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70-739: The U.S. Department of the Interior determined that: "The contemporary Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe is the successor of the historical Tunica , Ofo , and Avoyel tribes, and part of the Biloxi tribe . These have a documented existence back to 1698. The component tribes were allied in the 18th century and became amalgamated into one in the 19th century through common interests and outside pressures from non-Indian cultures." Also called variously Shi'xkaltī'ni (Stone-Arrow-Point people) in Tunican and Tassenocogoula , Tassenogoula , Toux Enongogoula , and Tasånåk Okla in

140-555: A Caddoan group, and by others as a Natchez-speaking group of Mary Haas' Gulf hypothesis along with the Natchez and Taensa ; their true linguistic and ethnic affiliation is somewhat uncertain because no written or spoken version of their language has survived. At the time of European contact, the Avoyel lived in several villages on the Red River in locations near present-day Alexandria and

210-609: A palisaded village near Marksville. They controlled the river to its confluence with the lower Black River , Upper Atchafalaya River and the Mississippi. Never numerous, the Avoyel numbered 280 in 1698, according to French records. Their population declined markedly after that. The Avoyel likely experienced the same drastic decimation as Native American tribes , primarily due to newly introduced European infectious diseases to which they had no acquired immunity . The Avoyel survivors were believed to have been absorbed by marriage into

280-502: A Mississippian lifestyle, with maize agriculture, hierarchical political structures, mussel shell-tempered pottery , and participation in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). The archaeological evidence suggests that the valley was home to several competing paramount chiefdoms , with supporting vassal states . The groups in the area have been defined by archaeologists by archaeological phases ; these include

350-648: A close relationship with the Tunica people. During this time, numerous Anglo-American settlers migrated into the region, as the British had taken over former French territories east of the Mississippi River. The Tunica had become acculturated to European ways, although they still tattooed themselves and practiced some of their native religious customs. With the British in charge of the Western Florida colony at this time, and

420-505: A finance and production company, Acacia Entertainment. Mobiloans works with Think Finance on underwriting, loan servicing, and other technology processes related to running the business. Acacia Entertainment is a joint venture between the Tribe's Economic Development Corporation and film producer Matthew George . According to the Tribe, Acacia aims to produce two to three films per year. The Tunica (or Tonica, or less common form Yuron) language

490-585: A larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Tunica were initially reluctant to fight on either side. In June 1730 the Head Chief of the Tunica, Cahura-Joligo , agreed to let a small party of Natchez refugees settle near his village (present-day Angola), provided they were unarmed. A few days later, the chief of the Natchez arrived at the Tunica village with a hundred men, and an unknown number of women and children. They concealed Chickasaw and Koroa warriors in

560-538: A library, conservation center, distance-learning center, conference facilities, tribal offices, and museum on the tribal reservation in Marksville. Eighty percent of the artifacts of the Tunica Treasure have been restored. Formal efforts to be recognized by the federal government were begun in the 1940s when Chief Eli Barbry, Horace Pierite, Clarence Jackson, and Sam Barbry traveled to Washington, D.C. to consult with

630-450: A province so large and good as his, gave him strength to utter those fierce threats and even fiercer ones. Based on evaluations of the three surviving de Soto narratives for topography, linguistics and cultural traits, combined with archaeological excavations and analysis, most archaeologists and ethnohistorians have agreed to identify the Menard, Walls, Belle Meade, Parkin and Nodena phases as

700-576: A speaker of the language. Most modern Tunica speak English , with a few older members speaking French as a first language. Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana Avoyelles ( French : Paroisse des Avoyelles ) is a parish located in central eastern Louisiana on the Red River where it effectively becomes the Atchafalaya River and meets the Mississippi River . As of the 2020 census ,

770-537: A treasure hunter named Leonard Charrier began searching for artifacts at the Trudeau Landing site in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana . The Tunica, who felt he had stolen tribal heirlooms and desecrated the graves of their ancestors, were outraged. In the 1970s the site was excavated by archaeologists, uncovering large amounts of pottery, European trade goods and other artifacts deposited as grave goods by

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840-590: A written constitution and elected government, was recognized by the federal government in 1981. They live in Mississippi and east central Louisiana . The modern tribe is composed of Tunica, Biloxi (a Siouan -speaking people from the Gulf coast), Ofo (also a Siouan people), Avoyel , and Mississippi Choctaw . Many live on the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation in central Avoyelles Parish , just south of

910-517: Is a language isolate . The Tunica tribe historically lived close to the Ofo and Avoyeles tribes , but communication among the three depended on their use of the Mobilian Jargon or French . The last known native speaker of the Tunica language, Sesostrie Youchigant , died in 1948. Linguist Mary Haas had worked with Youchigant in the 1930s to describe what he remembered of the language. She published

980-532: Is known for its French colonial history and tradition of French language use. The contemporary Creole traditions, in both music and food, reflect European, African and Native American influences. While Avoyelles has a distinctive history of European immigrants, dominated by the French in its early history, it is considered the most northern of the 22 " Acadiana " parishes. These have a tradition of settlement by French-speaking refugees from Acadia (now eastern Canada) in

1050-593: Is land and 33 square miles (85 km ) (3.8%) is water. The parish is bounded on the east by what was just the Red River in the first millennium CE, and is now the Red River and Atchafalaya River . The formation of the Atchafalaya River happened when the Mississippi River changed course, breaking up the Red River. In the 20th century the Old River Control Structure was built at this area to control

1120-517: Is located in Marksville , the parish seat, which is partly within reservation land. Native Americans occupied this area beginning around 300 BC. Varying indigenous cultures flourished there in the following centuries. Today on the banks of the old Mississippi River channel in Marksville, three large burial mounds have been preserved from the Mississippian culture , which flourished especially along

1190-579: The Biloxi Bay in the mid-17th century, but by the mid-18th century, they had migrated into Louisiana to avoid European encroachment. Some were also noted in Texas in the early 19th century. By the early 19th century their numbers had dwindled. In 1934, the last native speaker, Emma Jackson , was in her 80s. Morris Swadesh and Mary Haas met her on a linguistic survey trip in September 1934 and confirmed her status as

1260-603: The Bureau of Indian Affairs . Federal recognition would have entitled the tribe to benefit from social programs under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 . A succession of chiefs, including Chief Horace Pierite Sr, would work at the task. With the Tunica treasure proving their ancient tribal identity, the tribe was able to gain state and federal recognition . They were recognized by the United States government in 1981 as

1330-647: The Lewis and Clark Expedition and others to survey the Louisiana Territory. It hired local French soldiers, surveyors and doctors, many of whom eventually settled in the area. Many of the French people who settled Avoyelles Parish immigrated from France in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Many of the French words commonly used today in the parish date to terms used during the Napoleon period in France, indicating that this

1400-567: The Menard , Tipton , Belle Meade-Walls , Parkin and Nodena phases. In the spring of 1541 Hernando de Soto and his army approached the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, coming upon the Province of Quizquiz (pronounced "keys-key"). These people spoke a dialect of the Tunica language , which is a language isolate. At that time, these related groups covered a large region extending along both sides of

1470-530: The Mobilian trade language ; all names (including the autonym Avoyel ) are said by early French chroniclers to mean either "Flint People" or "People of the Rocks". This is thought to either reflect their active trading of flint for tools from local sources on their land in the eponymously named modern Avoyelles Parish or more likely as their status as middlemen in trading flint from Caddoan peoples to their north to

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1540-456: The Trudeau site. Over the years, they buried as grave goods large amounts of European trade goods, including beads, porcelain, muskets, kettles, and other items, as well as locally produced Tunica pottery and imported pottery. When discovered in the 20th century, these artifacts attested to their extensive trade with Europeans, as well as the wealth of the Tunica. They stayed at this location into

1610-574: The Tunica Biloxi Indians of Louisiana , later taking the name of Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe. The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe operates Louisiana's first land-based casino, Paragon Casino Resort. It opened in Marksville in June 1994. It is now the largest employer in Avoyelles Parish. The Tribe also owns and operates a Tribal Lending Enterprise —the online installment loan company, Mobiloans—and

1680-607: The Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana , is a federally recognized tribe of primarily Tunica and Biloxi people , located in east central Louisiana . Descendants of Ofo ( Siouan -speakers), Avoyel , and Choctaw are also enrolled in the tribe. In the 21st century, the people speak mostly English and French. Many live on the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation ( 31°06′48″N 92°03′13″W  /  31.11333°N 92.05361°W  / 31.11333; -92.05361 ) in central Avoyelles Parish , just south of

1750-689: The 1760s, when the French ceded control west of the Mississippi to the Spanish following the French defeat by the British in the Seven Years' War . In 1764 the Tunica moved 15 miles (24 km) south of the Trudeau Landing site to just outside the French settlement at Pointe Coupée, Louisiana . Other tribes had also settled in the area, including the Offagoula , Pascagoula and Biloxi . The latter came to have

1820-515: The Acadians of present-day Nova Scotia, who were expelled by the British from their homeland (Acadie) beginning in 1755 during the Seven Years' War with France. Many deported Acadians eventually made it to Louisiana from 1764 - 1788, after several years of living in exile along the eastern Atlantic seaboard, Canada, St. Pierre and France. In the later 19th century, immigrants from Scotland , Belgium , Italy , and Germany also settled here, following

1890-586: The Caddoan areas. They established a loose collection of hamlets and villages at present-day Angola, Louisiana . The archeological remains of a small hamlet from this time period were discovered in 1976 by an inmate of Angola Prison. It is known as the Bloodhound Site . During the 1710s and 1720s, war periodically broke out between the French and the Natchez. The last uprising in 1729, the Natchez Massacre ,

1960-576: The English language and Protestant Christianity, especially in the northern parts of the area. In the late 19th century, railroads surpassed the rivers as main avenues of trade and transportation, and the Marksville area became a quiet backwater. The only U.S. government mention of the Tunica from 1803 to 1938 was made in 1806 by an Indian Commissioner for Louisiana. He noted that the Tunica numbered only about 25 men, lived in Avoyelles Parish, and made their livings by occasionally hiring out as boatmen. Although

2030-672: The French Creoles. Together they established today's towns and villages. Their direct ties to Europe set them apart from the Acadians (Cajuns) of southern Louisiana, who came from a culture established for generations in Canada. At the turn of the 19th century, free people of color of African-French descent also settled in Avoyelles. Many came from New Orleans, which had a large community of free people of color. Others were refugees from Saint-Domingue , where slaves had rebelled to gain independence as

2100-463: The Mississippi River in present-day Mississippi and Arkansas, as the expedition would soon learn. Off to one side of the town was the dwelling place of the Curaca (chief). It was situated on a high mound which now served as a fortress. Only by means of two stairways could one ascend to this house.... The lord of the province, who like his land was called Quizquiz, was now old and sick in bed; but on hearing

2170-527: The Red River was still an important avenue of trade. But rapid changes took place. Under Napoleon Bonaparte , France reacquired the area in 1800. After failing to regain power in its colony of Saint-Domingue , France sold the large territory known as the Louisiana Purchase to the fledgling United States in 1803. Anglo-Americans migrated to Louisiana in great numbers, mostly from the southern United States, eventually changing its culture to one dominated by

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2240-520: The Spanish in control of Louisiana, politics were volatile in the area. In 1779 Governor Galvez led a force, which included Tunica and other tribal warriors, to take the British-held town of Baton Rouge . This was the last military campaign for which the Tunica were recorded. By sometime in the late 1780s or 1790s, the Tunica moved again, probably because of the large influx of Anglo-Americans moving into

2310-664: The Tunica from 1731 to 1764 when they occupied the site. With help from the State of Louisiana, the tribe filed suit to gain title to the artifacts, which has subsequently become known as the "Tunica treasure". The case took a decade to be decided in the courts, but the ruling became a landmark in American Indian history. It helped to lay the groundwork for new federal legislation, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), passed in 1990. Because

2380-422: The Tunica were prosperous at this time, eventually problems with their white neighbors would take its toll. The whites imposed the binary social system based on slavery as a racial caste, recognizing only whites and blacks (in which they classified all people of color). They also tended to discount Indian identity among mixed-race people, failing to understand that they identified culturally and socially as Tunica. By

2450-489: The US Army Corps of Engineers built a system of levees along the Mississippi River. It reduced immediate flooding in Marksville and other towns, but has caused indirect damage to the wetlands. This has ultimately caused more serious flooding as the speed of the river has increased. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the parish has a total area of 866 square miles (2,240 km ), of which 832 square miles (2,150 km )

2520-428: The age of 18 living with them, 51.70% were married couples living together, 15.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11. In the parish the population was spread out, with 26.80% under

2590-467: The age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 29.00% from 25 to 44, 21.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.90 males. The median income for a household in the parish was $ 23,851, and the median income for a family was $ 29,389. Males had a median income of $ 27,122 versus $ 18,250 for females. The per capita income for

2660-473: The area under Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century. After his troops failed to regain control over Saint-Domingue (now Haiti ), Napoleon withdrew from North America. He sold the large Louisiana Purchase territory in 1803 to the United States under President Thomas Jefferson . As the US expanded its rule, local documents began to be recorded in the English of the new government. The United States arranged for

2730-410: The area. They moved west to a site on the Red River named Avoyelles . In 1794 Marco Litche (recorded by the French as Marc Eliche), a Sephardic Jewish trader from Venice, established a trading post in the area. A European-American settlement developed around the post and became known as Marksville . It was noted on Louisiana maps as of 1809. Marksville was a good location for a trading post, as

2800-406: The artifacts had been separated from the original burials and connections were lost, the tribe decided to build a museum to house these items. Members of the tribe were trained as conservators in order to repair damage done to the artifacts by the centuries underground and handling during the ten-year court battle. The museum was built in the shape of the ancient temple mounds of their people, with

2870-456: The canebrake around the village. Cahura-Joligo informed the Natchez party that he could not receive them unless they gave up their arms. They said they intended to do so, but asked to keep their arms a while longer. He consented and had food distributed to his new guests. A dance was held that night. After the dance and when the village had gone to sleep, the Natchez, Chickasaw and Koroa attacked their hosts. Cahura-Joligo killed four Natchez during

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2940-525: The central Mississippi Valley. They absorbed the smaller remnant of Avoyel people nearly two centuries ago. Through the years, they also intermarried with the more numerous Biloxi people . The peoples organized politically in the 20th century and were federally recognized in 1981 as the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe . They are the largest Native American tribe in Avoyelles Parish and have a reservation that extends into Marksville. Descendants of other smaller tribes are also enrolled in this tribe. Avoyelles Parish

3010-546: The city of Marksville, Louisiana , and overlapping its boundaries. The Reservation is 1.682 km (0.649 sq mi). The 2010 census lists 951 persons self-identified as at least partly of Tunica-Biloxi, with 669 of those identifying as solely of Tunica-Biloxi ancestry. By the Middle Mississippian period , local Late Woodland peoples in the Central Mississippi Valley had developed or adopted

3080-659: The city of Marksville, Louisiana . A part of the city extends onto reservation land. The reservation has a land area of 1.682 km (0.649 sq mi). Currently, they operate Louisiana's first land based casino, Paragon Casino Resort , opened in Marksville in June 1994. The casino is known for its contributions back to its members. The 2000 census lists 648 persons identified as Tunica. Tribal government currently consists of an elected tribal council and tribal chairman. The tribe maintains its own police force, health services, education department, housing authority, and court system. Former tribal chairman Earl J. Barbry Sr.,

3150-563: The de Soto-named provinces of Anilco, Quizquiz, Aquixo, Casqui and Pacaha , respectively. It was 150 years before another European group recorded the Tunica. In 1699 the LaSource expedition (coming downriver from French Canada) encountered the Tunica, describing them as a modestly sized tribe numbering only a few hundred warriors. They and other peoples had suffered from smallpox epidemics, which had high mortality rates as they had no natural immunity to this new disease carried by Europeans. By

3220-654: The description in A Grammar of the Tunica Language in 1941, followed by Tunica Texts in 1950, and Tunica Dictionary in 1953. Tunica is a reawakening language, with immersion programs and youth summer camps teaching second-language learners. The Biloxi language is a Siouan language which was at one time spoken by the Biloxi people in Louisiana and southeast Texas . The Biloxi were first noted in European records as living along

3290-475: The earthen structure to take the symbolic place of the original burial underground. It opened in 1989 as The Tunica-Biloxi Regional Indian Center and Museum. Due to structural problems, it was closed in 1999, with plans for a new larger facility underway. Today the Tunica Treasure collection is housed in the Tunica-Biloxi Cultural and Educational Resources Center, a state-of-the-art facility that includes

3360-412: The fighting, but was killed along with 12 of his warriors. His war chief Brides les Boeufs (Buffalo Tamer) repulsed the attack. He rallied the warriors, and after fighting for five days and nights, regained control of the village. Twenty Tunica were killed and as many wounded in the fighting. They killed 33 of the Natchez warriors. After the attack at Angola, in 1731 the Tunica moved a few miles away to

3430-477: The flow of the three rivers. At the 2020 United States census , there were 39,693 people, 15,163 households, and 9,840 families residing in the parish, up from 42,073 residents in 2010. At the census of 2000, there were 41,481 people, 14,736 households, and 10,580 families living in the parish. The population density was 50 people per square mile (19 people/km ). There were 16,576 housing units at an average density of 20 per square mile (7.7/km ). In 2000,

3500-399: The late 18th century. They contributed strongly to the development of culture in this area, as did Africans and the indigenous Native Americans. The parish is noted for its brand of Cajun / Creole style music and its gumbo , a popular soup with roots in the three major ethnicities noted above. The central part of Avoyelles Parish is sited on a large plateau, slightly above the floodplain of

3570-444: The late 19th century, the dominant white conservative Democrats imposed legal racial segregation after disenfranchising blacks and other minorities of color. The Tunica became subsistence farmers, with some hunting and fishing to support themselves. Others turned to sharecropping on their white neighbors' land. As the 20th century dawned, the Tunica came together around their ancient heritage. They had managed to retain possession of

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3640-466: The lower Mississippi River were a target of Chickasaw raids for the English slave trade in South Carolina . By 1706 the Tunica decided to move. As their enemies the Natchez were to their immediate south, they moved to the Mississippi side of the Mississippi and Red River confluence . This allowed them to keep control of their salt trade , as the Red River also connected to their salt source in

3710-483: The majority of their communal land, some still spoke the Tunica language, and they still practiced traditional tribal ceremonies. Gradually the remnant descendants of other local tribes (the Ofo, Avoyel, Choctaw, and Biloxi) merged into the Tunica. They have preserved much of their ethnic identity, maintaining their tribal government and the hereditary chieftainship up to the mid-1970s. The modern Tunica-Biloxi tribe, which has

3780-401: The manufacture and distribution of salt , a valuable item to both native and Europeans. Salt was extremely important in the trade between the French and the various Caddoan groups in what are now northwestern Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas. The Tunica were believed to be the middlemen in the trade of salt from the Caddoan areas to the French. By the early 18th century, the tribes along

3850-463: The missionaries hoped to convert the natives to Christianity. The trading post was built near the Avoyel/Tunica settlement; it was preserved until the mid-1960s. Historic roadside markers on LA 1 identify the site of the historic Catholic mission school. Franco-European settlers first called this area Hydropolis, meaning water city, referring to the marshes and bayous. The major mode of transportation

3920-523: The more southern Acadian parishes. But, few families in Avoyelles are of Acadian descent. From the 1800s until the mid-1900s, local Confederate units and local newspaper reports in The Villager always referred to the Avoyelles French families as Creoles, the term for native-born people of direct descent from early French colonists and born in the colony. Following the disastrous Great Flood of 1927 ,

3990-509: The nation of Haiti . Others came from other colonies in the French West Indies. The blending of these three cultures: Native American, European and African, created a distinct Louisiana Creole culture noted in the local language, food, Catholic religion, and family ties. In the 21st century, the Avoyelles Parish culture has been classified as "Cajun" because of the perceived similarities in speech, food, and various folk traditions with

4060-656: The neighboring Tunica , Ofo , and Biloxi peoples who had moved to the area sometime in the late 1780s or 1790s because of encroachment by Euro-Americans at their previous locations. Indian Agent John Sibley wrote in 1805 that the only surviving Avoyel were two or three women living along the Washita River . Since the 19th century, descendants of the Avoyel people have been part of the Tunica-Biloxi . Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe The Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe , ( Tunica : Yoroniku-Halayihku ) formerly known as

4130-421: The noise and confusion in his village, he arose and came from his bedchamber. Then beholding the pillage and seizure of his vassals, he grasped a battle-ax and began to descend the stairs with the greatest fury, in the meantime vowing loudly and fiercely to slay anyone who came into his land without permission.... But the memory of valiant deeds and triumphs of his bellicose youth, and the fact that he held sway over

4200-500: The parish was $ 12,146. About 21.70% of families and 25.90% of the population were below the poverty line , including 32.50% of those under age 18 and 25.00% of those age 65 or over. All primary public schools are run by the Avoyelles Parish School Board . It operates 10 schools with an enrollment over 6,000 students. The school board website is Avoyelles Parish School Board . The 1020th Engineer Company (Vertical) of

4270-433: The population was 39,693. The parish seat is Marksville . The parish was created in 1807, with the name deriving from the French name for the historic Avoyel people, one of the local Indian tribes at the time of European encounter. Today the parish is the base of the federally recognized Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe, who have a reservation there. The tribe has a land-based gambling casino on their reservation. It

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4340-633: The racial makeup of the parish was 68.47% White , 29.49% Black or African American , 1.01% Native American , 0.17% Asian , 0.19% from other races , and 0.66% from two or more races. 0.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 17.64% reported speaking French or Cajun French at home, while 2.12% speak Spanish . In 2020, its racial makeup was 63.58% non-Hispanic white, 26.83% Black or African American, 0.88% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 4.1% multiracial, and 3.74% Hispanic or Latino American. In 2000, there were 14,736 households, out of which 36.30% had children under

4410-469: The stone deficit Atakapa and Chitimacha peoples of the Gulf Coast. French explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville misleadingly called the Avoyel petits Taensas in 1699. However, they are a different group than the Natchez language –speaking Taensa , whom the French called the grand Taensas . The Avoyel language may have been related to the Natchez language. Described by some historians as being

4480-615: The time the French arrived, the Central Mississippi Valley was sparsely occupied by the Quapaw . They became significant allies to the French and aided their successful settlement. The French established a mission among the Tunica around 1700, on the Yazoo River . Father Antoine Davion was assigned to the Tunica, as well as to the smaller tribes of the Koroa , Yazoo , and Houspé tribes. The Tunica were skilled traders and entrepreneurs, especially in

4550-508: The upper Mississippi, the Ohio River and other tributaries, from about 900 AD to 1500 AD. Mounds of its major city, Cahokia , are preserved in western Illinois across the Mississippi from St. Louis, Missouri. The trading network reached from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes. A museum and a National Park commemorate this early culture. The Tunica people had bands whose territory extended into

4620-556: The waterways. Travel by water was long the primary way to move around this area. The Indians used canoes, and the early French settlers developed their own boats, known as pirogues. Records from the Catholic churches in Mansura and Marksville document the founding of a trading post and a Catholic school by French colonists. The merchants wanted to conduct fur trading with the Tunica Tribe and

4690-415: Was by Indian canoe and pirogue (a French-style dug-out canoe). Church records identify settlers with all their family members listed, as well as some property; in some cases they listed slaves by name. Church records and documentation were recorded in French during the years of initial settlement, then in Spanish during their brief rule in the late 18th century, with a return to French after France reacquired

4760-447: Was the largest; the Natchez killed most of the French at the village of Natchez and Fort Rosalie. French colonists gained the aid of Indian allies and returned to the villages, killing or capturing most of the Natchez. The survivors were sold into slavery. In 1729 the chiefs of the village sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, Koroa, Illinois , Chickasaw , and Choctaw. The Natchez Rebellion or Natchez War expanded into

4830-423: Was the period of immigration. They have not been used in France for many generations. The Spanish influence in Louisiana was more dominant in New Iberia — this was named after colonists from the Iberian Peninsula, commonly known as Spain and Portugal. There are no Spanish surnames in Avoyelles. A few families from French Canada (Quebec) settled in Avoyelles. They were from a different geographic area of Canada than

4900-403: Was widely noted as one of the longest-serving chairmen in Indian Country, serving from 1978 until his death in July 2013. Barbry was succeeded as chairman by Marshall Pierite, formerly vice chairman of the tribe, from August 2013 through April 2014. Barbry's son, Joey Barbry, served as chairman from April 2014. Marshall Pierite again became chairman upon his election in April 2018. In the 1960s

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