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85-625: Its name has been interpreted as referring to an oak bearing stony land, or alternatively a reference to the personal name Acca. In the time of Edward I, the King and the Archbishop of Canterbury were then its lords paramount . In the 20th year of the reign of Edward III (1347, just before the Black Death ) this hundred answered for a total of 14.725 knights' fees. Alternative spellings: Achestan (as above), Axston, Axstone, Axtane, Axton The hundred included

170-413: A confrater shortly before his death), Nigel de Longchamps and Ernulf. The monks often put forward candidates for Archbishop of Canterbury, either from among their number or outside, since the archbishop was nominally their abbot, but this could lead to clashes with the king or pope should they put forward a different man – examples are the elections of Baldwin of Forde and Thomas Cobham . Early in

255-486: A cross flanked by two bloodstained swords which, together with the shadows they cast, represent the four knights who killed Becket. A stone plaque also commemorates Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom in 1982. Antony Gormley 's sculpture Transport was unveiled in the crypt in 2011. It is made from iron nails from the roof of the south-east transept. In 2015, Sarah Mullally and Rachel Treweek became

340-433: A former Roman church. The oldest remains found during excavations beneath the present nave in 1993 were, however, parts of the foundations of an Anglo-Saxon building, which had been constructed across a Roman road. They indicate that the original church consisted of a nave, possibly with a narthex , and side-chapels to the north and south. A smaller subsidiary building was found to the south-west of these foundations. During

425-596: A mission to the English. He was accepted by King Æthelbert , on his conversion to Christianity, about the year 598. It seems that Pope Gregory, ignorant of recent developments in the former Roman province, including the spread of the Pelagian heresy , had intended the new archiepiscopal sees for England to be established in London and York. In the event, Canterbury was chosen instead of London, owing to political circumstances. Since then

510-451: A monk of the priory) and William Chillenden, (elected 1264, previously monk and treasurer of the priory). The monastery was granted the right to elect their own prior if the seat was vacant by the pope, and – from Gregory IX onwards – the right to a free election (though with the archbishop overseeing their choice). Monks of the priory have included Æthelric I , Æthelric II , Walter d'Eynsham , Reginald fitz Jocelin (admitted as

595-415: A new quire screen at the east end of the nave, into which Eastry's existing screen was incorporated. The Norman stone floor of the nave, however, survived until its replacement in 1786. From 1396 the cloisters were repaired and remodelled by Yevele's pupil Stephen Lote who added the lierne vaulting. It was during this period that the wagon-vaulting of the chapter house was created. A shortage of money and

680-595: A precedence of honour over the other bishops of the Anglican Communion. He is recognised as primus inter pares , or first amongst equals. He does not, however, exercise any direct authority in the provinces outside England, except in certain minor roles dictated by Canon in those provinces (for example, he is the judge in the event of an ecclesiastical prosecution against the archbishop of Wales). He does hold metropolitical authority over several extra-provincial Anglican churches , and he serves as ex officio bishop of

765-429: A stream of water running through it from end to end. A second smaller dormitory for the conventual officers ran from east to west. Close to the refectory, but outside the cloisters, were the domestic offices connected with it: to the north, the kitchen, 47 feet (14 m) square, with a pyramidal roof, and the kitchen court; to the west, the butteries, pantries, etc. The infirmary had a small kitchen of its own. Opposite

850-401: A western apse was added as an oratory of Saint Mary , probably during the archbishopric of Lyfing (1013–1020) or Aethelnoth (1020–1038). The 1993 excavations revealed that the new western apse was polygonal, and flanked by hexagonal towers, forming a westwork . It housed the archbishop's throne, with the altar of St Mary just to the east. At about the same time that the westwork was built,

935-668: Is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth . He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury , located beside Canterbury Cathedral , where the Chair of St Augustine sits. As holder of one of the "five great sees" (the others being York , London , Durham and Winchester ), the archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords . He is one of

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1020-479: Is Lambeth Palace . He also has an apartment within the Old Palace , next to Canterbury Cathedral which incorporates some 13th-century fabric of the medieval Archbishop's Palace. Former seats of the archbishops include: Since 1900, the following have served as archbishop of Canterbury: From 1660 to 1902, all the archbishops of Canterbury died in office. In 1928, two years before his death, Randall Davidson became

1105-602: Is one of the oldest Christian structures in England and forms part of a World Heritage Site . Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury . Founded in 597, the cathedral was completely rebuilt between 1070 and 1077. The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the 12th century, and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174, with significant eastward extensions to accommodate

1190-700: Is still used during the swearing-in ceremony of new archbishops of Canterbury. Before the break with papal authority in the 16th century, the Church of England was an integral part of the Western European church . Since the break the Church of England, an established national church , still considers itself part of the broader Western Catholic tradition (although this is not accepted by the Roman Catholic Church which regards Anglicanism as schismatic and does not accept Anglican holy orders as valid) as well as being

1275-452: Is the 105th holder of the office. He was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 4 February 2013. As archbishop he signs himself as + Justin Cantuar . On 12 November 2024 he announced his decision to resign. There are currently two other living former archbishops: George Carey (born 1935), the 103rd archbishop; and Rowan Williams (born 1950), the 104th archbishop. In addition to his office,

1360-486: The English and Welsh order of precedence , the archbishop of Canterbury is ranked above all individuals in the realm, with the exception of the sovereign and members of the royal family . Immediately below him is the lord chancellor and then the archbishop of York. The archbishop of Canterbury awards academic degrees, commonly called " Lambeth degrees ". The archbishop of Canterbury's official residence and office in London

1445-677: The Gregorian Mission to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity . According to the writings of the later monk Bede , these Augustinian missionaries gained permission from the Kentish king to restore several pre-existing churches. Augustine then founded Canterbury cathedral in 597 and dedicated it to Jesus Christ, the Holy Saviour . When other dioceses were founded in England Augustine

1530-584: The Life Peerages Act 1958 . Such titles have allowed retired archbishops to retain the seats in the House of Lords which they held ex officio before their retirement. Canterbury Cathedral Canterbury Cathedral is the cathedral of the archbishop of Canterbury , the spiritual leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion . Located in Canterbury , Kent, it

1615-562: The Roman province of Britannia had four archbishops, seated at Londinium (London), Eboracum ( York ), Lindum Colonia ( Lincoln ) and Corinium Dobunnorum ( Cirencester ). However, in the 5th and 6th centuries Britannia began to be overrun by pagan , Germanic peoples who came to be known collectively as the Anglo-Saxons . Of the kingdoms they created, Kent arguably had the closest links with European politics, trade and culture, because it

1700-401: The cloister and monastic buildings were to the north, rather than the south of the church. There was a separate chapter-house which still exists, said to be "the largest of its kind in all of England". Stained glass here depicts the history of Canterbury. The buildings formed separate groups around the church. Adjoining it, on the north side, stood the cloister and the buildings devoted to

1785-504: The diocese of Canterbury . Justin Welby was enthroned as archbishop of Canterbury at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, and announced his resignation, to take effect at a later date, in November 2024. Welby is the 105th person to hold the position, as part of a line of succession going back to Augustine of Canterbury , the "Apostle to the English", who was sent to England by Pope Gregory

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1870-420: The priors . Following the election of Prior Ernulf in 1096, Lanfranc's inadequate east end was demolished, and replaced with an eastern arm 198 feet long, doubling the length of the cathedral. It was raised above a large and elaborately decorated crypt . Ernulf was succeeded in 1107 by Conrad, who completed the work by 1126. The new quire took the form of a complete church in itself, with its own transepts;

1955-489: The "Angel Steeple", after a gilded angel that once stood on one of its pinnacles. The cathedral ceased to be an abbey during the dissolution of the monasteries when all religious houses were suppressed. Canterbury Cathedral, and the great monastery of Christ Church were surrendered to the Crown on 30 March 1539, after the occupants had made "an inventory of the good, chattels, plate, precious ornaments, lead, and money belonging to

2040-629: The "mother church" of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales (1835) noted the net annual revenue for the Canterbury see was £19,182. The archbishop of Canterbury exercises metropolitical (or supervisory) jurisdiction over the Province of Canterbury , which encompasses thirty of

2125-525: The 14th century, Prior Eastry erected a stone quire screen and rebuilt the chapter house, and his successor, Prior Oxenden inserted a large five-light window into St Anselm's chapel. The cathedral was seriously damaged by the 1382 Dover Straits earthquake , losing its bells and campanile. From the late 14th century the nave and transepts were rebuilt, on the Norman foundations in the Perpendicular style under

2210-498: The 9th or 10th century this church was replaced by a larger structure (161 by 75 ft, 49 by 23 m) with a squared west end. It appears to have had a square central tower. The 11th-century chronicler Eadmer , who had known the Saxon cathedral as a boy, wrote that, in its arrangement, it resembled St Peter's in Rome, indicating that it was of basilican form, with an eastern apse. During

2295-477: The Church of England defended the decision stating that Monteith lives chastely with his partner. In 2024, the cathedral began offering blessings for same-sex couples "already in civil partnerships or civil marriages" or in "covenanted friendship" during ordinary or regular church services in accordance with "Prayers of Love and Faith." The cathedral is Regimental Church of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment and

2380-537: The Falkland Islands . As of 2024 the archbishop has four suffragan bishops: The archbishops of Canterbury and York are both styled as "The Most Reverend"; retired archbishops are styled as "The Right Reverend". The archbishop is, by convention, appointed to the Privy Council and may, therefore, also use the style of " The Right Honourable " for life, unless later removed from the council. In formal documents,

2465-674: The Great and arrived in 597. From the time of Augustine until the sixteenth century, the archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and usually received the pallium from the Pope . During the English Reformation , King Henry VIII broke communion with Rome and became the head of the church . Thomas Cranmer , appointed in 1533, was the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury and would become one of

2550-401: The adornments of the chest over the years, while others were placed on pedestals or beams nearby, or attached to hanging drapery. For much of the time, the chest (or " feretory ") was kept concealed by a wooden cover, which would be theatrically raised by ropes once a crowd of pilgrims had gathered. The Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus , who visited in 1512–1514, recorded that, once the cover

2635-688: The arcade walls were strengthened and towers added to the eastern corners of the church. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1067, a year after the Norman Conquest. Rebuilding began in 1070 under the first Norman archbishop, Lanfranc (1070–1077). He cleared the ruins and reconstructed the cathedral to a design based closely on that of the Abbey of Saint-Étienne in Caen , where he had previously been abbot, using stone brought from France. The new church, its central axis about 5 m south of that of its predecessor,

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2720-801: The archbishop has co-sponsored the Alexandria Middle East Peace process with the Grand Mufti of Egypt . In July 2008, the archbishop attended a conference of Christians, Jews and Muslims convened by the King of Saudi Arabia at which the notion of the "clash of civilizations" was rejected. Delegates agreed "on international guidelines for dialogue among the followers of religions and cultures." Delegates said that "the deepening of moral values and ethical principles, which are common denominators among such followers, would help strengthen stability and achieve prosperity for all humans." It has been suggested that

2805-537: The archbishop holds a number of other positions; for example, he is joint president of the Council of Christians and Jews in the United Kingdom. Some positions he formally holds ex officio and others virtually so (the incumbent of the day, although appointed personally, is appointed because of his office). Amongst these are: The archbishop is also a president of Churches Together in England (an ecumenical organisation). Geoffrey Fisher , 99th archbishop of Canterbury,

2890-564: The archbishop of Canterbury is not always used in formal documents; often only the first name and see are mentioned. The archbishop is legally entitled to sign his name as "Cantuar" (the Latin for Canterbury). The right to use a title as a legal signature is only permitted to bishops, peers of the Realm and peers by courtesy. Justin Welby as archbishop of Canterbury usually signed as " +Justin Cantuar: ". In

2975-559: The archbishop of Canterbury is referred to as "The Most Reverend Forenames , by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England and Metropolitan". In debates in the House of Lords, the archbishop is referred to as "The Most Reverend Primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury". "The Right Honourable" is not used in either instance. He may also be formally addressed as "Your Grace" or, more informally, as "Archbishop". The surname of

3060-524: The archbishops of Canterbury have been referred to as occupying the Chair of St. Augustine . A gospel book believed to be directly associated with St Augustine's mission survives in the Parker Library, Corpus Christi College , University of Cambridge, England. Catalogued as Cambridge Manuscript 286 , it has been positively dated to 6th-century Italy and this bound book, the St Augustine Gospels ,

3145-518: The bombing raids of the Second World War its library was destroyed, but the cathedral did not sustain extensive bomb damage; the local Fire Wardens doused any flames on the wooden roof. In 1986, a new Martyrdom Altar was installed in the northwest transept, on the spot where Thomas Becket was slain, the first new altar in the cathedral for 448 years. Mounted on the wall above it, there is a metal sculpture by Truro sculptor Giles Blomfield depicting

3230-456: The cathedral and its associated buildings. This revenue included the profits from the sale of pilgrim badges depicting Becket, his martyrdom, or his shrine. The shrine was removed in 1538. King Henry VIII allegedly summoned the dead saint to court to face charges of treason. Having failed to appear, he was found guilty in his absence and the treasures of his shrine were confiscated, carried away in two coffers and 26 carts. A bird's-eye view of

3315-464: The cathedral and its monastic buildings, made in about 1165 and known as the "waterworks plan" is preserved in the Eadwine Psalter in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge . A detailed description of the plan can be found in the classic paper by Willis . It shows that Canterbury employed the same general principles of arrangement common to all Benedictine monasteries , although, unusually,

3400-424: The cathedral into a place of pilgrimage, necessitating both expansion of the building and an increase in wealth, via revenues from pilgrims, in order to make expansion possible. In September 1174 the quire was severely damaged by fire, necessitating a major reconstruction, the progress of which was recorded in detail by a monk named Gervase . The crypt survived the fire intact, and it was found possible to retain

3485-401: The church with the exception of the two archbishops—serves as Canterbury's provincial dean , the bishop of Winchester as chancellor , the bishop of Lincoln as vice-chancellor, the bishop of Salisbury as precentor , the bishop of Worcester as chaplain and the bishop of Rochester as cross-bearer . Along with primacy over the archbishop of York , the archbishop of Canterbury also has

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3570-428: The church, beyond the precinct of the monastery, was the eleemosynary department. The almonry for the relief of the poor, with a great hall annexed, formed the paupers' hospitium. The group of buildings devoted to monastic life included two cloisters. The great cloister was surrounded by the buildings essentially connected with the daily life of the monks: the church to the south, with the refectory placed as always on

3655-403: The direction of the noted master mason Henry Yevele . In contrast to the contemporary rebuilding of the nave at Winchester , where much of the existing fabric was retained and remodeled, the piers were entirely removed, and replaced with less bulky Gothic ones, and the old aisle walls were completely taken down except for a low "plinth" left on the south side. More Norman fabric was retained in

3740-426: The east end was semicircular in plan, with three chapels opening off an ambulatory . A free-standing campanile was built on a mound in the cathedral precinct in about 1160. As with many Gothic church buildings, the interior of the quire was richly embellished. William of Malmesbury wrote: "Nothing like it could be seen in England either for the light of its glass windows, the gleaming of its marble pavements, or

3825-576: The end of the 1860s. There are currently 53 statues representing various figures who have been influential in the life of the cathedral and the English church such as clergy, members of the royal family, saints, and theologians. Archbishops of Canterbury from Augustine of Canterbury and Lanfranc , to Thomas Cranmer and William Laud are represented. Kings and Queens from Æthelberht and Bertha of Kent , to Victoria and Elizabeth II are included. The original towers of Christ Church Gate were removed in 1803 and were replaced in 1937. The statue of Christ

3910-403: The first voluntarily to resign his office. All his successors except William Temple (who died in office in 1944) have also resigned their office before death. All those who retired have been given peerages : initially hereditary baronies (although both recipients of such titles died without male heirs and so their titles became extinct on their deaths), and life peerages after the enactment of

3995-533: The first women to be ordained as bishops in the cathedral, as Bishop of Crediton and Bishop of Gloucester respectively. In 2022, it was announced that David Monteith , who is gay and in a civil partnership , would serve as dean of the cathedral. His appointment was criticised by the Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches (GSFA) and the Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (GAFCON);

4080-404: The flow of pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas Becket , the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170. The Norman nave and transepts survived until the late 14th century, when they were demolished to make way for the present structures. Before the English Reformation , the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church, Canterbury , as well as being

4165-522: The forty-two dioceses of the Church of England, with the rest falling within the Province of York . The four Welsh dioceses were also under the province of Canterbury until 1920 when they were transferred from the established church of England to the disestablished Church in Wales . The archbishop of Canterbury has a ceremonial provincial curia , or court, consisting of some of the senior bishops of his province. The bishop of London —the most senior cleric of

4250-552: The high altar. Anglo-Saxon King Æthelred the Unready and Norman-born Emma of Normandy were married at Canterbury Cathedral in the Spring of 1002, and Emma was consecrated "Queen Ælfgifu ". The cathedral was badly damaged during Danish raids on Canterbury in 1011. The archbishop, Ælfheah , was taken hostage by the raiders and eventually killed at Greenwich on 19 April 1012, the first of Canterbury's five martyred archbishops. After this

4335-558: The highest-ranking men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdom's order of precedence . Since Henry VIII broke with Rome , the archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English (British since the Act of Union in 1707) monarch. Since the 20th century, the appointment of archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals . The most recent archbishop, Justin Welby

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4420-407: The many-coloured paintings which led the eyes to the paneled ceiling above." Though named after the 6th-century founding archbishop, the Chair of St Augustine , the ceremonial enthronement chair of the Archbishop of Canterbury, may date from the Norman period. Its first recorded use is in 1205. A pivotal moment in the history of the cathedral was the murder of the archbishop, Thomas Becket , in

4505-404: The monastic life. To the east and west of these were those devoted to the exercise of hospitality. Also to the east was the infirmary, with its own chapel. To the north, a large open court divided the monastic buildings from menial ones, such as the stables, granaries, barn, bakehouse, brewhouse, and laundries, inhabited by the lay servants of the establishment. At the greatest possible distance from

4590-523: The monks" and "all that could be moved" was "handed over to the master of the jewel-house" of the Tower of London, after which "the Prior and monks were then ejected. The Cathedral reverted to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons'. According to the cathedral's own website, it had been a Benedictine monastery since the 900s. The New Foundation came into being on 8 April 1541. The shrine to St Thomas Becket

4675-645: The most important figures in the development of Anglicanism . The archbishop is appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the prime minister of the United Kingdom , however in practice candidates are chosen by the Crown Nominations Commission , a Church of England body. Currently the archbishop fills four main roles: In the last two of these functions, he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England and worldwide. The archbishop's main residence

4760-431: The nave and chancel of an aisled church. Beneath the dormitory, overlooking the green court or herbarium, lay the "pisalis" or "calefactory", the common room of the monks. At its northeast corner access was given from the dormitory to the necessarium , a building in the form of a Norman hall, 145 feet (44 m) long by 25 feet (7.6 m) broad, containing 55 seats. It was constructed with careful regard to hygiene, with

4845-605: The north-west transept (also known as the Martyrdom) on Tuesday 29 December 1170, by knights of King Henry II . The king had frequent conflicts with the strong-willed Becket and is said to have exclaimed in frustration, " Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest? " Four knights took it literally and murdered Becket in his own cathedral. After the Anglo-Saxon Ælfheah in 1012, Becket was the second Archbishop of Canterbury to be murdered. The posthumous veneration of Becket transformed

4930-458: The outer walls of the quire, which were increased in height by 12 feet (3.7 m) in the course of the rebuilding, but with the round-headed form of their windows left unchanged. Everything else was replaced in the new Gothic style, with pointed arches, rib vaulting, and flying buttresses. The limestone used was imported from Caen in Normandy, and Purbeck marble was used for the shafting. The quire

5015-545: The parishes of The Hundred of Dartford and Wilmington did not exist at the time of the Norman Conquest, and the parishes of Dartford and Wilmington were accounted as part of Axstane in Domesday Book. The importance of the hundred courts declined from the 17th century, and most of their powers were extinguished with the establishment of county courts in 1867. In 1894 the Hundred was succeeded by Dartford Rural District , which

5100-427: The present Trinity Chapel was constructed, a broad extension with an ambulatory, designed to house the shrine of St Thomas Becket. A further chapel, circular in plan, was added beyond that, which housed further relics of Becket, widely believed to have included the top of his skull, struck off in the course of his assassination. This latter chapel became known as the "Corona" or "Becket's Crown". These new parts east of

5185-478: The priority given to the rebuilding of the cloisters and chapterhouse meant that the rebuilding of the west towers was neglected. The south-west tower was not replaced until 1458, and the Norman north-west tower survived until 1834 when it was replaced by a replica of its Perpendicular companion. In about 1430 the south transept apse was removed to make way for a chapel, founded by Lady Margaret Holland and dedicated to St Michael and All Angels. The north transept apse

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5270-470: The quire transepts were raised on a higher crypt than Ernulf's quire, necessitating flights of steps between the two levels. Work on the chapel was completed in 1184, but Becket's remains were not moved from his tomb in the crypt until 1220. Further significant interments in the Trinity Chapel included those of Edward Plantagenet (The " Black Prince ") and King Henry IV . The shrine in the Trinity Chapel

5355-414: The quire. Some of Davis's misericords have a distinctly medieval flavour and he may have copied some of the original designs. When Sir George Gilbert Scott carried out renovations in the 19th century, he replaced the front row of Davis' misericords, with new ones of his own design, which seem to include many copies of those at Gloucester Cathedral , Worcester Cathedral and New College, Oxford . Most of

5440-407: The refectory door in the cloister were two buildings where the monks washed before and after eating. One of these is the circular two-storey lavatorium tower. To the south of the infirmary cloister, close to the east end of the cathedral, is the treasury, with a distinctive octapartite vault. The buildings devoted to hospitality were divided into three groups. The prior's group were "entered at

5525-409: The reforms of Dunstan , archbishop from 960 until his death in 988, a Benedictine abbey named Christ Church Priory was added to the cathedral. But the formal establishment as a monastery seems to date only to c.  997 and the community only became fully monastic from Lanfranc 's time onwards (with monastic constitutions addressed by him to Prior Henry). Dunstan was buried on the south side of

5610-455: The seat of the archbishop. Christianity in Britain is referred to by Tertullian as early as 208 AD and Origen mentions it in 238 AD. In 314 three Bishops from Britain attended the Council of Arles . Following the end of Roman life in Britain, during the first three decades of the fifth century, and the subsequent arrival of the heathen Anglo-Saxons , Christian life in the east of the island

5695-433: The side opposite, the dormitory, raised on a vaulted undercroft , and the chapter-house adjacent, and the lodgings of the cellarer, responsible for providing both monks and guests with food, to the west. A passage under the dormitory led eastwards to the smaller or infirmary cloister, appropriated to sick and infirm monks. The hall and chapel of the infirmary extended east of this cloister, resembling in form and arrangement

5780-478: The south-east angle of the green court, placed near the most sacred part of the cathedral, as befitting the distinguished ecclesiastics or nobility who were assigned to him." The cellarer's buildings, where middle-class visitors were entertained, stood near the west end of the nave. The inferior pilgrims and paupers were relegated to the north hall or almonry, just within the gate. Priors of Christ Church Priory included John of Sittingbourne (elected 1222, previously

5865-501: The statues that currently adorn the west front of the cathedral were installed in the 1860s when the South Porch was being renovated. At that time, the niches were vacant and the Dean of the cathedral thought that the appearance of the cathedral would be improved if they were filled. The Victorian sculptor Theodore Pfyffers was commissioned to create the statues and most of them were installed by

5950-410: The transepts, especially in the east walls, and the old apsidal chapels were not replaced until the mid-15th century. The arches of the new nave arcade were exceptionally high in proportion to the clerestory . The new transepts, aisles, and nave were roofed with lierne vaults , enriched with bosses. Most of the work was done during the priorate of Thomas Chillenden (1391–1411): Chillenden also built

6035-453: Was 34,139 acres (138 km). Population in 1851: 9,869; Houses: 1,852. The population by parish was as follows: The Hundred of Axstane belonged to the Lathe of Sutton at Hone . Archbishop of Canterbury The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England , the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the bishop of

6120-411: Was a cruciform building, with an aisled nave of nine bays, a pair of towers at the west end, aisleless transepts with apsidal chapels, a low crossing tower, and a short quire ending in three apses. It was dedicated in 1077. Under Lanfranc's successor Anselm , who was twice exiled from England, the responsibility for the rebuilding or improvement of the cathedral's fabric was largely left in the hands of

6205-460: Was back in use by 1180 and in that year the remains of Dunstan and Ælfheah were moved there from the crypt. The master-mason appointed to rebuild the quire was a Frenchman, William of Sens . Following his injury in a fall from the scaffolding in 1179 he was replaced by one of his former assistants, known as William the Englishman . In 1180–1184, in place of the old, square-ended, eastern chapel,

6290-593: Was conveniently situated for communication with continental Europe . In the late 6th century, King Æthelberht of Kent married a Christian Frankish princess named Bertha , possibly before becoming king, and certainly a number of years before the arrival of the first Christian mission to England. He permitted the preaching of Christianity. The first archbishop of Canterbury was Saint Augustine of Canterbury (not to be confused with Saint Augustine of Hippo ), who arrived in Kent in 597 AD, having been sent by Pope Gregory I on

6375-618: Was destroyed on the orders of Henry VIII and the relics lost. In around 1576, the crypt of the cathedral was granted to the Huguenot congregation of Canterbury to be used as their Church of the Crypt . In 1642–1643, during the English Civil War , Puritan iconoclasts led by Edwin Sandys (Parliamentarian) caused significant damage during their "cleansing" of the cathedral. Included in that campaign

6460-559: Was disrupted. Textual sources however suggest that the Christian communities established in the Roman province survived in Western Britain during the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries. This Western British Christianity proceeded to develop on its own terms. In 596, Pope Gregory I ordered that Augustine of Canterbury , previously the abbot of St Andrew's Benedictine Abbey in Rome, lead

6545-469: Was made archbishop. Augustine also founded the Abbey of St Peter and Paul outside the Canterbury city walls . This was later rededicated to St Augustine himself and was for many centuries the burial place of the successive archbishops. The abbey is part of the World Heritage Site of Canterbury, along with the cathedral and the ancient Church of St Martin . Bede recorded that Augustine reused

6630-443: Was placed directly above Becket's original tomb in the crypt. A marble plinth, raised on columns, supported what an early visitor, Walter of Coventry , described as "a coffin wonderfully wrought of gold and silver, and marvellously adorned with precious gems". Other accounts make clear that the gold was laid over a wooden chest, which in turn contained an iron-bound box holding Becket's remains. Further votive treasures were added to

6715-510: Was raised, "the Prior ... pointed out each jewel, telling its name in French, its value, and the name of its donor; for the principal of them were offerings sent by sovereign princes." The income from pilgrims (such as those portrayed in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales ) who visited Becket's shrine, which was regarded as a place of healing, largely paid for the subsequent rebuilding of

6800-413: Was replaced by a Lady Chapel, built-in 1448–1455. The 235-foot (72 m) crossing tower was begun in 1433, although preparations had already been made during Chillenden's priorate when the piers had been reinforced. Further strengthening was found necessary around the beginning of the 16th century when buttressing arches were added under the southern and western tower arches. The tower is often known as

6885-459: Was replaced in 1990 with a bronze sculpture of Christ by Klaus Ringwald. The original Norman northwest tower, which had a lead spire until 1705, was demolished in 1834 owing to structural concerns. It was replaced with a Perpendicular-style twin of the southwest tower (designed by Thomas Mapilton), now known as the Arundel Tower, providing a more symmetrical appearance for the cathedral. This

6970-537: Was the destruction of the statue of Christ in the Christ Church Gate and the demolition of the wooden gates by a group led by Richard Culmer . The statue would not be replaced until 1990 but the gates were restored in 1660 and a great deal of other repair work started at that time; that would continue until 1704. In 1688, the joiner Roger Davis, citizen of London, removed the 13th-century misericords and replaced them with two rows of his own work on each side of

7055-463: Was the first since 1397 to visit Rome, where he held private talks with Pope John XXIII in 1960. In 2005, Rowan Williams became the first archbishop of Canterbury to attend a papal funeral since the Reformation. He also attended the inauguration of Pope Benedict XVI . The 101st archbishop, Donald Coggan , was the first to attend a papal inauguration, that of Pope John Paul II in 1978. Since 2002,

7140-475: Was the last major structural alteration to the cathedral to be made. In 1866, there were six residentiary canonries, of which one was annexed to the Archdeaconry of Canterbury and another to that of Maidstone . In September 1872, a large portion of the Trinity Chapel roof was completely destroyed by fire. There was no significant damage to the stonework or interior and the damage was quickly repaired. During

7225-644: Was then created out of the same parishes, with the addition of Wilmington and Crayford . Dartford Poor Law Union was formed on 19 May 1836, covering roughly the same area as the Hundred of Axstane. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 24 in number, representing the following 21 constituent parishes (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one): Ash, Bexley (2), Crayford (2), Darenth, Dartford (2), Eynsford, Erith, Farningham, Fawkham, Hartley, Horton Kirby, Kingsdown, Longfield, Lullingstone, Ridley, Southfleet, Stone, Sutton-at-Hone, Swanscombe, East Wickham, Wilmington. The area

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