The mill built in 1978
6566-551: The BBC TV drama Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit were also filmed on location in Bacup. The famous 1961 British film Whistle Down the Wind starring Hayley Mills also used various parts of Bacup for filming. The comedy drama Brassic was also largely filmed in Bacup. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada . Television signals are received from
6700-565: The BBC TV series Hetty Wainthropp Investigates during the 1990s. The 1980's BBC drama series Juliet Bravo was filmed in Rossendale with the exterior of Bacup police station serving as the fictional Hartley police station. During autumn 2008 areas around Rossendale were used in the filming of the BBC TV series Survivors including the Airtours site and other sites in Helmshore and Bank Street in Rawtenstall . In 2012 Rossendale featured on
6834-555: The Beverly Cotton Manufactory and a mill in Derbyshire in which he had worked. From 1825 the steam engine was able to power larger machines constructed from iron using improved machine tools. Mills from 1825 to 1865 were generally constructed with wooden beamed floors and lath and plaster ceilings. William Fairbairn experimented with cast iron beams and concrete floors. Mills were of red brick or sometimes local stone with
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#17328514791246968-494: The Early Modern period. The adoption of the factory system , which developed into the Industrial Revolution , enabled the transformation of Bacup from a small rural village into a mill town , populated by an influx of families attracted by Bacup's cotton mills , civic amenities and regional railway network. Locally sourced coal provided the fuel for industrial-scale quarrying, cotton spinning and shoemaking operations, stimulating
7102-569: The Heritage Lottery Fund for a 5-year regeneration project, to be delivered by the Bacup Townscape Heritage Initiative (THI). The project focuses on the redevelopment and restoration of Bacup's unique built and cultural heritage whilst providing training in traditional building skills and to facilitate activities and events for local people. The injection of funds has significantly contributed to growing property prices in
7236-524: The ITV reality television series May the Best House Win featuring former Rossendale Radio DJ Si Carvell. Local radio station Rossendale Radio broadcast throughout the valley from 2010, before shutting down on 5 March 2012 due to financial difficulties. It then re-launched on 22 December 2018. The Rossendale Male Voice Choir formed in the valley in 1924. In the 2001 census the population of Rossendale
7370-607: The Nottingham mill was at an experimental stage, Arkwright and his partners started work on Cromford Mill in Derbyshire, which "was to prove a major turning point in the history of the factory system". It resembled the Paul-Wyatt water-powered mill at Northampton in many respects, but was built on a different scale, influenced by John Lombe 's Old Silk Mill in Derby and Matthew Boulton 's Soho Manufactory in Birmingham. Constructed as
7504-646: The Rossendale area are Ramsbottom United who play in the Northern Premier League Division One North . Previously there had been Haslingden F.C. , playing at Ewood Bridge, on the outskirts of Haslingden, until they folded in 1998. Their ground was later used briefly by Stand Athletic F.C. before they vacated and moved back to Whitefield in Greater Manchester. Other clubs around the Rossendale area are all from Step 7 (Level 11) and below, and so playing in various leagues at this level –
7638-481: The US, and it was in turn surpassed by China in 1977. Though there was a slight revival after 1945, mills closed. The most efficient mills had abandoned their steam engines, and were working the frames with individual electric motors. Broadstone Mills Stockport , was built as a double mill with 265,000 mule spindles, but by 1959 it was running 37,500 mule spindles and 70,000 ring spindles. It closed in 1959 taking advantage of
7772-510: The United States employs 140 workers in 2013 to produce an output that would have required more than 2,000 workers in 1980. Cotton mills were not confined to Lancashire but were built in northeast Cheshire , Derbyshire , Nottingham , the West Riding of Yorkshire , Bristol , Durham and the west of Scotland. The availability of streams or rivers to provide power determined the location of
7906-494: The ancient parishes of Whalley and Rochdale (in the hundreds of Blackburn and Salford respectively). The settlement developed mainly in the Whalley township of Newchurch but extending into Rochdale's Spotland . The geology and topography of the village lent itself to urbanisation and domestic industries; primitive weavers' cottages , coal pits and stone quarries were propelled by Bacup's natural supply of water power in
8040-446: The area that would become the modern borough of Rossendale was 24,136 in 1801; in 1901 it had grown to 89,540. Its wet and damp climate are ideally suited to the development of watermills, and later to the mechanisation of the wool and cotton spinning and weaving industries in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the middle of the 19th century a felt industry developed, and from this the manufacturing of slippers so that footwear also became
8174-536: The area with the investments in the area being cited as one of the major reasons why the area is becoming increasingly attractive to people commuting to larger conurbations such as Greater Manchester . Due to the success of the Bacup THI and following public research and consultation, in 2019 the Rossendale Borough Council announced the development of the Bacup 2040 Vision and Masterplan. Bacup 2040 sets out
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#17328514791248308-586: The back part of the Irwell Valley . Bacup and its hinterland has provided archeological evidence of human activity in the area during the Neolithic . Anglo-Saxons settled in the Early Middle Ages . It has been claimed that in the 10th century the Anglo-Saxons battled against Gaels and Norsemen at Broadclough , a village to the north of Bacup. From the medieval period in this area, the River Irwell separated
8442-485: The ban on exporting technology from the UK, one of its proprietors, Francis Cabot Lowell , had travelled to Manchester to study the mill system and memorised some of its details. In the same year, Paul Moody built the first successful power loom in the US. Moody used a system of overhead pulleys and leather belting, rather than bevel gearing, to power his machines. The group devised the Waltham System of working, which
8576-421: The boilers and condense the steam. The chimneys were round and taller. Three types of engines were used: triple expansion horizontal cross compound engines, Inverted marine type compounds which were more compact, and Manhattans with vertical and horizontal cylinders such as the 3500 hp engine at New Pear Mill. Rope drives were used exclusively. Electricity was gradually introduced firstly on group drives driving
8710-510: The borough forms part of the Accrington/Rossendale built-up area which extends into the neighbouring borough of Hyndburn . The Accrington/Rossendale built-up area extends from the towns of Rawtenstall and Bacup to Accrington which takes in parts of the boroughs of Hyndburn and Rossendale. The urban area was recorded at having a population of 125,059. Whitworth is the only civil parish in Rossendale. The parish council has declared
8844-542: The borough of Rossendale. Bacup's historic character, culture and festivities have encouraged the town to be seen as one of the best preserved mill towns in England. English Heritage has proclaimed Bacup town centre as a designated protected area for its special architectural qualities. The name Bacup is derived from the Old English fūlbæchop . The Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names translates this as "muddy valley by
8978-856: The brook. Mills were built around Rochdale and Littleborough . North of Bury , ten mills occupied a mile long stretch of a stream in the Shuttleworth Valley. Other mills were built north of the River Ribble and a cluster of five mills in Caton near the port at Lancaster , one of which belonged to Samuel Greg who built Quarry Bank Mill at Styal in Cheshire. Not all water-powered mills were in rural areas, after 1780 mills were built in Blackburn and Burnley . In Scotland, four cotton mills were built in Rothsay on
9112-405: The chair of the council to take the title of mayor. Rossendale Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Lancashire County Council . Whitworth is also a civil parish , which forms a third tier of local government in that part of the borough. The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside
9246-463: The cities of Bombay and Ahmedabad . From the 1870's India's own markets for finished yarn and cloth ceased to be dominated by imports from Lancashire , and during the 1870's and 1880 s the Bombay cotton industry began to replace exports of yarn from Britain to China . The cotton industry was subject to cycles of boom and slump, which caused waves of mill building. There was an optimism that dictated that slumps had to be endured and then there would be
9380-573: The cotton could be processed into fabric where it grew, saving transportation costs. The mills were usually combination mills (spinning and weaving), that were water powered and used a slow burn design technique. They used a belt and pulley drive system, and heavier ring frames rather than mules. At this point they only spun and wove coarse counts. The mills were mainly in open country and mill towns were formed to support them. New England mills found it increasingly difficult to compete, and as in Lancashire, went into gradual decline until bankrupted during
9514-578: The country. In 1819 William Hewitt described them as "the most remarkable men of their class that ever appeared in England". R.S. Ireland (The Real Lancashire Black Pudding Co.) is based near Haslingden; a family-run business of specialist black pudding makers, using only traditional methods and with a recipe dating back to 1879. Rawtenstall has Fitzpatricks Herbal Health, this is the last remaining functioning temperance bar in England, that makes and sells its own non-alcoholic drinks, such as sarsaparilla , black beers and blood tonic. The modern district
9648-453: The crosswall divided the blowing room from the rest, as it was here that there was greatest risk of fire. Mills became wider, Houldsworth Mill, Reddish (1865) was 35 m wide and accommodated 1200 spindle mules. It was of four storeys and had sixteen bays on each side of a central engine house; a double mill . The central block provided offices and warehousing. A mill had a range of ancillary buildings. Stair columns often extending above
9782-511: The current route of the East Lancashire Heritage Railway. The area is well served by public road transport, with bus services provided mainly by Rosso and Burnley Bus Company . These provide regular services to Burnley , Blackburn , Accrington , Bolton , Bury , Manchester and Rochdale as well as Todmorden and other local destinations. Rossendale contains multiple secondary schools, these are: In addition, there
9916-550: The designs of the Oldham architects . The only new mills were very large to benefit from the economies of scale. Older mills were re-equipped with rings, and machines were powered by individual electric motors. Mills of this period were large, their decoration was lavish reflecting Edwardian taste and prosperity. Most mills were built for mules. Kent Mill Chadderton (1908) was a five-storey, 11 bay mill, 84.6m x 43.9m. It had 90,000 spindles. Ring frames were smaller and heavier than mules so
10050-462: The early mills some of which were in isolated areas. In Lancashire they were built on the rivers and streams descending from the Pennines and Rossendale moorland . In some places quite small streams powered a string of small mills such as in the Cheesden Valley between Ramsbottom and Heywood . where 14 mills and their associated leats and ponds were concentrated along a four-mile stretch of
10184-499: The economy of Manchester, whose importance had previously been as a centre of pre-industrial spinning and weaving based on the domestic system. Manchester had no cotton mills until the opening of Arkwright's Shudehill Mill in 1783 and in 1789 Peter Drinkwater opened the Piccadilly Mill – the town's first mill to be directly powered by steam – and by 1800 Manchester had 42 mills, having eclipsed all rival textile centres to become
10318-649: The end of the 18th century there were about 900 cotton mills in Britain, of which approximately 300 were large Arkwright-type factories employing 300 to 400 workers, the rest, smaller mills using jennies or mules , were hand- or horse-driven and employed as few as 10 workers. Before 1780, only water power was available to drive large mills, but they were dependent on a constant flow of water and built in rural locations, causing problems of labour supply, transportation of materials and access to urban merchants for large mill-owners. Steam engines had been used to pump water since
10452-674: The facility in 1787, finishing the factory's equipment in 1788. Experience from this factory led Moses Brown of Providence to request the assistance of a person skilled in water-powered spinning. Samuel Slater , an immigrant and trained textile worker from England, accepted Brown's proposal, and assisted with the design and construction of Slater Mill , built in 1790 on the Blackstone River in Pawtucket, Rhode Island . Slater evaded restrictions on emigration put in place to allow England to maintain its monopoly on cotton mills. Slater Mill resembled
10586-516: The fundamental cause of the depression was a change in demand for cotton goods. J. M. Keynes suggested that there was over capacity, and the industry should be reorganised into larger units that would scrap the excess capacity. The Lancashire Cotton Corporation was a company set up by the Bank of England in 1929, to rescue the Lancashire spinning industry by means of consolidation. In merged 105 companies, ending up in 1950 with 53 operating mills. These were
10720-558: The heart of the cotton manufacturing trade. Water continued to be used to drive rural mills but mills, driven by steam, were built in towns alongside streams or canals to provide water for the engine. Murrays' Mills alongside the Rochdale Canal , in Ancoats were powered by 40 hp Boulton and Watt beam engines . Some were built as room and power mills, which let space to entrepreneurs. The mills, often 'L' or U-shaped, were narrow and multi-storeyed. The engine house, warehousing and
10854-408: The height of the mill. The engine needed more space and the engine house, boiler house and economiser were external to the main mill. Mills continued to get bigger, and were sometimes paired; two mills being driven by one engine. Another change was the trend of having carding on one floor. To achieve this, the ground floor was extended outwards behind the mill often a full mill width. In a single mill,
10988-485: The invention of the atmospheric engine by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 and, starting with the engine installed at Arkwright's Haarlem Mill in Wirksworth , Derbyshire in 1780, were used to supplement the supply of water to the water wheels of cotton mills. In 1781 James Watt registered a patent for the first rotative steam engine designed to "give motion to the wheels of mills or other machines". Concerns remained over
11122-442: The last boundary changes in 2024 the council has comprised 30 councillors representing 10 wards , with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four with a third of the council (one councillor for each ward) elected each time for a four year term of office. Lancashire County Council elections are held in the fourth year of the cycle when there are no borough council elections. The council
11256-565: The later larger mills. It was bought up by Courtaulds in August 1964. The later mills were on the fringe of the spinning area in Wigan and Stockport, Availability of labour was cited as a reason. The last mills were completed in 1927, these were Holden Mill (Astley Bridge Mill) and Elk Mill. In 1929, for the first time there were more spindles in the USA than in the UK. In 1972, India had greater spindleage than
11390-473: The local economy. Bacup received a charter of incorporation in 1882, giving it honorific borough status and its own elected town government, consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors to oversee local affairs. Bacup's boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution resulted in the town developing into a prosperous and thickly populated industrial area by early-20th century. But
11524-439: The lowest crime levels in the county, and the relative small change to Bacup's infrastructure and appearance has given the town a "historic character and distinctive sense of place". In 2007, the murder of Sophie Lancaster attracted media attention to the town and highlighted its urban blight and lack of amenities and regeneration. In 2013 it was announced that Rossendale Borough Council was successful in securing £2m funding from
11658-644: The major studios within the valley – Globe Arts, Prospect Studio, Valley Artists – along with the Boo, the Whitaker, Apna Rossendale, and individual artists now work together to open their studios and premises each year at the Rossendale Art Trail Open Studios weekend in late summer. The first part of the Irwell Sculpture Trail runs from Deerplay, above Bacup, to Stubbins. The actress Jane Horrocks
11792-430: The mill and housed a water tank for the sprinkler system. The floors were higher allowing for taller windows. Accrington brick was used from 1890, decorated with yellow sandstone with moulded brick and terracotta features. Etched and stained glass was used in the offices. Mills were designed by specialist architects and architectural quality became a major consideration. The power needed and provided to drive these mills
11926-399: The mills were narrower with fewer storeys. Pear Mill Bredbury (1912) was planned to be a 210,000 spindle double mill. Only the first mill was completed, it had 137,000 spindles. They had more stair columns than earlier mills, it had dust flues often built into the rope race. There were two or three windows per bay. Decoration was often in terracotta and the mill name displayed in white brick on
12060-431: The moorland which is characteristic of the area. It was given the designation of "forest" in medieval times denoting a hunting reserve. The larger settlements grew into market towns, typically through the late Middle Ages . Farming and a cottage woollen industry developed during the reign of Henry VIII , but Rossendale's population only really expanded during the period of the Industrial Revolution . The population of
12194-456: The now covered over bridge crossing the River Irwell and the north–south / east-west crossroad at its centre. During that time its landscape became dominated by distinctive and large rectangular woollen and cotton mills . Bacup received a charter of incorporation in 1882, giving it municipal borough status and its own elected town government, consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors to oversee local affairs. In 1974, Bacup became part of
12328-576: The office were inside the mill, although stair towers were external. Windows were square and smaller than in later mills. The walls were of unadorned rough brick. Construction was sometimes to fireproof designs. The mills are distinguished from warehouses in that warehouses had taking-in doors on each storey with an external hoist beam. Only the larger mills have survived. Mills of this period were from 25 to 68 m long and 11.5 m to 14 m wide. They could be eight stories high and had basements and attics. Floor height varied from 3.3 to 2.75 m on
12462-415: The outgoing authorities until coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Since 1974 political control of the council has been as follows: The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Rossendale. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council . The leaders since 2004 have been: Following the 2024 election the composition of the council was: The next election is due in 2026. Since
12596-420: The parish to be a town, allowing it to take the style "town council". The rest of the borough is an unparished area . For notable past residents see individual towns and villages Rossendale Borough Council is twinned with: Cotton mill A cotton mill is a building that houses spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton , an important product during
12730-447: The police announced they would be monitoring the road between Weir and Bacup (which passes through Broadclough ) as it has become an accident blackspot with a high number of accidents which have resulted in serious injury and even deaths. There have been a large number of road traffic incidents on the A671 as it passes through the small hamlets of Broadclough and Weir near Bacup including fatalities. Currently police are monitoring
12864-543: The postwar years, Japan, other Asian countries and ultimately China became dominant in cotton manufacturing. In the mid-16th century Manchester was an important manufacturing centre for wool and Leigh and south towards Manchester, used flax and raw cotton imported along the Mersey and Irwell Navigation . During the Industrial Revolution cotton manufacture changed from a domestic to a mechanised industry, made possible by inventions and advances in technology. The weaving process
12998-509: The road and there have been calls from local residents, led by County Councillor Jimmy Easton, for the creation of a bypass with the suggestion of utilising elements of Bacup Old Road. The key date in Bacup's cultural calendar is Easter Saturday , when the Britannia Coconut Dancers beat the bounds of the town via a dance procession. Britannia Coconut Dancers are an English country dance troupe from Bacup whose routines are steeped in local folk tradition. They wear distinctive costumes and have
13132-575: The same year there were 7,975,000 open end spinning rotors installed, with 44% of these being within Asia or Oceania and 29% within Eastern Europe . The average age of installed rotors is much lower than that of spindles and as rotors are between 7 and 10 times more productive they are responsible for 20% of the cotton spun worldwide. Modern cotton mills are increasingly automated. One large mill in Virginia in
13266-461: The sanitary authority was granted a charter of incorporation in 1882, giving it honorific borough status and its own elected town government, consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors to oversee local affairs. The Municipal Borough of Bacup became a local government district of the administrative county of Lancashire under the Local Government Act 1894 , meaning it shared power with
13400-462: The smoothness of the power supplied by a steam engine to cotton mills, where the regularity of the yarn produced was dependent on the regularity of the power supply, and it was not until 1785 at Papplewick , in Robinson's Mill near Nottingham that a steam engine was successfully used to drive a cotton mill directly. Boulton and Watt 's engines enabled mills to be built in urban contexts and transformed
13534-505: The spinning process in the early factories was instrumental in the growth of the machine tool industry, enabling the construction of larger cotton mills. Limited companies were developed to construct mills, and together with the business of the trading floors of the cotton exchange in Manchester , a vast commercial city developed. Mills generated employment demand, drawing workers from largely rural areas and expanding urban populations. They provided incomes for girls and women. Child labour
13668-510: The spot where Edwin Waugh wrote many of his poems, and is a favourite spot for walkers – a popular activity in Rossendale that does not appear to be in decline. The Halo is an artwork in the form of an 18m-diameter steel lattice structure supported on a tripod overlooking Haslingden, positioned to be clearly visible from the M66 and A56 approach to Lancashire. Designed by John Kennedy and selected as part of
13802-495: The stair tower or chimney. Stott and Sons employed Byzantine styling in Broadstone Mill, Reddish. Specialist architects built new mills and then created extensions. The last steam-powered mill, Elk Mill, was built by Arthur Turner Mules were built with 1300 spindles, but were gradually replaced by rings. The increasingly powerful engines required more boilers with economisers and superheaters. Mills needed reservoirs to supply
13936-517: The strategic Lancashire County Council . The council was based at Bacup Town Hall . Under the Local Government Act 1972 , the Municipal Borough of Bacup was abolished, and since 1 April 1974 Bacup has formed an unparished area of Rossendale , a local government district of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire . From 1992 until 2010, Bacup was represented in the House of Commons as part of
14070-524: The time of the United Kingdom Census 1911, to 15,000 at the United Kingdom Census 1971. Much of Bacup's infrastructure became derelict owing to urban decay , despite regeneration schemes and government funding. Shops became empty and some deteriorated. The houses along the main roads endured as the original terraces from Bacup's industrial age, but behind these, on the hillsides, are several council estates . Records in 2005 show Bacup to have some of
14204-640: The two communities. Michael Davitt , the Irish republican leader was among these immigrants, settling in Haslingden, where he received his education after losing an arm at the age of 11 in a mill accident. The area is also notable for its quarrying, and Rossendale Flagstone was used widely throughout the country in the 19th century. The flagstones in Trafalgar Square in London were quarried in Rossendale. Upland farming
14338-574: The upper stories. Boilers were of the wagon type; chimneys were square or rectangular, attached to the mill, and in some cases part of the stair column. The steam engines were typically low-pressure single-cylinder condensing beam engines. The average power in 1835 was 48 hp. Power was transmitted by a main vertical shaft with bevel gears to the horizontal shafts. The later mills had gas lighting using gas produced on site. The mules with 250–350 spindles were placed transversely to get as much light as possible. The development of mills to mechanise
14472-667: The use of larger machinery and made it possible to concentrate production into organised factories . Four mills were set up to house Paul and Wyatt's machinery in the decade following its patent in 1738: the short-lived, animal-powered Upper Priory Cotton Mill in Birmingham in 1741; Marvel's Mill in Northampton operated from 1742 until 1764 and was the first to be powered by a water wheel ; Pinsley Mill in Leominster probably opened in 1744 and operated until it burned down in 1754; and
14606-571: The vision and plan. The role of the board is to "inform, challenge and validate the scope and proposals for the redevelopment of Bacup." The Bacup 2040 plan for the £11.5m redevelopment of Bacup's core, including the Market Square, was reported on in February 2020 and later announced by the local council in June 2020. The first stages of the commencement of the Bacup 2040 work was announced in June 2020, with
14740-457: The western slopes of the South Pennines , amongst the upper- Irwell Valley . The River Irwell , a 39-mile (63 km) long tributary of the River Mersey , runs southwesterly through Bacup towards Rawtenstall from its source by the town's upland outskirts at Weir . The Irwell is mostly culverted in central Bacup but it is open in the suburbs. In 2003 there was a proposal to use plate glass for
14874-418: The £1b Future High Street Fund. The Bacup 2040 Board was established in 2019 and is made up of representatives from across Bacup, including local residents, business owners, community organisations, charities, councillors, council officers. The board is chaired by a local business owner and has 6 sub-group committees, chaired by representatives of different community organisations, reviewing the various aspects of
15008-547: The £1m redevelopment of the long-time derelict Regal Building. In the 2023 budget, it was announced that Rossendale would receive a grant of £17.9m, of which £8.3m would be dedicated to the Bacup Market regeneration scheme of which the Chair of the Bacup 2040 Board commented: "At the heart of Temple Court will be an innovative two-storey, brand-spanking new market hall building, designed to be bustling with life. The ground floor will be
15142-416: Was 65,652, spread between the towns of Bacup , Haslingden , Whitworth and Rawtenstall ; the villages of Crawshawbooth , Edenfield , Helmshore and Waterfoot ; and as well as Britannia , Broadclough , Chatterton , Cloughfold , Cowpe , Irwell Vale , Loveclough , Newchurch , Shawforth , Stacksteads , Stubbins , Turn and Weir . The population at the 2011 Census had risen to 67,922. Much of
15276-409: Was Bacup itself, which Jeremy Dyson (writer) and Steve Pemberton (actor) proclaimed, "Bacup was the furthest we went into Lancashire. Bacup was our hot favourite, but it was too frightening – when we arrived there was this cartoon drunk with a bottle shaking his fist at us. Bacup in real life was worse than Royston Vasey ". Various towns within the Rossendale Valley were used for filming scenes of
15410-414: Was a 28-bay mill, 6 storeys of 16 m by 92 m. Each self-acting spinning mule had 500 spindles. Single-storey north light weaving sheds were sometimes added to the mills. The looms caused vibrations that damaged the structure of multi-storey buildings, and specialised weaving mills became common. They were single-storey sheds with an engine house and offices, and preparation and warehousing in
15544-459: Was a severe slump in 1908, which endured until 1918, but the years 1919 and 1920 were more profitable than the peak year of 1907 had been. Production peaked in 1912. The war of 1914–1918 put the Lancashire industry into reverse. The British government, starved of raw cotton, established mills in south Asia exporting the spinning technology – which was copied, and became a low-labour cost competitor. In Germany, Flanders and Brazil, mills were built to
15678-499: Was being used by "numbers of adventurers residing in the different counties of Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Worcester, Stafford, York, Hertford and Lancashire" and by 1788 there were 143 Arkwright-type mills nationwide. The early mills were of light construction, narrow – about 9 feet (2.7 m) wide – and low in height, with ceiling heights of only 6–8 ft. The mills were powered by water wheels and lit by daylight. Mills were made by millwrights , builders and iron founders . By
15812-650: Was born in Rawtenstall, Rossendale, and the composer Alan Rawsthorne was born in Haslingden. Betty Jackson , the fashion designer, is a native of Bacup. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Larks of Dean were an unusual group of working class musicians whose music-making at the Baptist Chapel in Goodshaw Fold became an important local feature. There is also a brass band tradition as well as an amateur theatre scene. There
15946-562: Was built on the Howe Bridge mills site and was named Unit One. It was not an open end mill but a combed cotton ring mill. Modern spinning mills are mainly built around open end spinning techniques using rotors or ring spinning techniques using spindles. In 2009 there were 202,979,000 ring spinning spindles installed worldwide, with 82% of these being in Asia or Oceania and 44% being within China . In
16080-563: Was closed in 1966 as part of cuts following the Beeching Report . Part of the old railway reopened in 1991 as the East Lancashire Railway operating a service from Rawtenstall to Bury via Ramsbottom and Summerseat , and manned by volunteers. In September 2003 an eastbound extension from Bury to Heywood was opened. In March 2015, it was proposed to reintroduce a rail service between Rawtenstall, Bury and Manchester. This would use
16214-429: Was constructed, containing 70,200 spindles and 1,300 looms. The town was named Ware Shoals . Between 1904 and 1916, the population of Ware Shoals grew from 2 men employed to maintain the newly constructed power plant, to 2,000. By the 1960s the mill employed 5,000 people. It closed in 1985, due to a surge of textile imports that caused a steep decline in the company's output and earnings. Though business revived in 1919,
16348-418: Was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 , covering the whole area of four former districts and part of a fifth, which were abolished at the same time: The new district was named Rossendale, referring both to the Rossendale Valley and to the associated medieval Forest of Rossendale which had covered a similar area. The new district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing
16482-606: Was duplicated at Lowell, Massachusetts and several other new cities throughout the state. Mill girls, some as young as ten, were paid less than men, but received a fixed wage for their 73-hour week. They lived in company-owned boarding houses, and attended churches supported by the companies. In the 1840s George Henry Corliss of Providence, Rhode Island improved the reliability of stationary steam engines . He replaced slide valves with valves that used cams. These Corliss valves were more efficient and more reliable than their predecessors. Initially, steam engines pumped water into
16616-489: Was formed in 1878. The work of the society is carried out by a group of volunteers who have a base in the Bacup Museum which contains many domestic, military, industrial, natural history, and religious collections. Bacup has been used as a filming location for the 1980s BBC TV police drama Juliet Bravo , Hetty Wainthropp Investigates , parts of The League of Gentlemen and much of the film Girls' Night . Elements of
16750-612: Was increasing. Beam engines were installed until the 1870s when horizontal engines took over. Abbey Mill Oldham (1876) needed 700 hp, Nile Mill (1896) needed 2500 hp. By the 1890, boilers produced 160 psi, and the triple expansion horizontals became standard. Chimneys were octagonal. Following the American Civil War , cotton mills were built in the southern states of South Carolina , Alabama , and Mississippi . These mills grew larger as cheap labour and plentiful water power made operations profitable, which meant that
16884-460: Was not a commercial success and closed in 1790. A second mill using Cartwright's machinery, opened in Manchester in 1790 but was burned to the ground by hand loom weavers within two years. By 1803 there were only 2,400 power looms operating in Britain. In the United States, the early horse-powered Beverly Cotton Manufactory was designed by Thomas Somers , who started construction and testing of
17018-565: Was not applied to it until 1792. Many mills were built after Arkwright's patent expired in 1783 and, by 1788, there were about 210 mills in Great Britain. The development of cotton mills was linked to the development of the machinery they contained. By 1774, 30,000 people in Manchester were employed using the domestic system in cotton manufacture. Handloom weaving lingered into the mid-19th century but cotton spinning in mills relying on water power and subsequently steam power using fuel from
17152-553: Was once over 40 bands in and around Rossendale, including the Irwell Springs Band whose fame was at a peak at the turn of the 19th century. There are currently the Haslingden and Helmshore Band, Rossendale Encore Concert Band, Goodshaw Band, Stacksteads Band, Water Band, 2nd Rossendale Scout Group Band, Whitworth Vale & Healey Band, Whitworth Youth Band, Haslingden Concert Band and the Whitworth Veterans' Band. Rossendale
17286-514: Was opened in 1852 by the East Lancashire Railway as the terminus of the Rossendale line . The Rochdale and Facit Railway was extended to Bacup in 1883. It rose over a summit of 967 feet (295 m) between Britannia and Shawforth. The Rochdale line closed to passenger services in 1947, and the station finally closed in December 1966, with the cessation of all passenger services to and from Manchester Victoria via Rawtenstall and Bury. In June 2014
17420-482: Was similar to that of Lewis Paul , John Wyatt , James Hargreaves and Thomas Highs , Arkwright's powers of organisation, business acumen and ambition established the cotton mill as a successful business model and revolutionary example of the factory system . Arkwright's first mill – powered by horses in Nottingham in 1768 – was similar to Paul and Wyatt's first Birmingham mill although by 1772 it had expanded to four storeys and employed 300 workers. In 1771, while
17554-501: Was the first to be mechanised by the invention of John Kay 's flying shuttle in 1733. The manually-operated spinning jenny was developed by James Hargreaves in about 1764, and speeded up the spinning process. The roller spinning principle of Paul and Bourne became the basis of Richard Arkwright 's spinning frame and water frame , patented in 1769. The principles of the spinning jenny and water frame were combined by Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule of 1779, but water power
17688-537: Was unsuccessful in enabling one worker to operate more than a single loom. The first feasible power loom was patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, although it was initially a primitive device it established the basic principle that would be used in powered weaving until the 20th century. In 1788 Cartwright opened Revolution Mill in Doncaster which was powered by a Boulton and Watt steam engine and had 108 power looms on three floors as well as spinning machinery, but it
17822-522: Was used in the mills, and the factory system led to organised labour . Poor conditions became the subject of exposés . In England, the Factory Acts were written to regulate them. The cotton mill, originally a Lancashire phenomenon, was copied in New England and New York, and later in the southern states of America. In the 20th century, North West England lost its supremacy to the United States. In
17956-577: Was £32,012,380. 1860 saw the end of this period of rapid growth. The Cotton Famine of 1861–1865 was a period when American long staple cotton became unavailable due to an American Civil War . After the war, the economics of the industry had changed, and a new larger mill was required. In 1814 the Boston Manufacturing Company of New England established a "fully integrated" mill on the Charles River at Waltham, Massachusetts . Despite
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