64-771: The Australian Medical Association ( AMA ) is an Australian public company by guarantee formed as a professional association for Australian doctors and medical students . The association is not run by the Australian Government and does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the Medical Board of Australia and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency . The association's national headquarters are located in Barton, Australian Capital Territory , in addition to
128-597: A professional body , professional organization , or professional society ) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession , the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest . In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms. The roles of professional associations have been variously defined: "A group of people in
192-443: A Tahitian chief. She was later engaged to Thomas Hassall , the son of another missionary, before beginning a relationship with Bland. Their wedding at St Philip's Church was officiated by William Cowper . Only a few months into his first marriage, Bland discovered that his wife had committed adultery with Richard Drake, an East India Company officer. He initially sought a duel with Drake, who went into hiding and eventually fled
256-527: A conservative (rather than progressive) body. The AMA officially endorses trials to use pill testing . The AMA offers an Indigenous Medical Scholarship. It has formed an Equity, Inclusion and Diversity Committee. The current president is Dr Danielle McMullen. The BMA Branches of the Australian states and territories formally merged into the Australian Medical Association in 1962. The AMA has
320-553: A deserved ovation. On 5 November 1858 he was given a sum of money and a candelabrum for his services to the community. He resigned on 21 March 1861 and an ensuing attempt to procure an annuity for him was defeated in the Legislative Council. In 1861 he was declared a bankrupt. In 1843, Bland claimed that J. R. Hancorn had laid claim to an invention of his, the means for the prevention of spontaneous combustion, which he claimed to have invented in 1839. In approximately 1845, he
384-464: A disagreement between Case and William Randall, the ship's first lieutenant . According to contemporary accounts in the Bombay Courier , Case initially challenged Randall to a duel, which Bland tried to prevent. A few days later, Case continued to make remarks about Randall, who was absent, and was defended by Bland. Case then called Bland a "contemptible fellow", to which Bland responded by throwing
448-534: A drinking glass at him; Case subsequently challenged Bland to a duel with pistols. Bland and the three other surviving participants in the duel were charged with "wilful murder" and gaoled by the Recorder's Court of the Bombay Presidency . Only he and Randall – who had served as his second – were brought to trial. Bland mounted a defence of honour, stating that to refuse Case's challenge would have "doomed me to
512-509: A flying machine that was heavier than air, noting that no "flying animal is lighter than air". The following year, Bland was finally granted a patent for his fire suppression device. He proposed that the patent be sold and the future rights to the patent for the Atmotic Ship be sold for £2,000 (equivalent to $ 320,000 in 2022). Bland continued in active medical practice until 1868. In 1863-4 he conducted correspondence with Father Therry on
576-617: A full pardon on 27 January 1815. In 1818 he wrote "pipes" (anonymous and variously insulting satires) criticising Governor Macquarie 's treatment of farmers, and making fun of his desire to have his name on foundation stones ; the Governor was not amused. Bland's handwriting was recognised and on Thursday 24 and Friday 25 September 1818 he was in court and convicted of libel fined £50/-/-d and sentenced to 12 months imprisonment which he served at Parramatta . In 1825 his committee founded Sydney Public Free Grammar School . The foundation stone of
640-457: A learned occupation who are entrusted with maintaining control or oversight of the legitimate practice of the occupation;" also a body acting "to safeguard the public interest;" organizations which "represent the interest of the professional practitioners," and so "act to maintain their own privileged and powerful position as a controlling body." Professional associations are ill defined although often have commonality in purpose and activities. In
704-602: A new building was laid by the chief justice in 1830 and the Sydney College opened on 19 January 1835. Bland was treasurer from 1835 to 1844 and in 1845 became president, an office he held when the buildings were sold to the University of Sydney in 1853. In 1830 he actively opposed attempts to alienate large areas of crown land, and in 1831 joined the committee of the Australian Landowners Association to fight
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#1732844520524768-412: A number of other doctors as members. In 1858, English-trained physician James Robertson established a body called the Australian Medical Association (AMA), whose members were primarily from Sydney but also included some Queenslanders. Bland was elected as the organisation's president and it recorded over 110 members in its early years. However, it did not survive Robertson and Bland's subsequent deaths and
832-543: A patent for a fire suppression device and designing an experimental steam-powered airship. Bland became politically active shortly after his arrival in New South Wales and in 1818 was sentenced to a year in prison for libelling Governor Lachlan Macquarie . He aligned himself with other emancipists and supported William Wentworth 's calls for representative government and expanded civil rights for ex-convicts. Along with Wentworth and fellow former surgeon John Jamison , he
896-443: A profession or group of professions and protect the use of professional titles" and professional bodies that "are independent membership organisations that oversee the activities of a particular profession and represent the interests of [their] members" and which "may offer registration or certification of unregulated occupations on a voluntary basis." Many professional bodies are involved in accrediting degrees, defining and examining
960-677: A prominent public figure in the colony of New South Wales . A surgeon by profession, he arrived in Australia as a convict but played an important role in the early years of Australian healthcare, education and science. Bland was born in London and became a surgeon in the Royal Navy , serving on the East Indies Station . He was convicted of murder in 1813 after killing a crewmate in a duel in Bombay . He
1024-405: A punishment worse than death" and that he had no intention of actually killing the man. The Recorder did not accept the argument, finding that the killing was premeditated and advising the jury to find the defendants guilty. The jury accepted the instruction but recommended mercy. Both defendants were given sentences of transportation ; Bland received the minimum sentence of seven years while Randall
1088-533: A range of representative and scientific committees. One of its stated aims is "leading the health policy debate by developing and promoting alternative policies to those government policies that the AMA considers poorly targeted or ill-informed; responding to issues in the health debate through the provision of a wide range of expert resources; and commissioning and conducting research on health issues.". The AMA represents slightly fewer than 30% of all Australian doctors, which
1152-683: A source of excess emissions. For example, the AMA lobbied the Australian government to continue to fund spinal fusion as a surgical treatment under Medicare, even when there was substantial evidence that spinal fusion is an ineffective procedure and plans were in place to de-fund this surgery. The AMA has called on the Australian Government to: The AMA officially endorses trials to use pill-testing at community events such as festivals. AMA President Dr Tony Bartone publicly declared his support for pill-testing at festivals, stating that it would provide "an opportunity to try and inform [drug users] about
1216-650: A sub-branch of the Victorian BMA was formed in Launceston , which lasted until 1904. A Tasmanian branch of the BMA was eventually established in 1911, but was marked by conflict between groups from Launceston and Hobart . The branch was split into northern and southern sections in 1925. The Port Phillip Medical Association was established in 1846 with a membership drawn from the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. It
1280-471: A twelve level building opposite Sydney Hospital at 229–231 Macquarie Street, Sydney was built in 1960 and named the William Bland Centre. It predominantly houses private medical practices such as Physiotherapy Clinic mySydneyPhysio, addressing the health needs of Sydney's CBD workforce. A public housing building, Blandville Court, on Victoria Road at Gladesville is named after the early name of
1344-490: A two-storey house in Pitt Street , retaining several convict servants and occasionally taking on boarders. He had a collection of pets which included a spaniel, a one-eyed magpie, a cockatoo and several snakes. In February 1846, Bland married Eliza Smeathman, the widow of his close friend Charles Smeathman who had frequently acted as coroner . Bland County, New South Wales was named in his honour. An electoral division in
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#17328445205241408-463: Is the largest voluntary association of doctors in Australia. This is down from previous levels of 95% in 1962 and 50% in 1987. The rate of membership amongst Australian GPs is lower than for other doctors, with approximately 6,000 out of 45,000 GPs being AMA members. Engagement of GPs by the AMA is lower than for the RACGP and ACRRM. In 2020, the incoming AMA President Omar Khorshid claimed in an interview that
1472-483: Is the namesake of Bland Shire and the former Division of Bland in federal parliament. Bland was born in London on 5 November 1789. He was the second son of Robert Bland , an obstetrician who wrote for Rees's Cyclopædia . His grandfather Robert Bland was an attorney-at-law at King's Lynn . The identity of Bland's mother is uncertain. He had at least three siblings, an older brother and two sisters. His brother Robert
1536-660: The Australian Medical Journal . He was the founding president of the Australian Medical Association in 1859 and also had a long association with the Benevolent Society . Outside of medicine Bland was a co-founder of the Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts and served terms as treasurer and president of Sydney College, a forerunner to the University of Sydney . He was also an inventor, receiving
1600-741: The COVID-19 pandemic in Australia despite being profitable during 2020. The AMA acknowledges the scientific consensus that climate change is real and anthropogenic. In September 2019, the AMA officially declared climate change a public health emergency , stating that "The scientific reality is that climate change affects health and well-being by increasing the situations in which infectious diseases can be transmitted, and through more extreme weather events, particularly heatwaves." Tony Bartone, AMA President, noted that climate change will cause "higher mortality and morbidity from heat stress ; injury and mortality from increasingly severe weather events ; increases in
1664-519: The Colonial Office that the first Ship to be constructed should be named in honour of Queen Victoria . In 1866, Bland sent copies of his pamphlet to George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll , the president of the newly formed Aeronautical Society of Great Britain , requesting that the Ship be given a trial. The Duke of Argyll declined on the grounds that he believed aerial navigation would only be possible with
1728-531: The Royal Navy 's medical service as a "surgeon's mate" after passing the examination conducted by the Royal College of Surgeons of England . He was promoted to naval surgeon in 1812 and was stationed aboard HMS Hesper on the East Indies Station . On 7 April 1813, Bland shot and killed Robert Case, the ship's purser on Hesper , in a duel on Cross Island in Bombay Harbour . The duel stemmed from
1792-511: The UK the Science Council defines a professional body as "an organisation with individual members practicing a profession or occupation in which the organisation maintains an oversight of the knowledge, skills, conduct and practice of that profession or occupation". The Quality Assurance Agency distinguishes between statutory bodies and regulators that "have powers mandated by Parliament to regulate
1856-617: The gondola or "car" be fitted with "sliding ballast", which the operator would move to the front, back or centre of the airship to effect an ascent or descent. In June 1859, Bland gave an address to the Royal Society of New South Wales titled "On Atmotic Navigation", which was one of the first lectures on aviation in Australia. Bland continued to lobby for the Ship to be trialled up until his death in 1868. He wrote letters to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, and Tsar Alexander II of Russia , and proposed to
1920-606: The 1813 duel, and the bill failed. Bland challenged Lowe to a duel but Lowe avoided it. When the bill was re-introduced Bland's name had been omitted, and the bill was passed, but without the list of nominees, and the proclamation appointing the Senate on 24 December 1850 did not include Bland. A banquet was held in July 1856 to celebrate the grant of a new Constitution by the British government. Bland accepted an invitation to preside and received
1984-607: The AMA are Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians , Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine , College of Intensive Care Medicine and the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators . The AMA offers an Indigenous Medical Scholarship. It has called upon the Federal government to spend more on Indigenous Health in a number of areas. However, the AMA lobbied against equitable time-tiered Medicare consultation rebates for different specialists, which
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2048-438: The AMA could still advocate on behalf of all doctors, even though only 30% of doctors supported the AMA through membership. There are 15 officially recognised specialty medical Colleges in Australia . The AMA offers only the 11 largest out of the 15 representation on AMA Federal Council with the smaller Colleges currently ineligible for representation. The official Australian medical colleges that do not have representation within
2112-561: The BMA. Several physicians were prominent in the Royal Society of Tasmania , established in 1843, including state premiers James Agnew and William Crowther . However, it was not until 1896 that Agnew established a medical section of the Royal Society, which functioned as the main medical organisation in Tasmania for 15 years. Attempts to establish a branch of the BMA were made as early as the 1880s, driven by Victorian-trained doctors. In 1897
2176-453: The MSV over its failure to support him in a lawsuit and led moves to establish Victorian branch of the BMA, with surgeon William Gilbee as president. The MSV and BMA alternated between periods of enmity and cooperation until 1906, when they formally merged. Surgeon George Adlington Syme and Harry Brookes Allen were prominent supporters of the merger. Due to its small population and distance from
2240-471: The Medical Society of Victoria (MSV). With James Edward Neild as honorary secretary, the MSV established a medical library and began publishing the Australian Medical Journal . However, it suffered from a series of internal conflicts between members and in 1868 was joined by a rival Medical Association of Victoria (MAV), publishing an alternative Australian Medical Gazette . In 1879, Neild resigned from
2304-540: The Ripon land regulations. In September 1834 Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer, M.P. , wrote from England that the Australian situation was not well understood in London. He suggested that an organised association should be formed, and that it should appoint a parliamentary agent for New South Wales. As a result, the Australian Patriotic Association was formed in 1835 by William Wentworth ; Bland was its "chairman of
2368-569: The best way to construct a transatlantic telegraph cable. He died intestate in Sydney on 21 July 1868 of pneumonia, and was accorded a State Funeral. In April 1817, Bland married Sarah Henry, the 20-year-old daughter of William Henry of the London Missionary Society . Henry had previously lived in Tahiti , where her father was a missionary, and was sent to Sydney after falling in love with
2432-638: The colony. He then sued Drake for " criminal conversation " and was awarded damages of £2,000 (equivalent to £180,000 in 2023), although he probably never received any money. Bland placed an advertisement in the Sydney Gazette "cautioning the public" against extending any credit to his wife. They remained legally married after their separation and he provided maintenance of £50 per year (equivalent to £4,610 in 2023) until her death in England in about 1840. After separating from his first wife, Bland lived in
2496-490: The committee of correspondence" (i.e., secretary). In 1839 he contributed funds and land to the building of St John's Ashfield . During 1839–1841, Bland wrote letters for Australian Patriotic Association (emancipists), which now show the constitutional struggles towards autonomy. Bland, as secretary to the association, helped draft two bills for a "representative constitution", which was approved in 1842 with Bland representing Sydney at its reading and approval passages. Bland
2560-535: The dangerous consequences and try to get an opportunity to give them education and access to rehabilitation in terms of trying to reduce their drug dependency." NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian rejected the AMA's call for pill testing. In June 2021, AMA President Omar Khorshid advocated for the construction of “purpose-built quarantine facilities” across each state and territory in Australia, particularly areas with significant international travel. Professional association A professional association (also called
2624-729: The first federal parliament, the Division of Bland , was named after him. This division was abolished in 1906. Bland is also commemorated in the name of Bland Shire Council and Bland Street in suburban Ashfield and Haberfield where he purchased land in 1839. Bland Street and the Bland Oak in Oakdene Park, Carramar, New South Wales are located what was known as the Mark Lodge estate, acquired by Bland in 1840. In honour of Dr William Bland's contribution to medical practice within early Australia,
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2688-450: The offices of its branches in each of the states and territories in Australia. The organisation aims to lead health policy debate. It is based on a structure of state branches and committees. The AMA supports patient care and uses a variety of mechanisms that promote and protect the interests of doctors in Australia. It has around 30,000 members forming the largest voluntary association of doctors in Australia. The AMA has traditionally been
2752-471: The other Australian branches. The motion was made by William Thornborough Hayward . The BMA Branches of the Australian states and territories formally merged into the Australian Medical Association in 1962. The AMA has traditionally been a conservative (rather than progressive) body, often opposing change rather than lobbying for change within medicine. For example, the AMA released a press release in early 2019 claiming an "Advocacy breakthrough" which in fact
2816-439: The other colonies in establishing a branch of the BMA, with ophthalmologist William Frederick Taylor as inaugural branch president. The South Australian Medical Association was established in 1872 with surgeon William Gosse as president, but it was wound up in 1881. Many physicians were also prominent in the Royal Society of South Australia , including Joseph Verco , George Mayo and Edward Charles Stirling . South Australia
2880-556: The other colonies, no serious attempts to establish a medical association in Western Australia were made until the 1880s. The Western Australian Medical Association was established in 1897, but lasted less than a year before a local branch of the BMA was set up with Alfred Waylen as inaugural president. In 1911, the South Australian branch of the BMA resolved that a federal committee be established to co-ordinate activities with
2944-450: The problem of managing ascents and descents and navigating through the air. Additionally, he had previously corresponded with Francis Forbes, the son of Chief Justice Sir Francis Forbes , who had in 1843 put forward a proposal for an "aerial carriage" based on a steam-powered kite. Bland sought to put forward a solution to the problem of managing ascents and descents that did not require releasing gas or jettisoning ballast. He proposed that
3008-476: The skills and competencies necessary to practice, and granting professional certifications to indicate that a person is qualified in the subject area. Many professional bodies also act as learned societies for the academic disciplines underlying their professions, such as the American Statistical Association . William Bland William Bland (5 November 1789 – 21 July 1868) was
3072-500: The transmission of vector-borne diseases ; food insecurity resulting from declines in agricultural outputs; a higher incidence of mental-ill health ". The AMA has agreed with Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA) that the healthcare sector in Australia should aim for a 80% reduction in emissions by 2030, but the AMA is still supportive of medical procedures with a poor evidence-base that could be considered wasteful and
3136-453: Was "fortunate enough to obtain the steady and firm friendship". An account of Davey's actions was passed on to Lachlan Macquarie , the newly appointed governor of New South Wales , who stated that he had committed a "very great irregularity" in receiving the convicts. In June 1814, Bland was sent on to Sydney . He was almost immediately granted his freedom by Macquarie and in September 1814
3200-552: Was a clergyman, poet and teacher at Harrow School , while his sister Sophia married John Benjamin Heath , a governor of the Bank of England . Bland was likely to have been educated at a public school , possibly at the Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood . He followed his father into the medical profession and may have served as his apprentice. In January 1809, he qualified for entry into
3264-531: Was a key figure in the creation of the Australian Patriotic Association in 1835. Following constitutional reform, in 1843 Bland became one of the first elected members of the New South Wales Legislative Council . He served multiple terms in parliament where he supported land reform and opposed the interests of the Squattocracy . Bland was granted a state funeral upon his death in 1868. He
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#17328445205243328-579: Was an elected member of the NSW Legislative Council twice (1843–1848, 1849–1850) for the City of Sydney and after the introduction of responsible government was appointed to the NSW Legislative Council (1858–1861). In 1849 Wentworth introduced a bill into the Legislature to create the University of Sydney , naming Bland as one of its first senators, but Robert Lowe raised Bland's criminal record and
3392-467: Was appointed as the medical superintendent of the Castle Hill Lunatic Asylum . He was also granted some nearby government land for his own use. The appointment of convicts to government positions was not uncommon at the time due to a shortage of qualified individuals; the colony's principal surgeon D'Arcy Wentworth and assistant surgeon William Redfern were also ex-convicts. Bland received
3456-496: Was disbanded in 1851, the same year that the district became the separate colony of Victoria , but the following year was replaced by a new Victorian Medical Association (VMA) with David Elliot Wilkie as president. A rival Medical-Chirurgical Association of Victoria (MCA) was established in 1853 by William McCrea , joined by a number of independent bodies in gold rush districts such as Castlemaine , Mount Alexander , Bendigo and Ballarat . The VMA and MCA merged in 1855 to form
3520-559: Was established in 1871 with Kearsay Cannan as president and Joseph Bancroft as secretary. Following conflict between members, it was replaced by the Medical Society of Queensland (MSQ) in 1882 with Kevin Izod O'Doherty as inaugural president, later replaced by Bancroft. The society was complemented by the Queensland Medico-Ethical Association led by surgeon John Thomson . After Bancroft's death in 1894, Queensland followed
3584-507: Was formed in 1844 aiming to "maintain and secure the dignity and the privileges of the medical and surgical profession in this colony". Prominent surgeon and former convict William Bland was a founding member, but the organisation was short-lived. In 1850, Irish-trained physician Henry Douglass revived the Australian Philosophical Society (later the Royal Society of New South Wales ), which included Charles Nicholson and
3648-501: Was given eight years as he was judged to have played a greater part in the circumstances surrounding the duel. Bland arrived in Hobart as a convict in January 1814, transported with his co-offender Randall. Despite their status as criminals, they were invited to dine with senior army officers and invited to Government House by Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Davey , of whom Bland stated that he
3712-619: Was proposed by the MBS Review Taskforce. Inability to access equitable time-tiered MBS rebates for Sport & Exercise Medicine specialists under Medicare is an important issue for Indigenous Australians. In 2020, the AMA President Tony Bartone criticised attendees at the Black Lives Matter rallies in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic for attending a large gathering, although AMA (WA) President Andrew Miller
3776-543: Was sentenced to penal transportation , initially to Van Diemen's Land and then to New South Wales, where he was assigned to work at the Castle Hill Lunatic Asylum . He received a pardon in 1815 owing to the lack of qualified medical practitioners in the colony. As one of the few surgeons in New South Wales, Bland practised medicine in Sydney for over 50 years. He developed new surgical techniques and improvised surgical instruments, publishing papers in The Lancet and later in
3840-621: Was supportive. The AMA formed an Equity, Inclusion and Diversity Committee (EIDC) in 2016, which produced an anti-racism statement in 2018 . The AMA held a Gender Equity Summit in 2019 and set targets to improve female representation on AMA Boards and Committees, aiming for >=40%. The AMA has only had two female Presidents in its history. In early 2020, less than 20% of members on AMA Federal Council were female. After elections in mid-2020, this had increased to 27% of members on Federal council being female. In 2017, 42% of doctors were female in Australia. The Medico-Chirurgical Association of Australia
3904-506: Was the first colony to establish a branch of the British Medical Association, doing so in 1879 with Gosse as president and Thomas Wilson Corbin as secretary. The South Australian branch of the BMA proved to be the most active in Australia, lobbying for the creation of a medical school at the University of Adelaide , organising the first Intercolonial Medical Congress in 1887, and encouraging other colonies to also affiliate with
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#17328445205243968-630: Was the subject of the oldest surviving photograph taken in Australia, held by the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales . The Atmotic Ship was an experimental steam-powered airship designed in 1851 by Bland. No prototype was ever constructed. According to Bland, the idea for the Atmotic Ship came to him in March 1851. He may have been inspired by reports on ballooning carried in The Sydney Morning Herald , which drew attention to
4032-548: Was to "oppose changes" being considered under a wide-ranging review of the Medicare Benefits Schedule. Historically the AMA has tended to oppose "government interference in the practice of medicine" advocating on behalf of the service-providers (doctors) rather than the consumers (patients). The AMA has been recently criticised for accepting the Australian Federal Government's JobSeeker subsidy during
4096-460: Was wound up in 1869. Following the demise of the original AMA, unsuccessful attempts at revival were made by Frederick Milford and Charles Nathan . In 1876, Nicholson established a medical section of the Royal Society with the aid of Normand MacLaurin and Philip Sydney Jones . A New South Wales branch of the BMA was established in 1880, receiving official recognition on the same date as the South Australian branch. The Queensland Medical Society
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