Thoroughbred racing is a sport and industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred horses . It is governed by different national bodies. There are two forms of the sport – flat racing and jump racing, the latter known as National Hunt racing in the UK and steeplechasing in the US. Jump racing can be further divided into hurdling and steeplechasing .
138-664: August Belmont Jr. (February 18, 1853 – December 10, 1924) was an American financier. He financed the construction of the original New York City Subway line (1900–1904) and for many years headed the Interborough Rapid Transit Company , which ran the transit system. He also financed and led the construction of the Cape Cod Canal in Massachusetts, which opened in 1914. Belmont bought the land for and built New York's Belmont Park racetrack—named for his father—and
276-696: A Thoroughbred . It must also reside permanently at the yard of a trainer licensed by the BHA or a permit holder. Similarly the horse's owner or owners must be registered as owners. Thoroughbred racing is governed on a state-by-state basis in Australia. Racing NSW administers racing in New South Wales , Racing Victoria is the responsible entity in Victoria , the Brisbane Racing Club was an amalgamation in 2009 of
414-537: A bill allowing for the creation of a rapid transit commission in New York City, which was formed in 1875. In April 1877, the New York City Board of Alderman passed a resolution requesting that Commissioner Campbell assess the feasibility of constructing an underground line from City Hall to the existing line by private enterprise. The Commissioner was strongly in support of such a plan, and predicted that such
552-667: A connection running from the Third Avenue local tracks at Third Avenue and 149th Street to Westchester Avenue and Eagle Avenue. Once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10, 1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line. Elevated service on the White Plains Road Line via the Third Avenue elevated connection was resumed on October 1, 1907, when Second Avenue locals were extended to Freeman Street during rush hours. The West Side Branch
690-509: A different coloured cap) or the race club colours may be used. The horse owner typically pays a monthly retainer or, in North America, a "day rate" to his or her trainer , together with fees for use of the training center or gallops (if the horse is not stabled at a race track), veterinarian and farrier (horseshoer) fees and other expenses such as mortality insurance premiums, stakes entry fees and jockeys' fees. The typical cost of owning
828-452: A five-member Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners in April 1889 to lay out planned subway lines across the city. The Board held its first meeting on April 23, 1890, and elected August Belmont as its President. The Board sent a letter to Mayor Grant on June 20, telling him that state law made it illegal to construct a rail line on many streets in the city, making it impossible to provide routes for
966-696: A lease of only 35 years, was executed between the commission and the Rapid Transit Subway Construction Company on September 11, with construction beginning at State Street in Manhattan on November 8, 1902. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 as the operating company for both contracts; the IRT leased the Manhattan Railway Company , operator of the four elevated railway lines in Manhattan and
1104-668: A lieutenant at the Aviation Instruction Center at Foggia, Italy . Another son, Raymond Belmont, served as an Infantry officer with the 78th Division in France and participated in Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. His wife, Eleanor, also devoted much time to raising funds in aid of Belgian relief efforts and for the Red Cross , she made a number of trans-Atlantic trips as an inspector of United States Army camps. Belmont
1242-548: A line beginning with a loop at Broadway and Park Row around the General Post Office, before continuing as a four-track line via Park Row, Centre Street, Elm Street, Lafayette Place, Fourth Avenue, 42nd Street and Broadway to 103rd Street. Then the line would diverge, with a western branch running under Broadway to Fort George before continuing via a viaduct over Ellwood Street and Kingsbridge Road to Bailey Avenue. The intermediate section would be largely underground, except for
1380-572: A line would have a daily ridership of 100,000, would make $ 1.8 million annually and would cost $ 9 to $ 10 million to build–in his mind, a financial success. William Vanderbilt was criticized for not following through on the plans of his father to extend the line to City Hall. In 1880, the New York Tunnel Railway was incorporated to construct a railroad from Washington Square Park under Wooster Street and University Street to 13th Street, and then under Fourth Avenue and 42nd Street to connect to
1518-480: A mezzanine impractical. Three stations, 168th Street , 181st Street , and Mott Avenue , were built at a deep level and contain arched ceilings; they were only reachable by elevators. The 191st Street station was also built at a deep level, but contains a passageway in addition to its elevator entrance. Deep stations had their ticket offices directly under the sidewalk, and had a stairway and elevators that could accommodate 3,500 riders per hour leading down to
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#17331156045101656-527: A modification to Contract 1 was made, allowing for the construction of an infill station on the West Farms Branch at Intervale Avenue. The station would have an escalator to the mezzanine, where the ticket office would be located. Construction of the station began in December 1909. The station opened on April 30, 1910, even though work on the station was not completed until July. In February 1910, work began on
1794-429: A modification was made to Contracts 1 and 2 to lengthen station platforms to increase the length of express trains to eight cars from six cars, and to lengthen local trains from five cars to six cars. In addition to $ 1.5 million spent on platform lengthening, $ 500,000 was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. In September 1910, it
1932-741: A platform on the outer loop. The Central Park North–110th Street station , north of 96th Street, had a single island platform. Other nonstandard platform layouts included a Spanish solution (two side platforms, one island platform, and two tracks), used at the terminal stations at Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street and 180th Street–Bronx Park . Generally, local platforms south of 96th Street were originally 200 feet (61 m) long and between 10 and 20 feet (3.0 and 6.1 m) wide. Express platforms, all platforms north of 96th Street, and all Contract 2 platforms were originally 350 feet (110 m) long and between 15.5 and 30 feet (4.7 and 9.1 m) wide. The 200-foot local platforms could fit five cars of
2070-561: A polo team with Harry Payne Whitney . It was here he stood the Hall of Fame stallion Kentucky . In the early 1880s, Belmont Sr. leased a farm property in Kentucky , located about three miles outside Lexington . After transferring all of the breeding business there, Belmont Jr. developed a very important stud farm whose influences are still felt today. Given the same name as the New York operation, at
2208-404: A population of over one million, of which New York City was the only one, to create a board of "rapid transit railroad commissioners." This Board would determine whether it was necessary to build a rapid transit system, and if this were the case, would adopt a route for the construction of a railroad and obtain permission for its construction from local authorities, and local property owners, or from
2346-540: A possible future extension south under Broadway. To allow for the switching back of express trains, a relay track was constructed under Park Row, allowing for a future southern extension under Broadway. On December 20, 1900, the contractor requested that the plans for the Manhattan Valley Viaduct be modified to allow for a three-track structure and for the construction of a third track at the 145th Street, 116th Street, and 110th Street stations. The Board adopted
2484-486: A race horse in training for one year is in the order of £15,000 in the United Kingdom and as much as $ 35,000 at major race tracks in North America. The facilities available to trainers vary enormously. Some trainers have only a few horses in the yard and pay to use other trainers' gallops. Other trainers have every conceivable training asset. It is a feature of racing that a modest establishment often holds its own against
2622-536: A result of the Hart–Agnew Law banning parimutuel betting , Belmont stood American stallions at Haras de Villers such as Flint Rock, Ethelbert, and the sire of Norman III, Octagon. At his French farm, he bred notable horses such as Prix de Diane winner Qu'elle est Belle as well as Vulcain, one of the best three-year-olds of his generation in France. Belmont operated the Kentucky farm until his death in 1924 after which
2760-546: A series of hearings, it unanimously concluded that a rapid transit system was needed in New York City and that it should be completed through an underground system. The board released a plan for a mostly underground rapid transit line on October 20, 1891, and obtained consent from local authorities and the General Term of the New York Supreme Court. The Board adopted detailed plans for the railroad, and opened bidding for
2898-422: A station to run more closely to the stopped train, eliminating the need to be separated by hundreds of feet. The new signals were also installed at Grand Central, 14th Street, Brooklyn Bridge, and 72nd Street by November 1909, allowing the IRT to run two or three more trains during peak hours. On June 18, 1908, a modification to Contract 2 was made to add shuttle service between Bowling Green and South Ferry. At
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#17331156045103036-461: A storage yard between 137th Street and 145th Street, with three tracks on either side of the main line to allow for the storage of 150 cars. The Board authorized the request on May 2, 1901, and rescinded the March 7 resolution. The new resolution specified that the third track would be for express trains. However, construction on the section between 104th Street and 125th Street had already begun prior to
3174-567: A subway line that would benefit the public. The Board later adopted a route that would avoid these restrictions, with the section of the route between 42nd Street and City Hall being identical to the route of the first subway line that would be built. As a result of the worsening transportation situation in the city, and requests for action by the public, the State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act of 1891, allowing all cities with
3312-454: A subway system if New York City loaned it money to undertake the work. A committee of the most influential members of the Chamber came out in support of the proposition, but former Mayor Hewitt stated it was not wise to present the public with a proposal in which public money would be used by the private sector. Hewitt's opinion was unanimously approved by the Chamber of Commerce, and a new committee
3450-455: Is distinguished between hurdles races and chases: the former are run over low obstacles and the latter over larger fences that are much more difficult to jump. National Hunt races are started by flag, which means that horses line up at the start behind a tape. Jump racing is popular in the UK, Ireland, France and parts of Central Europe, but only a minor sport or completely unknown in most other regions of
3588-542: Is generally seen as serving the purpose of gambling rather than identifying the fastest horses, some of the best known races in the world, such as the Grand National or Melbourne Cup are run as handicaps. Flat races can be run under varying distances and on different terms. Historically, the major flat racing countries were Australia, England, Ireland, France and the United States, but other countries, such as Japan and
3726-511: Is the rulemaking and enforcement body, whilst Horse Racing Ireland governs and promotes racing. In 2013, Ireland exported more than 4,800 Thoroughbreds to 37 countries worldwide with a total value in excess of €205 million ($ 278 million). This is double the number of horses exported annually from the U.S. In Great Britain , Thoroughbred horse racing is governed by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) which makes and enforces
3864-482: Is wide enough that stations' platforms generally did not extend under the sidewalk; at these stations, access to the platforms was provided by a single wide staircase. Most stations in which the tracks were not under the middle of the street, with only a single platform under the sidewalks, were supplied with a pair of wide staircases due to their location in Harlem's business district. Among stations with two side platforms,
4002-602: The Beach Pneumatic Railroad Company . Since none of these companies could obtain enough capital to fund construction, proposals to construct a subway line died by 1875. That year, the Rapid Transit Act of 1875 was passed, allowing for the construction of multiple elevated rail lines in the city, which reduced demand for a subway line until 1884. In 1874, the New York State Legislature passed
4140-575: The Carnegie Steel Company . United Building Materials Company was to supply 1.5 million barrels of cement, which would be used to make 400,000 cubic yards of concrete. These were said to be "the largest ever undertaken by an individual firm for supplying cement and steel for a single engineering work". On February 26, the Board instructed the Chief Engineer to evaluate the feasibility of extending
4278-466: The Interborough Rapid Transit Company in 1902 to help finance the construction of and operate the first line of what is now the New York City Subway . He served as president, and, in 1907, chairman of the company. Belmont holds the distinction of owning the world's only purpose built private subway car. Named Mineola , it was used by Belmont to give tours of the IRT. The car is now preserved at
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4416-690: The Shore Line Trolley Museum . Following the United States' entry into World War I, Belmont, at age 64, volunteered to assist the war effort and was sent to France by the United States Army . He received a commission as major in the United States Army Air Service on November 9, 1917, in France. He was assigned to the supply department of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) and conducted negotiations with
4554-639: The Woodbine Entertainment Group , formerly Ontario Jockey Club. While British Columbia's major venue is Hastings Racecourse with popular events like the annual BC Derby. Thoroughbred racing is divided into two codes: flat racing and jump races. The most significant races are categorised as Group races or Graded stakes races . Every governing body is free to set its own standards, so the quality of races may differ. Horses are also run under different conditions, for example Handicap races , Weight for Age races or Scale-Weight. Although handicapping
4692-647: The Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners from the 1891 law. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons , chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side , where two branches would lead north into the Bronx . As part of the project, Parsons investigated other cities' transit systems to determine features that could be used in
4830-416: The Board on February 19, 1904, for his proposals in Manhattan and the Bronx, and released his proposals for Brooklyn and Queens on March 12. On June 27, 1907, a modification called the 96th Street Improvement was made to Contract 1, which would add tracks at 96th Street in order to remove the at-grade junction north of the 96th Street station. Here, trains from Lenox Avenue and Broadway would switch to get to
4968-493: The Broadway Line. The platforms at all but three express stations were extended to accommodate ten-car trains. The platforms at 168th Street and 181st Street, and the northbound platform at Grand Central, were not extended. Until the platform extensions were completed, the first two cars of trains overshot the platform, and the doors did not open in these cars. All southbound stations on the Broadway Line north of 96th Street and on
5106-606: The Bronx, on April 1, 1903. On July 12, 1900, the contract was modified to widen the subway at Spring Street to allow for the construction of 600 feet (183 m) of a fifth track, and to lengthen express station platforms to 350 feet (107 m) to accommodate longer trains. On June 21, 1900, the route of Contract 1 was modified at Fort George in Upper Manhattan. The route was changed to run over Nagle Avenue and Amsterdam Avenue instead of over Ellwood Street, between Eleventh Avenue and Kingsbridge Avenue or Broadway. The route of
5244-573: The Bronx. The lines used third rail power supplied by the IRT Powerhouse , as well as rolling stock made of steel or of steel–wood composite. The city could only afford one subway line in 1900 and had hoped that the IRT would serve mainly to relieve overcrowding on the existing transit system, but the line was extremely popular, accommodating 1.2 million riders a day by 1914. Although the subway had little impact on retail in Lower and Midtown Manhattan ,
5382-660: The East River, Joralemon Street, Fulton Street, and Flatbush Avenue to Atlantic Avenue. The second route would have followed the first route but would have gone to Hamilton Avenue before going towards Bay Ridge and South Brooklyn. On January 24, 1901, the Board adopted the first route, which would extend the subway 3.1 miles (5.0 km) from City Hall to the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s Flatbush Avenue terminal station (now known as Atlantic Terminal) in Brooklyn. The line's cost
5520-687: The East Side Branch to West Farms ( 180th Street ). Beginning on June 18, 1906, Lenox Avenue express trains no longer ran to 145th Street; all Lenox Avenue express trains ran to the West Farms Line. When the Brooklyn branch opened, all West Farms express trains and rush-hour Broadway express trains operated through to Brooklyn. Essentially each branch had a local and an express, with express service to Broadway (242nd Street) and West Farms, and local service to Broadway and Lenox Avenue (145th Street). In November 1906, some southbound express trains on
5658-745: The East, after the repeal of the racing law in New York State." Belmont served as the first president of The Jockey Club and was chairman of the New York State Racing Commission . In 1895 he was one of the nine founding members of the National Steeplechase Association . Belmont inherited Nursery Stud , a Thoroughbred breeding operation established in 1867 by his father at his 1,100-acre (4.5 km) Babylon, New York , estate. There, Belmont raised polo ponies and played on
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5796-1138: The Fourth Avenue Improvement. On October 2, 1895, the Central Tunnel Company, the New-York and New-Jersey Tunnel Railroad Company, and the Terminal Underground Railroad Company of New York were consolidated into the Underground Railroad Company of the City of New York. Together, they planned to build a line running from City Hall Park to the Fourth Avenue Improvement. The line would have run north under Chambers Street and Reade Street, before going up Elm Street to Spring Street, Marion Street and Mulberry Streets , before continuing through blocks and Great Jones Street, Lafayette Place , Astor Place and Eighth Street , and then under Ninth Street to Fourth Avenue, before heading under 42nd Street to Grand Central Depot to connect with
5934-516: The Fourth Avenue Improvement. The line would have had three connecting branches. In January 1888, Mayor Abram Hewitt , in his message to the New York City Common Council , conveyed his belief that a subway line could not be built in New York City without the use of credit from the city government, and that if city funding were used, the city should own the subway line. He stated that a private company would likely be needed to undertake
6072-476: The General Term of the New York Supreme Court . The Board would then approve detailed plans for the operation and construction of the railroad and sell the right to operate and construct the rail line. The government could issue bonds in order to fund rapid transit for the city. The year, a five-member rapid transit board for the city, called the Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners, was appointed. After
6210-475: The IRT subway The first regularly operated line of the New York City Subway was opened on October 27, 1904, and was operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The early IRT system consisted of a single trunk line running south from 96th Street in Manhattan (running under Broadway , 42nd Street , Park Avenue , and Lafayette Street ), with a southern branch to Brooklyn . North of 96th Street,
6348-414: The IRT's original rolling stock, while the 350-foot platforms could fit eight original cars. Both the local and express trains were slightly longer than the platforms, as each car was about 51 feet (16 m) long; thus, the frontmost and rearmost doors of each train did not open. One major consideration was the avoidance of escalators and elevators as the primary means of access to the station. Many of
6486-533: The Kentucky Nursery Stud he bred 129 American Stakes winners. The greatest of the horses he bred was Man o' War , born while he was serving overseas in World War I. In his absence, his wife Eleanor named the new foal "My Man o' War" in honor of her husband but because of his age and the uncertainty as to the war's end, Belmont Jr. decided to disband the stable and with the "My" dropped from the name, Man o' War
6624-538: The Lenox Avenue Line coming from the Bronx. Residents of the area requested the construction of a station at this location again in 1921. The soil excavated during construction went to various places. In particular, Ellis Island in New York Harbor was expanded from 2.74 acres (1.11 ha) to 27.5 acres (11.1 ha), partially with soil from the excavation of the IRT line, while nearby Governors Island
6762-539: The Manhattan Valley Viaduct between 122nd Street and 135th Street, which would cross a deep valley there. The eastern branch was to run under private property to 104th Street, under that street, Central Park, Lenox Avenue, the Harlem River and 149th Street. At Third Avenue, the line would emerge onto a viaduct, continuing over Westchester Avenue, Southern Boulevard and Boston Road to Bronx Park. Both branches were to be two-track lines. Bids were opened on January 15, 1900, and
6900-623: The New York City Rapid Transit Company chartered in 1872 to build an underground line from Grand Central station to City Hall as an extension of the Park Avenue main line . The line would have run from Broadway's east side at City Hall Park east to Chatham or Centre Street, then to Park Street, Mott Street , the Bowery , Third Avenue, and Fourth Avenue to connect with the existing line between 48th Street and 59th Street. The line
7038-740: The Queensland Turf Club and Brisbane Racing Club, and administers racing in Queensland . Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne is home to the Melbourne Cup , the richest "two-mile" handicap in the world, and one of the richest turf races. The race is held on the first Tuesday in November during the Spring Racing Carnival , and is publicised in Australia as "the race that stops a nation". In
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#17331156045107176-619: The Rapid Transit Commission. The city government started construction on the first IRT subway in 1900, leasing it to the IRT for operation under Contracts 1 and 2. After the initial line was opened, several modifications and extensions were made in the 1900s and 1910s. The designs of the underground stations are inspired by those of the Paris Métro ; with few exceptions, Parsons's team designed two types of stations for Contracts 1 and 2. Many stations were built just below or above street level, as Parsons wished to avoid using escalators and elevators as
7314-587: The Rapid Transit Construction Company would provide the cost of necessary equipment, including signals, rolling stock, and power plants. A formal groundbreaking ceremony was done City Hall on March 24, pursuant to the contract's requirements. Shortly afterwards, the Rapid Transit Construction Company began preparing for the actual construction of the line, divided the route up into fifteen sections, and invited bids from subcontractors for each of these segments. Degnon-McLean Contracting Company
7452-581: The Royal Ascot Racing Club, 2003 Kentucky Derby winner Funny Cide, owned by a group of 10 partners organized as Sackatoga Stable, and 2008 Kentucky Derby winner Big Brown, owned by IEAH stables, a horse racing hedgefund organization. Historically, most race horses have been bred and raced by their owners. Beginning after World War II , the commercial breeding industry became significantly more important in North America , Europe and Australasia ,
7590-407: The Times Square and Astor Place stations had underpasses connecting the platforms, while the 103rd Street, 116th Street, 168th Street, 181st Street, and Mott Avenue stations had overpasses linking the platforms. Crossovers and crossunders were not provided at other stations, although underpasses were installed at 28th Street and 66th Street after the original IRT opened. A slight modification to
7728-492: The United Arab Emirates, have emerged in recent decades. Some countries and regions have a long tradition as major breeding centers, namely Ireland and Kentucky. In Europe and Australia, virtually all major races are run on turf (grass) courses, while in the United States, dirt surfaces (or, lately, artificial surfaces such as Polytrack ) are prevalent. In Canada, South America and Asia, both surface types are common. Jump races and steeplechases , called National Hunt racing in
7866-433: The United Kingdom and Ireland, are run over long distances, usually from two miles (3,200 m) up to four and a half miles (7,200 m), and horses carry more weight. Many jump racers, especially those bred in France, are not Thoroughbreds, being classified as AQPS . Novice jumping races involve horses that are starting out a jumping career, including horses that previously were trained in flat racing. National Hunt racing
8004-450: The United States, safety regulations and drug restrictions are primarily controlled at the federal level by the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority . Other aspects of racing regulation are highly fragmented. Generally, a racing commission or other state government entity in each U.S. state that conducts racing will license owners, trainers and others involved in the industry, set racing dates, and oversee wagering. Pedigree matters and
8142-512: The West Side branch began skipping the four stations between 137th and 96th Streets during rush hours; however, Upper Manhattan residents reported that these express services did not save time and operated inconsistently. When the "H" system opened in 1918, all trains from the old system were sent south from Times Square–42nd Street along the new IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line . Local trains (Broadway and Lenox Avenue) were sent to South Ferry , while express trains (Broadway and West Farms) used
8280-507: The White Plains Road Line north of 149th Street, as well as at Mott Avenue , Hoyt Street , and Nevins Street , were only eight cars long. Initially, express service ran every two minutes, running at an average speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), with service alternating between the east and west branches. Express trains were eight cars long, with three trailer cars, and five motor cars. Local trains ran at an average speed of 16 miles per hour (26 km/h), and also alternated between
8418-797: The age of 27. During the course of his career, Belmont was a director in the following businesses. In 1893 Belmont became president of the New York Athletic Club . In 1888 he became the American Kennel Club 's fourth president. In 1881, Belmont married childhood sweetheart and next-door neighbor, Elizabeth Hamilton Morgan (1862–1898). They had three sons together, August III (1882–1919), Raymond II (1888–1934), and Morgan Belmont (1892–1953). Elizabeth died at age thirty-six while visiting Paris, France, in 1898. A widower for twelve years, on February 26, 1910, Belmont married actress Eleanor Robson . He spent his last years on his 1,100-acre (4.5 km) estate in North Babylon, New York . He died on December 10, 1924, at his apartment at 550 Park Avenue . and
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#17331156045108556-418: The bigger players even in a top race. This is particularly true of national hunt racing . In 1976, Canadian Bound became the first Thoroughbred yearling racehorse ever to be sold for more than US$ 1 million when he was purchased at the Keeneland July sale by Canadians, Ted Burnett and John Sikura Jr. Per the Oxford English Dictionary the concept of a jockey club dates to at least 1775 and is, in
8694-441: The business was broken up and its bloodstock sold. According to Thoroughbred Heritage , today the property is home to a condominium development. Its horse cemetery, which became part of Hurstland Farm then the Nuckols Farm, is now occupied by the Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital . His son Raymond owned Belray Farm near Middleburg, Virginia , where the Hall of Fame horse Colin lived out his final years, dying there in 1932 at
8832-451: The commission put it, was necessitated by objections to using Broadway south of 34th Street . Legal challenges were finally taken care of near the end of 1899. Elm Street would be widened and cut through from Centre Street and Duane Street to Lafayette Place to provide a continuous thoroughfare for the subway to run under. On November 15, 1899, contract for the construction of the subway and for its operation were advertised. It called for
8970-402: The commission would lay out routes with the consent of property owners and local authorities, either build the system or sell a franchise for its construction, and lease it to a private operating company for fifty years. The law made it possible for the city to own the rapid transit system, and therefore borrow money to fund its construction. It also expected the new Board to continue the work of
9108-399: The completion of the IRT subway helped encourage other development, including residential growth in outlying areas and the relocation of Manhattan's Theater District . The Dual Contracts , signed in 1913, provided for the expansion of the subway system; as part of the Dual Contracts, a new H-shaped system was placed in service in 1918, splitting the original line into several segments. Most of
9246-418: The construction of a permanent terminal for the West Farms Branch at Zoological Park at 181st Street and Boston Road, replacing the temporary station at this location. The new station cost $ 30,000 and opened on October 28, 1910. To address overcrowding, the New York State Public Service Commission proposed to lengthen platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. On January 18, 1910,
9384-418: The construction of the line, and would have to provide a sufficient bond to complete the work to protect the city against loss. Hewitt said that the company would be able to operate the line, but would need to do so under rent, which would pay off the interest on the city bonds used to finance the construction of the line, and a sinking fund to pay off the payment of the bonds. Furthermore, the company should fund
9522-541: The construction of the track on January 15, 1903, and it was formally approved on March 24, 1904. The contractor for the subway purchased a large area of land on the Harlem River near 150th Street for the construction of a terminal for the East Side Line. On October 24, 1901, the Board voted to extend the line from 143rd Street to the terminal. As part of the plan, a station would be built at 145th Street instead of at 141st Street and Lenox Avenue. Some trains would originate at 145th Street instead of Bronx Park. This change
9660-416: The contract on December 29, 1892. While it received bids for the municipal rail line, no bids were selected as no responsible bidder was willing to take on the project. Following this failed attempt, the plan was essentially scrapped, and the Board lacked the power to act further. As a result of this failure, a proposition was made requesting that the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York construct
9798-402: The contract, later known as Contract 1, was executed on February 21, 1900, between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company , organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr. , for the construction of the subway and a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. As part of the agreement, $ 35 million would be provided for the total cost of the line, and
9936-592: The control of planner Robert Moses , the estate was later expanded to 459 acres (1.86 km) and turned into Belmont Lake State Park . The mansion served as headquarters for the Long Island State Park Commission until 1935, when it was demolished to make way for the current building. Two lines of pine trees that formerly surrounded the mansion's driveway are preserved in the median of the Southern State Parkway . Early history of
10074-471: The cost of the work to City Hall to be $ 8 to $ 10 million, and that the whole project would be completed by January 1, 1875. The line was expected to have 400,000 daily passengers, and trains would have traversed the line from City Hall to Grand Central in twelve minutes, and from there to the Harlem River in ten minutes. Although plans and surveys for the line were completed by January 1873, and proposals for
10212-447: The courts denying permission to build through Broadway in 1896. The Elm Street route was chosen later that year, cutting west to Broadway via 42nd Street . This new plan, formally adopted on January 14, 1897, consisted of a line from City Hall north to Kingsbridge and a branch under Lenox Avenue and to Bronx Park , to have four tracks from City Hall to the junction at 103rd Street. The "awkward alignment...along Forty-Second Street", as
10350-426: The design change, requiring that a portion of the work be undone. As part of the modifications for a third track, a third track was to be added to both the upper and lower levels of the subway directly north of 96th Street, immediately to the east of the originally planned two tracks. In 1902, the contractor requested permission to build an additional third track from Fort George to Kingsbridge. The Board authorized
10488-642: The east and west branches. Service was provided with five-car trains, of which two cars were trailers, and three were motors. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, while local trains typically began at South Ferry or City Hall , both in Manhattan. Local trains to the West Side Branch ( 242nd Street ) ran from City Hall during rush hours and continued south at other times. East Side local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street) . All three branches were initially served by express trains; no local trains used
10626-488: The elevators and other work had not yet been completed. To complete Contract 2, the subway had to be extended under the East River to reach Brooklyn. The tunnel was named the Joralemon Street Tunnel, which was the first underwater subway tunnel connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, and it opened on January 9, 1908, extending the subway from Bowling Green to Borough Hall. On May 1, 1908, the construction of Contract 2
10764-473: The express or local tracks and would delay service. The tracks would have been constructed with the necessary fly-under tracks and switches. The work was partially completed in 1908, but was stopped because the introduction of speed-control signals made the remainder of the project unnecessary. Provisions were left to allow the work to be completed later on. The signals were put into place at 96th Street on April 23, 1909. The new signals allowed trains approaching
10902-458: The financially troubled Morris Park Racecourse . Three times, horses from Belmont's stable won the Belmont Stakes, the first coming in 1902 followed by back-to-back wins in 1916 and 1917. Belmont was a Wright Company stockholder and he was selected to be the president of the 1910 International Aviation Meet at Belmont Park organizing committee. The venue selected for the aviation tournament
11040-436: The generic, a "club or association for the promotion and regulation of horse racing." There are scores of national and regional jockey clubs, also called racing associations, worldwide. In addition to thoroughbreds, jockey clubs may race standardbred horses, Quarter Horses , or Arabians . Racing is governed on an All-Ireland basis, with two bodies sharing organising responsibility. The Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board
11178-563: The government of Spain to procure supplies for the AEF. He was on detached service to the United States from February 16 to October 23, 1918, when he returned to France. He returned to the United States on December 21 and was discharged from the Army on January 6, 1919. He was one of the oldest officers to serve in the U.S. Army during the First World War. During the war, his son, Morgan Belmont, served as
11316-576: The line had three northern branches in Upper Manhattan and the Bronx . The system had four tracks between Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall and 96th Street, allowing for local and express service. The original line and early extensions consisted of: Planning for a rapid transit line in New York City started in 1894 with the enactment of the Rapid Transit Act. The plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons , chief engineer of
11454-544: The local stations are just below ground level and have a fare control (turnstile) area at the same level as the platform. The local stations are generally 17 feet (5.2 m) under the street. Platform-level control areas generally measured 30 by 45 feet (9.1 by 13.7 m) and contained an oak ticket booth and two restrooms. Every station, apart from City Hall, had a restroom. Local stations from Worth Street to 50th Street were designed symmetrically on either side of their respective cross street. To provide space for
11592-445: The lowest portions of the station walls, as well as in the cornices. At twenty stations where the platforms were beneath the sidewalk, overhead vault lights were installed to provide light to stations; incandescent bulbs provided artificial lighting. The ceilings were finished in plaster, applied to wire lath. The walls of the station were built with brick, and were covered by plaster ceilings and enameled tiles. The City Hall station,
11730-566: The mezzanine, while the upper deck carried passengers from a mezzanine to an overpass above the platforms. In the majority of underground stations, excluding the deep-level stations, the roofs of the platforms are supported by round cast iron columns placed every 15 feet (4.6 m). Additional columns between the tracks, placed every 5 feet (1.5 m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. Bronze ventilation grates were placed in
11868-549: The new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn. These services became 1 (Broadway express and local), 2 (West Farms express), and 3 (Lenox Avenue local) in 1948. The only major change to these patterns was made in 1959, when all 1 trains became local and all 2 and 3 trains became express. The portion south of Grand Central–42nd Street became part of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line , and now carries 4 (express), 5 (express), 6 (local), and <6> (local) trains;
12006-401: The new subway. Later in 1894, voters approved by referendum a city policy that future rapid transit lines should be operated by the city instead of franchised to private operators. A line through Lafayette Street (then Elm Street) to Union Square was considered, but at first, a more costly route under lower Broadway was adopted. A legal battle with property owners along the route led to
12144-419: The only one whose decorative treatment was explicitly part of its structure, contains vaulted ceilings with Guastavino tile . Thoroughbred racing Traditionally, racehorses have been owned by wealthy individuals. It has become increasingly common in the last few decades for horses to be owned by syndicates or partnerships. Notable examples include the 2005 Epsom Derby winner Motivator , owned by
12282-575: The original IRT continues to operate as part of the New York City Subway, but several stations have been closed. The New York State Legislature granted a charter to the New York City Central Underground Company to give it power to construct a subway line in 1868. However, the charter made it impossible for the company to raise adequate money to fund the line's construction. Cornelius Vanderbilt and some associates had
12420-590: The other stations. The City Hall station originally only served passengers entering the system; passengers had to disembark at the Brooklyn Bridge station. The Bowling Green station , opened as part of Contract 2, was built with one island platform and two tracks, although a third track and a second island platform was built in 1908 for the Bowling Green–South Ferry shuttle . The South Ferry loops , also part of Contract 2, had two balloon loops with
12558-408: The primary means of access to the station. Heins & LaFarge designed elaborate decorative elements for the early system, which varied considerably between each station, and they were also responsible for each station's exits and entrances. Most tunnels used cut-and-cover construction, although deep-level tubes were used in parts of the system; elevated structures were used in Upper Manhattan and
12696-630: The project were being received, Vanderbilt elected not to follow through on the project due to public criticism for the grant, opposition to the project from business people and homeowners in the Bowery and due to the Panic of 1873 . The State Legislature granted other applications for the incorporation of companies to construct a subway in New York , including the Arcade Railroad, which would have been built by
12834-519: The real estate needed for buildings, such as power houses, the rolling stock to operate subway service, and a fund to protect the city against losses if the company failed to build and operate the subway line. Though the Mayor in the message also suggested encouraging the New York Central Railroad to construct and operate a subway line, the company was unwilling to start such a venture. Legislation
12972-665: The registration of racing colors are the province of The Jockey Club , which maintains the American Stud Book and approves the names of all Thoroughbreds. The National Steeplechase Association is the official sanctioning body of American steeplechase horse racing. Regulation of horse racing in Canada is under the Jockey Club of Canada . There are a few racing venues across Canada, but the major events are mainly in Ontario and managed by
13110-419: The request on January 24, 1901. Some time after, the contractor requested permission to construct a third track for storage. The Board authorized the construction of a third track from 103rd Street to 116th Street on March 7, 1901. The contractor petitioned the board once more for the permission to build a third track continuously from 137th Street to 103rd Street, some of which was already authorized, and to build
13248-421: The result of which being that a substantial portion of Thoroughbreds are now sold by their breeders, either at public auction or through private sales. Additionally, owners may acquire Thoroughbreds by "claiming" them out of a race (see discussion of types of races below). A horse runs in the unique colours of its owner. These colours must be registered under the national governing bodies and no two owners may have
13386-406: The routes around the cape. As a result, tolls did not live up to expectations and the Cape Cod Canal became a losing proposition. As a result, the canal was purchased by the U.S. government on March 30, 1928. Like his father, Belmont was an avid Thoroughbred racing fan. According to his Time obituary, Belmont "is credited with having saved thoroughbred racing when it was at its lowest ebb in
13524-433: The rules, issues licences or permits to trainers and jockeys, and runs the races through their race course officials. The Jockey Club in the UK has been released from its regulatory function but still performs various supporting roles. A significant part of the BHA's work relates to the disciplining of trainers and jockeys, including appeals from decisions made by the course stewards. Disciplinary enquiries usually relate to
13662-399: The running of a horse, for example: failure to run a horse on its merits, interference with other runners, excessive use of the whip. The emergence of internet betting exchanges has created opportunities for the public to lay horses and this development has been associated with some high-profile disciplinary proceedings. In order to run under rules a horse must be registered at Weatherbys as
13800-411: The same colours. The rights to certain colour arrangements ("cherished colours") are valuable in the same way that distinctive car registration numbers are of value. It is said that Sue Magnier (owner of George Washington, Galileo etc.) paid £50,000 for her distinctive dark blue colours. If an owner has more than one horse running in the same race then some slight variant in colours is often used (normally
13938-446: The section along Park Avenue from 41st Street and 42nd Street, along 42nd Street, and then Broadway to 47th Street, Contract 5-A, on February 25, 1901. Construction was begun on Section 14, the portion for a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street to Hillside Avenue, by L. B. McCabe & Brother on March 27, 1901. On June 1, 1901, work began on the viaduct over Manhattan Valley from 125th Street to 133rd Street, Section 12. Work on
14076-422: The section from 104th Street to 125th Street on June 18, 1900. Work on this section, Section 11 was awarded to John Shields. Work began on Section 6A, from 60th Street to 82nd Street, and for Section 6B, from 82nd Street to 104th Street, on August 22, 1900. These sections had been awarded to William Bradley. Construction on the portion from 110th Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 135th Street, Section 8,
14214-480: The section from 135th Street and Lenox Avenue to Gerard Avenue and 149th Street, Section 9-A, on September 10, 1901. Work began on the final section, the West Side Viaduct from Hillside Avenue to Bailey Avenue, Section 15 on January 19, 1903. E. P. Roberts and Terry & Tench Construction Company completed this work. In addition, contracts for 74,326 tons of structural steel and 4,000 tons of rail were awarded to
14352-983: The short piece under 42nd Street is now the 42nd Street Shuttle . The designs of the underground stations are inspired by those of the Paris Métro , whose design had impressed Parsons. With few exceptions, Parsons's team designed two types of stations for Contracts 1 and 2. Local stations, which serve only local trains, have side platforms on the outside of the tracks. Local stations were spaced .25 miles (0.40 km) apart on average. Express stations, which serve both local and express trains, have island platforms between each direction's pair of local and express tracks. There were five express stations: Brooklyn Bridge , 14th Street , Grand Central , 72nd Street , and 96th Street , which were spaced 1.5 miles (2.4 km) apart on average. The Brooklyn Bridge, 14th Street, and 96th Street stations also had shorter side platforms for local trains, though these platforms have since been abandoned at all three stations. There
14490-426: The standard local station design was also done at 116th Street–Columbia University , which was designed with a station house in the median of Broadway. The ticket office for the station was at street level. A stairway led from the station house to an overpass over the tracks, which provided access to both platforms. Access to express stations was provided by overpasses, underpasses, and stairways directly leading to
14628-410: The station. These stations were constructed with large arches extending over the tracks and platforms. The elevators led down to an overpass crossing the tracks to provide access to both platforms. The 168th Street, 181st Street, 191st Street, and Mott Avenue stations contained double-deck elevators , all of which have since been removed or replaced. The lower deck carried passengers from the platform to
14766-612: The stone piers and foundations for the viaduct was done by E. P. Roberts, while other work was done by Terry & Tench Construction Company. Work on Section 9-B, between Gerard Avenue on 149th Street and a point past Third Avenue where the viaduct begins, was started on June 13, 1901, by J.C. Rogers. Work on Section 11, from 104th Street to 135th Street, which had been awarded to John Shields, began on June 18, 1901. On August 19, 1901, E. P. Roberts and Terry & Tench Construction Company began work on Section 10, from Brook Avenue to Bronx Park and 182nd Street. McMullan & McBean began work on
14904-410: The street. The Brooklyn Bridge, 14th Street, and Grand Central stations were 25 feet (7.6 m) below street level; all three stations had mezzanines above the platform. The 72nd Street station was only 14 feet (4.3 m) beneath the street, since its entrance was through a control house directly above the platform, while the 96th Street station had an underpass because a large trunk sewer made
15042-463: The subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of all stations from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch. Express trains originally were eight cars long. Service was extended to 157th Street for a football game on November 12, 1904, before the station had fully opened. The 157th Street station officially opened on December 4. On November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch, or Lenox Avenue Line, opened to 145th Street. The line
15180-522: The subway south to South Ferry, and then to Brooklyn. To ensure that the RTC was legally permitted to construct the subway into areas of the city that were added as part of Consolidation in 1898, which occurred after the Act of 1894 was passed, a bill was passed and became law on April 23, 1900. In May 1900, two routes were examined for the Brooklyn extension. One route would have run under Broadway to Whitehall Street, under
15318-509: The terminal loop at City Hall was shortened to only be constructed between City Hall and the Post Office instead of passing completely around the Post Office as a result of a change issued on January 10, 1901. In addition, the loop was changed from being double-tracked to single tracked. The loop was designed to allow local trains to be turned around, and to pass under the express tracks under Park Row without an at-grade crossing, and to allow for
15456-428: The ticket offices and waiting rooms, an area of the cross street was excavated. At platform level, separate entrances and exits were installed on either end of each platform, and short wide stairways were installed on each platform. The entrance stairway for each platform was placed at the back of the waiting room, while the exit stairway was at the back of the platform directly to the street. North of 59th Street, Broadway
15594-539: The time, of the trains that continued south of City Hall, some trains ran through to Brooklyn, with the rest running to South Ferry before returning to uptown service. It was determined that the operation of trains via the South Ferry Loop impeded service to Brooklyn, prohibiting a doubling of Brooklyn service. In order to increase Brooklyn service, it was decided to continue serving South Ferry via shuttle service. An additional island platform and track were constructed on
15732-425: The vicinity of 104th Street and Central Park West urged the board to build a station at this location. They cited the long distance between the two nearest subway stations, and the need to serve Central Park West. The Board declined to construct the station after serious consideration. They found that the station's construction would have delayed the opening of the line, and would have slowed service for passengers using
15870-581: The west side of the Bowling Green station to allow for the shuttle's operation. The cost was estimated to be $ 100,000. While the change inconvenienced South Ferry riders, it stood to benefit the greater number of Brooklyn riders. Though work on the project was not fully completed, shuttle service began on February 23, 1909, allowing all Broadway express trains to run to Brooklyn, instead of having some of them terminate at South Ferry, increasing express service to Brooklyn by about 100 percent. On August 9, 1909,
16008-423: The world. National Hunt flat races (or "bumpers") without fences or hurdles are also staged to provide experience for horses which have not taken part in flat racing . In the world's major Thoroughbred racing countries, breeding of racehorses is a huge industry providing over a million jobs worldwide. While the attention of horseracing fans and the media is focused almost exclusively on the horse's performance on
16146-510: Was August Belmont's racetrack at Belmont Park. Belmont also had horses competing in England and in 1908 his American-bred colt Norman III won a British Classic Race , the 2,000 Guineas . In addition to his Kentucky horse farm, in 1908 Belmont established Haras de Villers , a breeding operation near Foucarmont in Upper Normandy , France. Following the cessation of racing in New York State as
16284-581: Was a major owner/breeder of thoroughbred racehorses . He served as chairman of the board of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad . He also served as a director of the Southern Pacific Co. , parent of the railroad, and National Park Bank . He was born in Manhattan , New York City, on February 18, 1853, to Caroline Slidell Perry and August Belmont Sr. His maternal grandfather was Commodore Matthew C. Perry . He graduated from St. Mark's School and
16422-514: Was an 1875 graduate of Harvard University . At Harvard on the track team he introduced spiked track shoes to the United States. He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon at Harvard. Belmont was also a member of the Porcellian Club . After graduation he worked at the Belmont banking house, August Belmont & Co. At the death of his father in 1890, he became the head of the company. Belmont founded
16560-507: Was approved on November 1, 1906. This change also called for the abandonment of the route along 230th Street. This extension opened on August 1, 1908. When the line was extended to 242nd Street the temporary platforms at 230th Street were dismantled, and were rumored to be brought to 242nd Street to serve as the station's side platforms. There were two stations on the line that opened later; 191st Street and 207th Street . The 191st Street station did not open until January 14, 1911, because
16698-431: Was awarded the contract for Section 1, from Post Office Loop to Chambers Street, and the contract for section 2, from Chambers Street to Great Jones Street. Work began on Section 1 on March 24, 1900, and work began on Section 2 on July 10, 1900. On May 14, 1900, L. B. McCabe & Brother commenced work on Section 13, the segment between 133rd Street and a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 182nd Street. Construction began on
16836-685: Was begun on August 30, 1900, by Farrell & Hopper. On September 12, 1900, work began on the line from Great Jones Street and 41st Street. The first section, from Great Jones Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 33rd Street, Section 3, had been awarded to Holbrook, Cabot & Daly Contracting Company, while the remaining section to 41st Street, Section 4 was to be done by Ira A. Shaler. A week later, on September 19, Naughton & Company began work on Section 5-B, which stretched from 47th Street to 60th Street. On October 2, 1900, Farrell & Hopper started work on Section 7, from 103rd Street to 110th Street and Lenox Avenue. Degnon-McLean began work on
16974-503: Was buried in the Belmont family plot at Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island , along with his parents and his brother Perry Belmont . His widow, Eleanor, then sold most of the estate to a property developer. She outlived her husband by fifty-five years, dying just before her 100th birthday in 1979. The remaining 158 acres (0.64 km), including the family mansion, lake, and main farm buildings, were taken over by New York State . Under
17112-571: Was completed on January 14, 1907, when trains started running across the Harlem Ship Canal on the Broadway Bridge to 225th Street , meaning that 221st Street could be closed. Once the line was extended to 225th Street, the structure of the 221st Street station was dismantled and was moved to 230th Street for a new temporary terminus. Service was extended to the temporary terminus at 230th Street on January 27, 1907. The 207th Street station
17250-663: Was completed when the line was extended from Borough Hall to Atlantic Avenue near the Flatbush Avenue LIRR station . With the opening of the IRT to Brooklyn, ridership fell off on the BRT's elevated and trolley lines over the Brooklyn Bridge as Brooklyn riders chose to use the new subway. In 1903, the New York Rapid Transit Board ordered Chief Engineer Parsons to create a plan for a comprehensive subway system to serve all of New York City. Parsons presented his plan to
17388-414: Was completed, but did not open until April 1, 1907, because the bridge over the Harlem River was not yet completed. The original plan for the West Side Branch had called for it to turn east on 230th Street, running to the New York Central Railroad 's Kings Bridge station at a point just west of Bailey Avenue. An extension of Contract 1, officially Route 14, north to 242nd Street at Van Cortlandt Park
17526-405: Was created to write a bill, based in part on the legislation Hewitt proposed in 1888, to submit to the State Legislature. The new bill, known as the Rapid Transit Act of 1894, was signed into law on May 22, 1894, creating a new Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners, which included the Mayor of New York City. Planning for the system that was built began with this law. The act provided that
17664-667: Was drafted and submitted to the State Legislature in 1888 to allow for competition among companies and people willing to start work on a subway line. However, due to opposition from the Common Council, and Tammany Hall , it was hard to find any legislator to sponsor the bill. The bill failed after the Committee of the Legislature elected not to report the bill back to the New York State Senate . New mayor Hugh J. Grant appointed
17802-456: Was estimated that work to lengthen express platforms to fit ten-car trains would be sufficiently complete to allow for ten-car expresses by February 1, 1911, and that work to lengthen local platforms to fit six-car trains would be sufficiently complete to allow for six-car locals by November 1, 1910. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the Lenox Avenue Line, and on the following day, ten-car express trains were inaugurated on
17940-597: Was estimated to cost $ 9.1 million. While Cornelius Vanderbilt had indicated his intent to continue the underground line to City Hall, there was speculation that he did not intend to build the section south of 42nd Street. William Henry Vanderbilt stated the line would not be as dark as the Metropolitan Railway (now part of the London Underground ), and that there would be stations every eight blocks, or every .5 miles (0.80 km). In January 1873, he expected
18078-643: Was expanded from 69 acres (28 ha) to 172 acres (70 ha). The excavated Manhattan schist was also used to construct buildings for the City College of New York . On New Year's Day 1904, mayor George B. McClellan Jr. and a group of wealthy New Yorkers gathered at the City Hall station and traveled 6 miles (9.7 km) to 125th Street using handcars . The IRT conducted several more handcar trips afterward. The first train to run on its own power traveled from 125th Street to City Hall in April 1904. Operation of
18216-537: Was expected to be no greater than $ 8 million, and added 8 miles (13 km) of trackage. Two contracts were received to construct the line and its terminals. John L. Wells of the Brooklyn Rapid Railroad Company submitted a bid of $ 1 million for terminals, and $ 7 million for construction, while the Rapid Transit Subway Construction Company, which completed Contract 1, bid $ 1 million for terminals, and $ 2 million for construction. As such,Contract 2, giving
18354-487: Was expected to promote the benefits of using the subway for travel to Harlem. On April 28, 1902, Mayor Low signed the ordinance providing for the extension. On January 16, 1903, a modification to Contract 1 was made to allow for the extension of the Lenox Avenue Line from 142nd Street to 148th Street with a stop between 142nd Street and Exterior Street. The stop was placed at 145th Street along tracks that were only intended to lead to Lenox Yard. Also in 1903, residents in
18492-561: Was extended northward to a temporary terminus of 221st Street and Broadway on March 12, 1906. This extension was served by shuttle trains operating between 157th Street and 221st Street. On April 14, 1906, the shuttle trains started stopping at 168th Street . On May 30, 1906, the 181st Street station opened, and the shuttle operation ended. Through service began north of 157th Street, with express trains terminating at 168th Street or 221st Street. The original system as included in Contract 1
18630-607: Was extended to Fulton Street on January 16, 1905, to Wall Street on June 12, 1905, and to Bowling Green and South Ferry on July 10, 1905. The initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26, 1904, between Bronx Park/180th Street and Jackson Avenue. Initially, trains on the line were served by elevated trains from the IRT Second Avenue Line and the IRT Third Avenue Line , with
18768-546: Was instrumental in making the Cape Cod Canal a reality. The grand opening of the Cape Cod Canal took place on July 29, 1914, and it was soon plagued with troubles. Belmont's canal was expensive for mariners, costing as much as $ 16.00 for a trip by schooner, a considerable sum in those days. The narrow 140-foot (43 m) width and shallow 25-foot (7.6 m) depth of the canal made navigation difficult, and tidal flows created dangerous currents, so many mariners continued to use
18906-491: Was not enough space for side platforms at the Grand Central and 72nd Street stations. Stations north of 96th Street and south of Brooklyn Bridge, which served both local and express trains, typically had two side platforms and two or three tracks. Some exceptions were made to the standard platform design. The now-closed City Hall station contains one balloon loop and was designed in a much more ornate style than all of
19044-573: Was sold to Glen Riddle Farm in Maryland . Belmont organized the Westchester Racing Association in 1895. In 1905 he built Belmont Park racetrack in Elmont , on Long Island which operates to this day as the largest thoroughbred racing facility in the state. In the year of its opening, the prestigious Belmont Stakes , inaugurated in 1867 and named in his father's honor, was transferred from
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