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33-555: Located on land granted to Adelantado Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón by Captain Juan de Garay in 1620, a port settlement known as Puerto del Riachuelo first emerged here in 1731. Established as Barracas al Sur on April 7, 1852, by Quilmes Justice of the Peace Martín José de la Serna, the town grew to become a major rail center during the late 19th century. It was renamed on January 11, 1904, after former President Nicolás Avellaneda . It

66-554: A Chamber of the Indies, similar to the Chamber of Castile. The first three counselors to form the Chamber of the Indies were Álvarez de Toledo, Aponte, and Molina de Medrano, whose titles were issued on January 19, 1601. Alonso Molina de Medrano took his oath as the first chamberlain of the Indies five days later. With the ascension of the Bourbon dynasty at the start of the eighteenth century,

99-470: A separate Secretary of State for the Indies ( Secretarío del Estado del Despacho Universal de Indias ). In the late eighteenth century, the Council became powerful and prestigious again, with a great number of well qualified councillors with experience in the Indies. In 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain and placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the throne. The Cortes of Cádiz , the body Spaniards considered

132-467: A series of administrative changes, known as the Bourbon reforms , were introduced. In 1714 Philip V created a Secretariat of the Navy and the Indies ( Secretaría de Marina e Indias ) with a single Minister of the Indies, which superseded the administrative functions of the Council, although the Council continued to function in a secondary role until the nineteenth century. Fifty years later Charles III set up

165-554: A vague manner, which often led to confusion as in the case between Juan de Oñate and the Viceroy of New Spain. The title was granted both as an inheritable title and one that lasted for the grantee's life only. With the publication of the Ordinances Concerning Discoveries ( Ordenanzas de descubrimientos, nueva población y pacificación de las Indias ) in 1573, the attributes of adelantados became regularized, although

198-527: Is a calque of Arabic Muqaddam ( مقدم ) which has the exact same meaning. According to the Siete Partidas , the office of adelantado was the equivalent of the Roman praefectus urbi ( transl.  urban prefect ). The earliest definitively known adelantado was appointed by Alfonso X in 1253 in the recently conquered territory of La Frontera ( Andalusia ). However the office had precedents in

231-504: The regidores and employees of the cabildos of any towns founded, to name interim treasury officials, to issue ordinances on the use of land and mines, to establish districts, and to organize militias and name their captains. The first use of the title adelantado in the Americas was by Bartholomew Columbus , brother of Christopher Columbus , who governed Hispaniola under this title during his brother's absence from 1494 to 1498. It

264-452: The Council of Castile ( Consejo de Castilla ), and formed a Junta de Indias of about eight counselors. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was already using the term "Council of the Indies" in 1519. The Council of the Indies was formally created on August 1, 1524. The king was informed weekly, and sometimes daily, of decisions reached by the Council, which came to exercise supreme authority over

297-670: The Spanish East Indies ; the other in charge of Peru , Chile , Tierra Firme (northern South America), and the New Kingdom of Granada . The name of the Council did not change with the addition of the indias orientales of the East Indies and other Pacific territories claimed by Spain to the original indias occidentales . Internecine fighting and political instability in Peru and the untiring efforts of Bartolomé de las Casas on behalf of

330-555: The conciliar model of the Council of Castile , was created following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1521, which demonstrated the importance of the Americas. Originally an itinerary council that followed Charles V, it was subsequently established as an autonomous body with legislative, executive and judicial functions by Philip II of Spain and placed in Madrid in 1561. The Council of

363-559: The Council had responsibility for all aspects of the Indies, under Philip II the financial aspects of the empire were shifted to the Council of Finance in 1556-57, a source of conflict between the two councils, especially since Spanish America came to be the source of the empire's wealth. When the Holy Office of the Inquisition was established as an institution in Mexico and Lima in the 1570s,

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396-551: The Council of the Indies was removed from control. The head of the Supreme Council of the Inquisition, Juan de Ovando y Godoy became president of the Council of the Indies 1571-75. He was appalled by the ignorance of the Indies by those serving on the Council. He sought the creation of a general description of the territories, which was never completed, but the Relaciones geográficas were the result of that project. The height of

429-485: The Council's power was in the sixteenth century. Its power declined and the quality of the councillors decreased. In the final years of the Habsburg dynasty , some appointments were sold or were accorded to people obviously unqualified, such as a nine-year-old boy, whose father had rendered services to the crown. A Royal Decree dated August 25, 1600, endorsed by the secretary Pedro Franqueza, favorite of Lerma , established

462-418: The Indies ( es:Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias ) and re-codified in 1791. The Council of the Indies was usually headed by an ecclesiastic, but the councilors were generally non-clerics trained in law. In later years, nobles and royal favorites were in the ranks of councilors, as well as men who had experience in the high courts ( Audiencias ) of the Indies. A key example of such an experienced councilor

495-638: The Indies at the local level and over the Casa de Contratación ("House of Trade") founded in 1503 at Seville as a customs storehouse for the Indies. Civil suits of sufficient importance could be appealed from an audiencia in the New World to the Council, functioning as a court of last resort . There were two secretaries of the Council, one in charge of the Viceroyalty of New Spain , encompassing Mexico, Nueva Galicia , Guatemala, Hispaniola , and their dependencies in

528-601: The Indies was abolished in 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz , briefly restored in 1814 by Ferdinand VII , and definitively abolished in 1834 by the regency , acting on behalf of the four-year-old Isabella II . Isabella I had granted extensive authority to Christopher Columbus , but then withdrew that authority, and established direct royal control, putting matters of the Indies in the hands of her chaplain, Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca in 1493. The Catholic Monarchs (Isabella and Ferdinand ) designated Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca to study

561-568: The duties and rights held by some officers of the Navarrese dynasty of Castile and León, and Álvar Fáñez or Fortún Sánchez in the Ebro valley performed similar services in detached territories beyond the frontier. It was during this time that the Siete Partidas , commissioned by Alfonso X, more precisely defined the powers of the office. That law code created the position of an adelantado mayor , who

594-556: The initial explorations, settlements and pacification of the target area on behalf of the Crown of Castile . These areas were usually outside the jurisdiction of an existing audiencia or viceroy , and adelantados were authorized to communicate directly with the Council of the Indies . The term has its origins in the reconquista and comes from the phrase por adelantado ( Spanish : 'in advance', although translations stating 'one who goes before' and 'the forward man' are also found). It

627-451: The legitimate government in Spain and its overseas territories in the absence of their Bourbon monarch, abolished the Council in 1812. It was restored in 1814 upon Ferdinand VII 's restoration, and the autocratic monarch appointed a great number of councillors with American experience. The Council was finally abolished in 1834, a year after Ferdinand VII's death and after most of Spain's empire in

660-558: The most important Argentine football clubs, Independiente and Racing , are located in Avellaneda. The city became the third in the world (after Milan and Montevideo ) to be home to two world championship teams when Independiente won the 1973 Intercontinental Cup . See Category:People from Avellaneda Adelantado Adelantado ( UK : / ˌ æ d əl æ n ˈ t ɑː d oʊ / , US : /- l ɑː n ˈ -/ , Spanish: [aðelanˈtaðo] ; meaning 'advanced')

693-541: The most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and those territories it governed, such as the Spanish East Indies . The crown held absolute power over the Indies and the Council of the Indies was the administrative and advisory body for those overseas realms. It was established in 1524 by Charles V to administer "the Indies", Spain's name for its territories. Such an administrative entity, on

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726-507: The natives' rights resulted in Charles's overhaul of the structure of the Council in 1542 with issuing of the " New Laws ", which put limits on the rights of Spanish holders of encomiendas , grants of indigenous labor. Under Charles II the Council undertook the project to formally codify the large volume of Council and Crown's decisions and legislation for the Indies in the 1680 publication, the Laws of

759-586: The peninsula, merging with and becoming indistinguishable from an older judicial office, the Royal Merinos . Beyond the peninsula, the term adelantado was granted to Alonso Fernández de Lugo in the conquest of the Canary Islands and was confirmed to members of his family. The term became modified over time. During the colonization of the Americas and the Spanish East Indies (Asia), each charter specified different powers to each adelantado , sometimes in

792-403: The problems related to the colonization process arising from what was seen as tyrannical behavior of Governor Christopher Columbus and his misgovernment of Natives and Iberian settlers. Rodríguez de Fonseca effectively became minister for the Indies and laid the foundations for the creation of a colonial bureaucracy. He presided over a committee or council, which contained a number of members of

825-486: The title was granted much less often after this date, especially since the institutions of audiencias , governors and viceroys had been developed. Nevertheless, the Ordinances are useful because they illustrate the powers adelantados often had. The Ordinances established that adelantados , in their capacity as governors and justices of the new territories, had the right to hear civil and criminal cases in appeal, to name

858-737: The world. The decentralization of warehousing and wholesaling during the 20th century, as well as its nationalization in 1946 as part of the IAPI state export agency, resulted in its decline, however, and the Central Produce Market closed in 1963. It was ultimately demolished in 1966 to make way for the New Pueyrredón Bridge that connects Avellaneda to the Frondizi Expressway in Buenos Aires proper. The Diocese of Avellaneda and Lanús

891-497: Was Juan de Solórzano Pereira , author of Política Indiana , who served in Peru prior to being named to the Council of the Indies and led the project on the Laws of the Indies. Other noteworthy Presidents of the Council were es:Francisco Tello de Sandoval ; es:Juan de Ovando y Godoy ; Pedro Moya de Contreras , former archbishop of Mexico; and Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas , former viceroy of both Mexico and Peru. Although initially

924-477: Was a title held by some Spanish nobles in service of their respective kings during the Middle Ages . It was later used as a military title held by some Spanish conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Adelantados were granted directly by the monarch the right to become governors and justices of a specific region, which they were charged with conquering, in exchange for funding and organizing

957-472: Was at the same time an intermediary appellate judge, located in the judicial hierarchy between local justices and the king's court, and an executive officer, who as a direct representative of the king was charged with implementing royal orders in his assigned area. Most appointees were from the upper nobility or the royal family. After its success in Andalusia, the institution was introduced in the northern areas of

990-632: Was declared a city on October 23, 1895, and its population has been stable since around 1960. Avellaneda is one of the foremost wholesale and industrial centers of Argentina. The city's largest employers are textile mills, meat-packing and grain-processing plants, oil refineries , metallurgical works, extensive docking facilities, and markets for farm and ranch products; some of the most prominent firms whose main facilities are in Avellaneda are food processor Molinos Río de la Plata , beverage maker Cepas Argentinas, bathroom fixtures maker Ferrum, and América 24 cable news. The National University of Avellaneda

1023-457: Was established here in 2009. The Central Produce Market ( Mercado Central de Frutos ) also operated in Avellaneda. Located on the banks of the Riachuelo, it was developed by Irish Argentine businessman Eduardo Casey and inaugurated in 1889; served by a Buenos Aires Western Railway rail link, the 150,000 m (1,600,000 sq ft) brick structure was at the time the largest warehouse in

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1056-485: Was formally established in 1961. Its cathedral, Iglesia Catedral de la Asunción , had been consecrated a century earlier. The construction of numerous high rises around Alsina Square during the 1950s and '60s led to irreparable structural damage to the cathedral, however, and in 1967 it was closed to the public. Demolished in 1971, the Renaissance Revival cathedral was replaced in 1984 by a modern structure. Two of

1089-508: Was later inherited by Diego Colón after much litigation. Other conquistadors who were granted the title include: Council of the Indies The Council of the Indies ( Spanish : Consejo de las Indias ), officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Spanish: Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias , pronounced [reˈal i suˈpɾemo konˈsexo ðe las ˈindjas] ), was

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