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31-559: Mobilian may refer to: Mobilian jargon – An informal Native Americans trade language used among the tribes of the Southeastern United States, primarily along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico The Native American village of Mabila A resident of the city of Mobile, Alabama Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

62-436: A common method of communication prior to regular contact with Europeans. The Native Americans of the Gulf coast and Mississippi valley have always spoken multiple languages, mainly the languages of the other tribes that inhabited the same area. The Mobilians, like these neighboring tribes, were also multi-lingual. By the early 19th century, Mobilian Jargon evolved from functioning solely as a contact language between people into

93-406: A functional language. There is documentary evidence of it in numerous historical records such as journals, diaries, reports and scholarly treatments. What was recorded, though, was very little, and it is safe to assume that Europeans did not have a full understanding of Mobilian. They believed that Mobilian was the mother of all other Indian languages, failing to notice that it was actually a hybrid of

124-573: A historian of the Muskogean nation , to make a recording titled Thirteen Moons , which features "the soulful chants of ancient folk tales and more modern stories told in Mobilian." Mobilian was used from the Florida northwest coast and area of the current Alabama - Georgia border westward as far as eastern Texas and in the north from the lower Mississippi Valley (currently south and central Illinois ) to

155-510: A means of personal identification. With an increasing presence of outsiders in the Indian Gulf coast community, Mobilian Jargon served as a way of knowing who was truly a native of the area, and allowed Mobilians to be socially isolated from non-Indian population expansion from the north. The accepted view of the origin is that it developed from contact with the French in the 18th century. But there

186-669: A part of the "Upper Creeks". They were closely related to the Alabama Indians and often intermarried with them. Coushatta and Alabama who stayed in Alabama were part of the 1830s forcible removal to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Today their descendants form the federally recognized Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in Wetumka, Oklahoma . Some of the Coushatta tribe split from

217-400: A simpler structure where verbs are not required to have subject or object affixes and the subject-object-verb ordering in the sentence is variable. It also requires a separate word after the verb to indicate tense, whereas Muskogean languages use a suffix. It has a simplified syllable and sound structure and a simplified grammar as compared to Choctaw, its primary parent language. Mobilian Jargon

248-447: Is continuing debate as to when Mobilian Jargon first began to be spoken. Some scholars, such as James Crawford, have argued that Mobilian Jargon has its origins in the linguistically diverse environment following the establishment of the French colony of Louisiana . Others, however, suggest that the already linguistically diverse environment of the lower Mississippi basin drove the need for

279-636: Is held in trust on the tribe's behalf by the United States Department of the Interior . In the 20th century, the Coushatta people in Louisiana began cultivating rice and crawfish on tribally owned farms on the reservation, where most of the current population resides. An estimated 200 people of the tribe still speak the Coushatta language . In the early 21st century, fewer young people are learning it, so

310-408: Is obscurity in that. It seems that there was a pre-European origin that is supported through its well-established use in diverse indigenous contexts, geographic overlapping with that of Southeastern Indian groups formerly associated in multilingual paramount chiefdoms of the pre-Columbian Mississippian complex, and its indigenous grammar. Mobilian Jargon has a recorded history of at least 250 years where

341-643: Is the major contributing language (not both Choctaw and Chickasaw) although this has been challenged by Emanuel Drechsel. He has concluded that the presence of certain Algonquian words in Mobilian Jargon are the result of direct contact between the Mobilians of the Mississippi valley and Algonquians moving southward. For the most part, these "loanwords" differ by only one or two letters. Mobilian has not survived as

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372-533: The Alabama people, also members of the Creek Confederacy . The Koasati language is related to the Alabama language and mutually intelligible to Mikasuki language . Under pressure from European colonization after 1763 and the French defeat in the Seven Years' War , the Coushatta began to move west into Mississippi , Louisiana, and Texas, which were then under Spanish rule . They settled in these areas by

403-611: The Algonquian language at the time. Other Europeans also learned the language, but not in a way where they understood the cultural aspects of it; just enough for them to be able to trade with the Indians. In its syntax, Mobilian Jargon was fundamentally Muskogean and compared to other southeastern Indian tribes it showed a reduced morphology. Its lexicon shares major similarities to other Muskogean languages, in particular to Chickasaw and to Alabama. Though it evolved from more complex and polysynthetic Native American languages, Mobilian Jargon has

434-521: The Choctaw and Chickasaw languages. When it was no longer needed as a spoken trade language, Mobilian was lost and eventually became extinct. It was first written about in the 1700s and was spoken until the 1950s, In the 1980s elders in the Louisiana region could still recall a few words and phrases. In 2012, the Mezcal Jazz Unit of Montpellier , France, collaborated by Internet with Grayhawk Perkins,

465-657: The Creek Confederacy and went to South Louisiana. Their descendants today make up the federally recognized Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana . Notable chiefs among the Coushatta-Alabama were Long King and his successor Colita (1838–1852). They led their people to settle in present-day Polk County, Texas , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Colita's village was founded before the European-American settlement of Livingston, Texas . Descendants of these peoples form

496-559: The Indians created a cultural barrier, preserving their cultural integrity and privacy from non-Indian groups. The pervasiveness of Mobilian Jargon, as a result, created its longtime survival. Mobilian Jargon is a pidginized or "corrupted"/"complex" form of Choctaw and Chickasaw (both Western Muskogean ) that also contains elements of Eastern Muskogean languages such as Alabama and Koasati , colonial languages including Spanish , French , and English , and perhaps Algonquian and/or other languages. Pamela Munro has argued that Choctaw

527-553: The current Marion County, Tennessee . Later they founded a major settlement at the north end of Long Island, which is bisected by the present-day Tennessee–Alabama state line. By the time of the American Revolution , the Coushatta had moved many miles down the Tennessee River where their town is recorded as Coosada. In the 18th century, some of the Coushatta joined the emerging Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, where they became

558-479: The early 19th century. Some of the Coushatta and Alabama people were removed west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in the 1830s under Indian Removal , together with other Muscogee peoples . Today, Coushatta people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes : The Koasati language is part of the Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati branch of the Muskogean languages . An estimated 200 people spoke

589-554: The federally recognized Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas and have a reservation near Livingston. The Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in Wetumka, Oklahoma, achieved federal recognition in 1939, following passage of the 1936 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act . Its people were descendants of a community that had moved as a group from their town in Alabama to Indian Territory in the 1830s. They settled together and maintained their tribal town identity. In addition, its people have dual citizenship in

620-466: The federally recognized Muscogee (Creek) Nation , representing descendants of the broader Creek Confederacy. It has an enrolled population of 380. In 1972, the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana achieved state-recognition as a tribe. A year later it gained federal recognition . The tribe has acquired 685 acres (2.77 km ) of reservation near its historical 18th and 19th-century homeland. This land

651-450: The first reliable evidence dated 1700. For two centuries it was socially accepted to use as a lingua franca with the outsiders they interacted with, such as traders and settlers. It is presumed that fur traders spread the language to Choctaw and Chickasaw provinces. Though Indians spoke in Mobilian Jargon to outsiders, the outsiders did not have a full understanding of how special the nature and functions of Mobilian Jargon was. Because of this,

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682-544: The language in 2000, most of whom lived in Louisiana. The language is written in the Latin script . The Coushatta were historically farmers, growing a variety of maize , beans, and squash, and supplementing their diet by hunting game and fish. They are known for their skill at basketry . Nearly all the Spanish expeditions (including the 1539-1543 Hernando de Soto Expedition) into the interior of Spanish Florida recorded encountering

713-677: The language was used or somehow came in contact with groups using the Algonquian languages of the Northeast to Midwest, with which Mobilian Jargon shares a number of words, such as papo(s) or papoš, meaning 'baby, child', which undeniably resembles the Narragansett word with the same meaning, pápūs. It is unknown how the crossover between the languages occurred; some possibilities include direct contact with Algonquian-speaking peoples in Virginia and North Carolina, or perhaps contact with French explorers using

744-641: The original town of the tribe. It was believed to be located in the Tennessee River Valley . The Spanish referred to the people as Coste , with their nearby neighbors being the Chiaha , Chiska , Yuchi , Tasquiqui, and Tali. In the 17th and 18th centuries, avoiding the encroachment by European settlers, the Coushatta migrated west into present-day Alabama . Along the way they established their town at Nickajack ( Ani-Kusati-yi , or Koasati-place, in Cherokee ) in

775-534: The southern Mississippi River Delta region in the south. It is known to have been used by the Alabama, Apalachee, Biloxi, Chacato, Pakana, Pascagoula, Taensa, Tunica, Caddo, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Chitimacha, Natchez, and Ofo. There is some evidence that Mobilian Jargon was used about 500 miles upstream the Missouri River near the Oyo or Osage Indians during the late 18th century. Some scholars also have reason to believe that

806-464: The states, tribes often negotiate agreements with the states to share some portion of income, in recognition of their reliance on state infrastructure and other assets. In the 1990s, the Coushatta of Louisiana hired the lobbyist Jack Abramoff to assist in establishing a casino on their reservation. They were victims of his manipulations , as he charged them high fees but did not work on their behalf to gain federal or state approval of such development. He

837-557: The title Mobilian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobilian&oldid=762991526 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mobilian jargon Mobilian Jargon facilitated trade between tribes speaking different languages and European settlers. There

868-568: The tribe is working on language preservation. Since the late 20th century and the rise in Indian self-determination , many Native American tribes have developed a new source of revenue by establishing gaming casino on their reservations which are sovereign territories. States, which had begun their own gaming operations and regulated private ones, and the federal government have passed legislation to control Indian gaming, which must conform to what exists by state law. While such revenues are not taxable by

899-594: Was at one point a Muskogean- based pidgin. It was linguistically reduced from analytical grammar. Mobilian Jargon related to Muskogean proper linguistics and historical facts. Mobilians used a lot of Western Muskogean in their spoken language. Compare the personal pronouns among Muskogean languages: Mobilian Jargon consists of about 1,250 words of various origins. Of 150 words studied most were from Western Muskogean/ Choctaw - Chickisaw , 20 were split between Western Muskogean and Alabama - Koasati , 14 were from Alabama-Koasati, 3 were from English , 2 were from Spanish , 1

930-521: Was from French , and one from Algonquin . Koasati Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas 1,000 enrolled The Coushatta ( Koasati : Koasati , Kowassaati or Kowassa:ti ) are a Muskogean -speaking Native American people now living primarily in the U.S. states of Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas . When the Coushatta first encountered Europeans, their Coushatta homelands where in present-day Tennessee , Georgia , and Alabama . They have long been closely allied and intermarried with

961-470: Was ultimately prosecuted for his actions. Since then, Louisiana Coushatta have established gaming on its reservation. It also has state tax–free sales of certain items to raise revenues. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas achieved federal recognition in 1987. The nation acquired a 4,600-acre (19 km ) reservation near Livingston, Texas , its homeland since settling in this area in the early 19th century. It has 1,100 enrolled citizens. A decoction of

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