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46-547: Aurunci is the name given by Roman writers to an ancient race or nation of Italy. It appears that "Aurunci" was the appellation the Romans gave to the people called " Ausones " by the Greeks. One form might be derived from the other by rhotacism (corruption of sound "s" in "r") (Ausoni > Auroni > Auronici > Aurunci). The identity of the two is distinctly asserted by Servius , and clearly implied by Cassius Dio , where he says that

92-680: A subduction zone where the African Plate moving locally from southwest to northeast is carried under the European Plate . There is some counterclockwise rotation of Italy; hence the faults in the Tyrrhenian Sea slip both parallel to the shoreline and perpendicular to it. The surface rock in the Anti-Apennines was deposited on the floor of Tethys Sea during the Jurassic and Cretaceous of

138-615: A few years afterwards the success of the Samnites at Lautulae induced them to rebel, their three remaining towns were easily reduced by the Roman consuls, and their inhabitants put to the sword. On this occasion Livy tells us that "the Ausonian nation was destroyed"; it is certain that its name does not again appear in history, and is only noticed by Pliny among the extinct races which had formerly inhabited Latium. According to different classical sources

184-454: A little later he tells us that they had three cities, Ausona, Minturnae, and Vescia, all of which seem to have been situated in the plains bordering on the Liris , not far from its outlet. At this period they were certainly an inconsiderable tribe, and were able to offer but little resistance to the Romans. Their city of Cales was captured, and soon after occupied by a Roman colony, 333 BC; and though

230-525: A warlike and powerful nation who had extended their conquests to the borders of Latium. Livy tells us that in 503 and 502 BC, the Latin cities of Cora and Pometia revolted and allied themselves with the Aurunci. These powerful neighbours supported them with a large army against the infant republic; however, Rome ultimately prevailed. A few years later, in 495 BC, at around the time of a Volscian attack upon Rome ,

276-786: Is a mountain range of southern Lazio , in central Italy. It is part of the Antiappennini , a group running from the Apennines chain to the Tyrrhenian Sea , where it forms the promontory of Gaeta . It is bounded to the north-west by the Ausoni Mountains , to the north by the Liri river, to the east by the Ausente , to the south-east by the Garigliano and to the south by the Tyrrhenian sea. The line between

322-519: Is originally connected with the same root as Oscus or Opicus. The first Greek settlers found Italy inhabited by three major populations: Ausones, Oenotrians and Iapyges . The Ausones spoke an Indo-European language. The core of the Ausonian people lived in a territory termed Ausonia: during the 8th century BC it included what is now southern Lazio and Campania until the Sele river. In one passage Livy speaks of Cales as their chief city; but

368-561: Is very vague and fluctuating, perhaps in no instance more so than in the case of the Ausones or Ausonians. Originally "Aurunci" was the appellation given by the Romans to the people called "Ausones" by the Greeks: Indeed, the two names are merely different forms of the same, as around the 4th century BCE, Latin medial "s" (at this point representing [z]) shifted to “r” (pronounced [r]). (Aurunci = Auronici = Auruni = Ausuni). The identity of

414-590: The Lipari Islands derive their name. From 1240 to 850 BC the Aeolian Islands are occupied by a group of Ausones brought there by the legendary Liparus. According to a legend Liparus is succeeded by Aeolus whose house, according to Homer , gave hospitality to Ulysses . This continuous occupation may have been interrupted violently when during the late 9th century BC the Ausonian civilisation site, Lipara , on

460-577: The Mesozoic . This lighter calcareous rock rides over the front of the subduction zone, uplifted by compressional and isostatic forces. Just behind it is a zone of crustal thinning caused by extensional forces; i.e., the subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression with a peak under the Anti-Apennines and a valley in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The result is a karst-graben or half-graben landform with

506-684: The Pantalica I and II ( Cassibile ) phases in Sicily (See Luigi Bernabò Brea ). Cales , in the commune of Calvi Risorta ( province of Caserta , Campania ), of which remains has been found, has been identified as an Ausonian city. In the park of Roccamonfina remains of a polygonal line of walls belonging to the Ausonian civilization have been discovered. "In multis verbis, in quo antiqui dicebant s, postea dicunt r... foedesum foederum, plusima plurima, meliosem meliorem, asenam arenam." Aurunci mountains The Monti Aurunci (or Aurunci Mountains )

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552-458: The Apennines proper. The Monti Aurunci mainly consist of friable limestone , which becomes harder toward Gaeta . The degree of faulting and cracking is so high that the mountains retain no rainfall; it sinks in to emerge as springs (and used as wells) on the lower flanks. The stream beds are dry except for vernal pools. Most generally, the western-central coastal region of Italy is the front of

598-608: The Aurunci and the Ausoni has not been clearly established but the Aurunci are considered by convention to be east of a line through Fondi , Lenola , Pico , S. Giovanni and Incarico. Altitudes vary from hills to the 1,533 m of Monte Petrella . Main peaks include the Redentore (1,252 m) and Monte Sant'Angelo (1,402 m). They include a regional park, the Parco Naturale dei Monti Aurunci , created in 1997. The mountains take

644-552: The Aurunci took up arms against Rome in support of the Volscian cause, and advanced with their army as far as Aricia , where they were defeated by the Roman consul Publius Servilius Priscus Structus . From this time, the name of the Aurunci does not again occur until 344 BC, when it is evident that Livy is speaking only of the people who inhabited the mountain of Rocca Monfina, who were defeated and reduced to submission without difficulty. A few years later (337 BC), they were compelled by

690-578: The Ausones ". Polybius , on the contrary, regarded the two nations as different, and spoke of Campania as inhabited by the Ausonians and Opicans. This does not necessarily prove that they were really distinct, as some authors mention the Opicans and Oscans as if they were two different nations when they are clearly the same. However, the use of "Ausones" as identical with that of the Opicans may simply be due to

736-548: The Ausones were also settled in Calabria . The Ausones allied with the Samnites against the Romans . The main Ausonian cities of Ausona , Minturnae , Vescia and Sinuessa , according to Livy were destroyed. According to a legend told by Diodorus Siculus , the king of the Ausones was Auson , son of Ulysses and Circe (or Calypso ). The son of Auson was Liparus , from whence

782-537: The EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) obtained in 2009, has started decommissioning with Sogin (the Italian state company responsible for the dismantling of Italian nuclear plants and for the management and safety of radioactive waste) which is owner since 1999: by 2028 it is expected that the 268,150 tons of waste and 5,739 tons of radioactive waste will be adequately treated, for a total cost of 383 million euros. The "skeleton" of

828-477: The Latin " Aurunci ", was a name applied by Greek writers to describe various Italic peoples inhabiting the southern and central regions of Italy. The term was used, specifically, to denote the particular tribe which Livy termed the Aurunci, but later it was applied to all Italians, and Ausonia became a poetic term, in Greek and Latin, for Italy itself. The usage, by ancient writers, in regard to national appellations

874-605: The Romans), known subsequently as the Tyrrhenian Sea , was in early ages commonly termed by the Greeks the Ausonian Sea. Other accounts, however, represent them as originally an inland people, dwelling in the mountains about Beneventum . Scymnus Chius also writes of them as occupying an inland region; and Strabo states that they had occupied the mountain tract above the Pontine marshes, and in Roman history only with Volscians . On

920-622: The Volscian Mountains as karst and the coastal chain of Pontine marshes , South Pontine marsh, Terracina Basin, Gaeta Basin and Volturno Basin as graben. This landform began to appear in the Messinian stage of the Miocene , about 7.2 to 5.3 million years ago. It went on to mature in the Pliocene . Also in this time volcanic activity associated with the faults and the weakening of the crust over

966-696: The adjective "Ausontan" both to the country and people, apparently as equivalent to "Italian"; for he includes under the appellation, Arpi in Apulia , Agylla in Etruria , the neighbourhood of Cumae in Campania, and the banks of the Crathis in Lucania. Apollonius Rhodius , a little later, seems to use the name of Ausonia precisely in the sense in which it is employed by Dionysius Periegetes and other Greek poets of later times (for

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1012-411: The arrival of the Greeks. The use of the name of Ausonia for the whole Italian peninsula was merely poetical, at least it is not found in any extant prose writer; and Dionysius indicates that it was used by the Greeks in very early times, associates it with Hesperia and Saturnia , both of them obviously poetical appellations. Lycophron , though he does not use the name of Ausonia, repeatedly applies

1058-458: The attacks of their neighbours, the Sidicini, to apply to Rome for aid, and meanwhile abandoned their stronghold on the mountain and established themselves in their new city of Suessa. No mention of their name is found in the subsequent Roman wars in this part of Italy. In 313 BC, a Roman colony was established at Suessa ; their national existence must have been thenceforth at an end. Their territory

1104-465: The fact "Ausones" was used as a vague term for all inhabitants of the Italian peninsula, as stated above. Indeed, it is probable that the Greeks frequently applied the name with little regard to accuracy, and may have included races widely different under the common appellation of Ausonians, but it is impossible to account for this vague and general use of the name, unless the people to whom it referred shared many attributes and formed an important part of

1150-524: The frogs are Bufo bufo , Bufo viridis , Hyla intermedia and Rana italica . The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant was constructed from 1959 to 1963 by General Electric on the Garigliano River, the water of which they used for cooling, on the border of the Monti Aurunci. It was intended to provide electrical power to the region. After several accidental releases of radioactive gas and water

1196-595: The highest recorded in Italy. Additional studies were unable to tie anomalies of the skull and teeth in the area's rodents to contamination from the power plant; maybe they are attributable to a naturally high radiational level caused by the volcanic intrusions in the rock. The lower Garigliano remains sparsely populated. Transparency table In 2011, the Transparency Table for the disposal of the Garigliano nuclear power plant

1242-417: The island of Lipari was burned and apparently not rebuilt. Around 1270 BC part of the Ausones relocated from Campania to Sicily . The excavations on Lipari have revealed an assemblage which shares many features with those of contemporary Southern Italy (in its Subapennine-Protovillanovan phases). This insular culture has been named as Ausonian I (1250/1200–1150 BC) and II (1150–850 BC) and associated with

1288-470: The later period of the fourth century BC, that the Romans came to distinguish the two names as applying to two separate political tribes of the same race. Evidently two parts of one people, both dwelling on the frontiers of Latium and Campania . For more details on this see Aurunci . It is possible the Ausonians may have also been identical with the Oscans (Opicans), as they were occasionally referred to by

1334-505: The mountain, while Suessa , which they subsequently made their capital, was on its south-western slope, commanding the fertile plains from there to the sea. On the east and south they bordered closely on the Sidicini of Teanum and the people of Cales, who, according to Livy , were also of Ausonian race, but were politically distinct from the Auruncans. Virgil evidently regards these hills as

1380-756: The name from the ancient tribe of the Aurunci , an offshoot of the Ausoni . Both tribes were derived from the Italic people who were called by the Romans the Volsci ; hence, the Monti Lepini , the Monti Ausoni and the Monti Aurunci are also called the Volsci or Volscian Chain. Coincidentally they are all of the same karst topography and have the same orogeny , which is not quite the same as

1426-522: The name of Ausonia was properly applied only to the land of the Auruncans, between the Volscians and the Campanians . In like manner, Festus makes the mythical hero Auson the founder of the city of Aurunea. Servius terms the Aurunci one of the most ancient nations of Italy. They appear to have been much more powerful and widely spread at an early period than we subsequently find them, but it does not appear that

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1472-408: The name was ever employed by the Romans in the vague and extended sense in which "Ausones" was used by the Greeks. At a later period, in the fourth century BC, the two names of Aurunci and Ausones had assumed a distinct signification, and came to be applied to two petty nations, evidently mere subdivisions of the same great race, both dwelling on the frontiers of Latium and Campania ; the Ausones on

1518-518: The net referring to the results of studies conducted at the beginning of the 1980s at ENEA, CNEN and SIMP (Italian Society of Mineralogy and Petrology) concerning the contamination of the Garigliano and part of the Gulf of Gaeta by radionuclides from the power plant. [15] The articles refer to the "Proceedings of the Italo-French Convention of Radiation Protection - Florence 30 May, 1 June 1983", to

1564-532: The original abode of the Auruncan, and speaks of them as merely a petty people. In contrast, in 495 BC, Dionysius of Halicarnassus refers to them as being a warlike people of great strength and fierceness, who occupied the fairest plains of Campania; so that it seems certain the name is here used as including the people to whom the name of Ausones (in its more limited sense) is afterwards applied. The first occasion in which they appear in Roman history exhibits them as

1610-471: The plant ceased operation in 1978 but continued to be used as a storage facility for radioactive waste, which was stored under the plant. Subsequent flooding carried the waste downstream into the Gulf of Gaeta. The effect on the ecology was toxic. One study reports: In fact the genetic damage observed in studies performed with the micronucleus test applied on wild rodents from the Piana del Garigliano resulted among

1656-461: The population of central Italy. The precise relation in which they were considered as having to the Opicans or Oscans it is impossible to determine, nor perhaps were the ideas of the Greeks themselves about this very clear and definite. The passages already cited prove that they were considered as occupying the western coast of Campania, on which account the Lower Sea ( Mare Inferum , as it was termed by

1702-432: The same name. Aristotle expressly states that the part of Italy towards Tyrrhenia was inhabited by the Opicans, "who were called, both formerly and in his time, by the additional name of Ausones". Antiochus of Syracuse stated, that Campania was at first occupied by the Opicans, "who were also called Ausonians". Hecataeus also seems to have had the same opinion as Antiochus, as he termed Nola in Campania "a city of

1748-546: The southern parts of the peninsula; though other authors certainly confounded them. Hellanicus of Lesbos according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus wrote of the Ausonians as crossing over into Sicily under their king Siculus, where the people meant are clearly the Siculi. Again, Strabo wrote of Temesa as founded by the Ausones, where he must probably mean the Oenotrians, the only people whom we know of as inhabiting these regions before

1794-518: The study conducted within ENEA entitled: "Influence of Geomorphological Factors on the distribution of Radionuclides - An example: from M. Circeo to Volturno "(by A. Brondi, O. Ferretti, C. Papucci) and to the" Report no.38 of the Italian Society of Mineralogy and Petrology "[16], which in turn refers to the results of the environmental research conducted at the end of the 1970s from CNEN.The plant, thanks to

1840-688: The subduction created the volcanic zones of Latium and Campania , which intruded into the karst-graben, mainly on the karst side. In the Pleistocene the basins slowly filled with sediment from the weak run-off of the mountains, accelerating with the deforestation of modern times. Of the Amphibians , Urodela are found at around 557 m (1,827 ft) and Anura at around 314 m (1,030 ft) in vernal pools, springs and wells. The salamanders are Salamandrina perspicillata , Triturus carnifex , Lissotriton italicus and Lissotriton vulgaris ;

1886-423: The two is distinctly asserted by Servius , and clearly implied by Cassius Dio , where he says that the name of Ausonia was properly applied only to the land of the Auruncans, between the Volscians and the Campanians . Nevertheless, it does not appear that the name "Aurunci" was ever employed by the Romans in the vague and extensive sense in which that of "Ausones" was used by the Greeks. Further, it seems, by

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1932-455: The west of the Liris, extending from there to the mountains of the Volscians ; the Auruncans, on the other hand, being confined to the detached group of volcanic mountains now called Monte Santa Croce , or Rocca Monfina , on the left bank of the Liris , together with the hills that slope from there towards the sea. Their ancient stronghold or metropolis, Aurunca was situated near the summit of

1978-466: The whole Italian peninsula). It was probably only adopted by the Alexandrian writers as a poetical equivalent for Italia, a name which is not found in any poets of that period. From them the name of Ausonia was adopted by the Roman poets in the same sense, and at a later period became not uncommon even in prose writers. The etymology of the name of Ausones is uncertain; but it seems not improbable that it

2024-505: The whole, it is probable that the name was applied with little discrimination to all the native races who, prior to the invasion of the Samnites , occupied Campania and the inland mountainous region afterwards known as Samnium , and from thence came to be gradually applied to all the inhabitants of central Italy. But they seem to have been regarded by the best authorities as distinct from the Oenotrians , or Pelasgic nations, which inhabited

2070-703: Was established in the Campania Region, with the resolution of G.R. n. 163 of 29/4/2011, integrated by the resolution of G.R. n. 428/2011. With the decree of the President of the Giunta n. 253 of 11/11/2011, the members of the Table were appointed, as identified by the bodies to which they belong, and the Regulations for its functioning were approved [14]. Disputes over possible radioactive leaks In April 2014, some articles appeared on

2116-399: Was subsequently included in Campania. The Aurunci mountains and the modern town of Sessa Aurunca bears the Aurunci's name. "In multis verbis, in quo antiqui dicebant s, postea dicunt r... foedesum foederum, plusima plurima, meliosem meliorem, asenam arenam." Ausones " Ausones " ( Ancient Greek : Αὔσονες ; Italian : Ausoni ), the original name and the extant Greek form for

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