The Audi S6 is a high-performance variant of the Audi A6 , an executive car produced by German automaker Audi . It went on sale in 1994, shortly after the " A6 " designation was introduced, replacing the " 100 " nameplate.
140-657: The original S6 was largely identical to the outgoing Audi S4 (C4) (Often referred to as the Ur-S4 ), with the only visible differences being new body-cladding and badging. In certain markets where the even-higher performance RS6 (which is also based on the A6) is not sold, the S6 serves as the most powerful trim level for the A6 lineup. The S6, like all Audi "S" models , is fitted as standard with Audi's trademark quattro four-wheel drive (4WD) system, using
280-644: A B5 RS4 engine, and Alcon racing brake calipers (4 piston front and 2 piston rear calipers). Don Istook, with Istook's Motorsports, built and campaigned several B5 S4's in first the Motorola Cup, and then the Grand Am Cup. The S4's were even raced by Istook's Motorsports in the Rolex GT category for several races to help fill the field. Of note, one of the S4's, racing against true GT cars, even ran as high as second place (in
420-420: A Munich study, half a fleet of taxicabs was equipped with anti-lock brakes, while the other half had conventional brake systems. The crash rate was substantially the same for both types of cab, and Wilde concludes this was due to drivers of ABS-equipped cabs taking more risks, assuming that ABS would take care of them, while the non-ABS drivers drove more carefully since ABS would not be there to help in case of
560-528: A Royal Enfield Super Meteor motorcycle was used by the Road Research Laboratory to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake. The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles, for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents. Stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking, particularly on slippery surfaces, in which
700-534: A pump , and a controller . The majority of problems with the valve system occur due to clogged valves. When a valve is clogged it is unable to open, close, or change position. An inoperable valve will prevent the system from modulating the valves and controlling pressure supplied to the brakes. There are many different variations and control algorithms for use in ABS. One of the simpler systems works as follows: Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on
840-411: A 'default' asymmetric 40:60 front-rear torque split on manual transmission models, along with the later Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme and gloss black painted brake calipers . The 'Avus-III' wheels now became an option, and were replaced by a standard offering 8.0Jx18 inch 'S-design' 7-spoke forged alloy wheel. Bose sound system is now standard, whereas it was optional on
980-568: A 240 mm (9.4 in) single plate dry clutch , and Torsen T-2 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01R, identification code: EXZ) ratios are 3.889, giving a top gear road speed to engine revs ratio of 24.4 miles per hour (39.3 km/h) per 1000 rpm. From July 2003, the ZF 6HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 09L, identification codes: GUR, HHU) (ratios - 1st: 4.171, 2nd: 2.340, 3rd: 1.521, 4th: 1.143, 5th: 0.867, 6th: 0.691, with
1120-474: A 3.0 litre turbo-diesel V6 producing 253 kW (344 PS ; 339 bhp ) and 700 N⋅m (516 lbf⋅ft ) of torque, accelerating the car to 60 mph in 5.1 seconds. The car has a drag coefficient of 0.29. Both engines feature an electric supercharger or compressor, originally debuted on a diesel powered V8 in 2016 Audi SQ7 TDI . The 2.9 TFSI is the only Audi AG petrol engine known to have an electric supercharger. Audi S4#C4 The Audi S4
1260-616: A 7.5Jx16H2 ET35 six spoke "Avus", and an 8.0Jx17H2 ET40 ten-spoke. The second generation S4 ( Type 8D ), also known as the Audi S4 quattro debuted in 1997, with factory production commencing October 1997, as part of the facelifted B5 platform Audi A4 line-up, although it was not available in North America until late 1999. In addition to the saloon (sedan), an estate version (wagon)–the Audi S4 Avant–was introduced into
1400-473: A Bosch "E-Gas" drive by wire throttle. The engine was cooled with the aid of two electric cooling fans , replacing the single viscous fan of earlier models. An oil-cooled six-speed manual transmission (parts code: 01E, identification code: EEY) was standard, with gear ratios as follows: 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.320, 4th: 1.034, 5th: 0.857, 6th: 0.730; final drive: 4.111. An optional ZF 5HP24A five-speed tiptronic automatic transmission
1540-488: A Bosch Motronic ECU available as an option in the original European S4s, and made the decision to continue to do so with the S6, making a 213 kW (290 PS; 286 bhp) version of the 4.2 available as an optional upgrade over the 2.2-litre inline five-cylinder turbo. Unlike the five-cylinder turbocharged version, the V8-powered S6 was supplied with a four-plus-one-speed automatic transmission as standard, but kept
SECTION 10
#17328555635551680-442: A Dunlop high pressure (200 Bar) pneumatic system in lieu of hydraulics for braking, nose wheel steering and landing gear retraction), being fitted with Maxaret as standard. Maxaret, while reducing braking distances by up to 30% in icy or wet conditions, also increased tire life, and had the additional advantage of allowing take-offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non-Maxaret equipped aircraft. In 1958,
1820-498: A common 4.2-litre V8 engine , the first time that a V8 engine was placed in a compact executive car, placing it in direct competition with the BMW M3 (3.2 L inline 6 ) and Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG (3.2-litre supercharged V6). The B8 generation uses a supercharged 3.0-litre V6 TFSI engine and competed with the BMW 335i , BMW 335i/340i xDrive , and Mercedes-Benz C350 . The current B9 generation
1960-513: A completely different model derived from Audi's smaller Volkswagen Group B platform -based Audi A4 . As this was the first S6 model from Audi, it is sometimes referred to as the Ur-S6 , derived from the German augmentive, " Ur sprünglich" (meaning: original). It was available as both a saloon/sedan ( typ 4A5), and an "Avant" ( typ 4A9) ( estate/wagon ) to European and United States customers, but only as
2100-503: A conventionally mounted Lucas - Girling caliper in an external position over the disc. US models had smaller 276 mm (10.87 in) discs. The rear brakes, 269 mm (10.59 in) by 20 mm (0.787 in) and also radially ventilated - remained the same throughout C4 production; they used a Lucas-Girling single-piston sliding caliper with an integrated cable-actuated handbrake mechanism. A Bosch three-channel operation (four-channel sensing) Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) with
2240-411: A dangerous situation. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety released a study in 2010 that found motorcycles with ABS 37% less likely to be involved in a fatal crash than models without ABS. On a motorcycle, an anti-lock brake system prevents the wheels of a motorcycle from locking during braking situations. Based on information from wheel speed sensors the ABS unit adjusts the pressure of
2380-422: A dedicated micro-controller . ABS is offered or comes standard on most road vehicles and is the foundation for electronic stability control systems, which are rapidly increasing in popularity due to the great reduction in the price of vehicle electronics over the years. Modern electronic stability control (ESC) systems are an evolution of the ABS concept. Here, a minimum of two additional sensors are added to help
2520-643: A dual-rate tandem vacuum servo provided the brake actuation. Standard wheels were 'Avus-III' die-cast aluminium alloy, 8.0Jx18H2 ET45 in size, and fitted with 235/40 ZR18 95Y XL (eXtra Load) high performance tyres, with factory supplies being either Continental SportContact2 or Michelin PilotSport PS2. Discrete lower door trims, along with the now trademark Audi 'S' model vertical-emphasis line grille, and solid aluminium (later replaced with plastic covered by aluminium) exterior door mirrors , and S4 badging front and rear are all that visually distinguish
2660-1202: A final drive (identification code: GDF) ratio of 3.539) was included as an option. An unusual sight in the engine compartment was the addition of water cooling for the 190 amp alternator , along with two additional thermostatically -controlled side-mounted radiators . The B6 S4 came equipped with electronically controlled, variable assisted ' servotronic ' rack and pinion power assisted steering (PAS) as standard. B6 S4 brakes consisted of radially ventilated disc brakes front and rear. The front discs are sized at 345 mm (13.58 in) in diameter by 30 mm (1.181 in) thick, and are clamped by Continental Teves-ATE FNRG-60 single-piston sliding brake calipers . The rears are 300 mm (11.81 in) by 22 mm (0.866 in), and again use single-piston sliding calipers, with an integrated cable-operated hand brake mechanism. A Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme system, complete with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Emergency Brake Assist (EBA), Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) and Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR) - also known as traction control system , coupled with
2800-497: A five-speed manual was the only transmission available in North America; a four-speed automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 01F, identification code: CBF) was available as an option worldwide. Front and rear axle final drive ratio is either 4.111 or 3.889 (dependent on transmission type), and the rear axle (parts code prefix: 017, identification codes: AAT, AET) uses a driver-selectable electro-pneumatic-mechanical switchable diff lock . Audi's quattro four-wheel-drive system
2940-519: A five-speed tiptronic automatic. Wheels and tyres were upgraded to 255/40 ZR18 99Y XL , or 255/35 ZR19 96Y XL (5/15 arm design), and there was the " Dynamic Ride Control " (DRC) system available for the suspension, which featured diagonally interlinked shock absorbers to give better body control during extreme cornering, acceleration and braking. Compared to the standard S6, the suspension was lowered by 20 mm (0.79 in). The brake discs were ventilated and upgraded to 365 mm (14.37 in) at
SECTION 20
#17328555635553080-549: A full second or so behind the BMW M5 and Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG (which are the S6's closest competitors in North America, since the RS6 is not sold there), and that the 2009 Audi A6 3.0 TFSI (a supercharged 3.0L V6) has almost equivalent performance to the S6 5.2 FSI. Yet, in a 2007 track test by Road & Track , the C6 S6 went from 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 5.1 seconds, while it covered
3220-565: A limited edition run of 250 special edition S4 saloon cars, celebrating 25 years of quattro four wheel drive. This exclusive model was called the Audi S4 25quattro . Available only in the United States, the exterior has unique front and rear bumpers, a carbon fibre boot lip spoiler and lower front splitter, a rear functional red tow hook, and a high gloss Phantom Black painted grille with the "quattro" emblem. 15-spoke DTM alloy wheels, along with optional dealer-fitted 'Audi four-rings' decals for
3360-403: A mechanical load sensing valve for the rear brakes was standard throughout production. For wheel options, the standard five-arm "Fuchs" forged alloy wheels were 8.0Jx16H2 ET40, and were fitted with 225/50 R16 sized tyres. Several other tyre and wheel designs were optionally available: a 7.5Jx15H2 ET40 six-spoke with 215/60 R15 tyres, an 8.0Jx16H2 ET40 five-double-spoke,
3500-443: A motive power output of 169 kW (230 PS ; 227 bhp ) at 5,900 rpm, and 326 N⋅m (240 lbf⋅ft ) at around 1,950 rpm, whilst consuming high octane "Super Plus" 98RON unleaded petrol. This engine gave the S6 a top speed of 235 km/h (146.0 mph), and a 0 to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) of 6.7 seconds; with 160 km/h (99.4 mph) being reached in 17.5 seconds. The vehicle
3640-576: A motive power output of 169 kW (230 PS; 227 bhp) at 5,900 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 350 newton-metres (258 lbf⋅ft) of torque 1,950 rpm. This powerplant made it rather powerful by contemporary standards, and the vehicle with five-speed manual transmission was able to accelerate from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) in 6.2 seconds. Both five- and six-speed manual transmissions (parts code prefix: 01E, identification codes: five-speed: CBD, CET, six-speed: CBL, CMG) were offered to European customers, but
3780-442: A normal stop where the pedal pressure would usually be gradually increased. Some systems additionally monitor the rate at the accelerator was released, and/or the time between accelerator release and brake application) and the system automatically increases braking force where not enough pressure is applied. Hard or panic braking on bumpy surfaces, because of the bumps causing the speed of the wheel(s) to become erratic may also trigger
3920-500: A saloon in Canada, Asia and Australia. Audi's trademark " procon-ten " safety system was standard fitment. From its launch in late 1994, the Audi S6 was powered by a 2,226 cubic centimetres (135.8 cu in ) turbocharged inline five-cylinder petrol engine (parts code prefix: 034, identification code: AAN) with a Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU), producing
4060-558: A standstill in 5.6 seconds, with the Avant a tenth of a second slower at 5.7 seconds. Hella xenon high intensity discharge (HID) headlamps (still with the C4s triple bulb design, only low beam) were available as serial equipment. In late 1997, Audi introduced an all-new range of Audi A6 models, based on the Volkswagen Group C5 platform . A new Audi S6 , now officially known as
4200-430: A standstill to 60 mph (96.6 km/h) in less than 5 seconds, and make it to 200 km/h (124.3 mph) in slightly over 20 seconds, although doing this led to fuel consumption dipping into single digits. This was considerably worse than the earlier V6 models, leading to the addition of a $ 1,700 gas guzzler tax (combined 20.2 miles per US gallon (11.6 L/100 km; 24.3 mpg ‑imp )) for
4340-597: A strengthened alloy crankshaft bedplate for the five main bearings , and a two-part baffled oil sump, and a light-alloy variable intake manifold (VIM), containing the fractionally sequentially actuated fuel injectors . This petrol engine, based on the unit from the Audi A8 , displaces 4,163 cubic centimetres (254.0 cu in), and it produces a motive power output of 344 PS (253 kW; 339 bhp) at 7,000 rpm, and generates torque of 410 N⋅m (302 lbf⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm, making it more powerful than
Audi S6 - Misplaced Pages Continue
4480-482: A two-door four-seat Cabriolet ( convertible ), Type 8H , was included in the model range . Official performance figures for standard discipline of sprinting from standstill to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in the saloon with manual transmission are 5.6 seconds (Avant 5.8 s, Cabriolet 5.9 s), however, a road test conducted by the American automotive magazine Motor Trend indicated that it could go from
4620-473: A very slippery surface such as sheet ice or gravel, it is possible to lock multiple wheels at once, and this can defeat ABS (which relies on comparing all four wheels and detecting individual wheels skidding). The availability of ABS relieves most drivers from learning threshold braking. A June 1999 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) study found that ABS increased stopping distances on loose gravel by an average of 27.2 percent. According to
4760-498: Is a cylinder-on-demand system and a stop-start system for improved fuel economy. This was later upgraded to 450 PS (444 hp; 331 kW) for 2016. The 2013 Audi A8 shares the same engine, while the 2012 Audi S8 has a variant of the powerplant in a higher state of tune making 520 PS (513 hp; 382 kW) and 479 lb⋅ft (649 N⋅m) of torque, both mated to an 8-speed automatic transmission. Higher output versions of this 4.0L DOHC twin-turbo V8 engine are found in
4900-508: Is a safety anti- skid braking system used on aircraft and on land vehicles , such as cars , motorcycles , trucks , and buses . ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up during braking, thereby maintaining tractive contact with the road surface and allowing the driver to maintain more control over the vehicle. ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking , techniques which were once practiced by skillful drivers before ABS
5040-473: Is also known as the CAB (Controller Anti-lock Brake). Typically ABS includes a central electronic control unit (ECU), four wheel speed sensors , and at least two hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics . The ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel; if it detects the wheel rotating significantly slower than the speed of the vehicle, a condition indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates
5180-598: Is commonly referred to as the Ur-S4 , derived from the German : Ur sprünglich augmentive word (meaning: original). Audi mildly updated the C4-based model line in 1994 and dropped the 100 nomenclature; all variants of the former Audi 100 line were now re-badged as the Audi A6 . In line with the switch in model name, Audi temporarily discontinued the use of the S4 name and began selling an updated but fundamentally identical version of
5320-505: Is managed by a Bosch Motronic MED 9.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU), which controls the mapped direct ignition, ten individual spark coils, common rail cylinder-direct sequential multi-point fuel injection, and drive-by-wire throttle. A ZF 6HP26 six-speed tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code: 09E, identification codes: JBW, JMS, KHD, JLL) ( gear ratios - 1st: 4.171, 2nd: 2.340, 3rd: 1.521, 4th: 1.143, 5th: 0.867, 6th: 0.691), with steering wheel-mounted "paddle-shifters"
5460-564: Is now taken by the Audi S5 Cabriolet and new Coupe. Unlike previous generations of the S4, only the sedan was imported to the United States and Canada. Compared to the previous B6/B7 S4 which used a 4.2-litre V8 engine , the B8 S4 uses a smaller displacement 3.0-litre TFSI V6 engine , but now with the addition of forced induction via an Eaton mechanical supercharger . Anti-lock braking system An anti-lock braking system ( ABS )
5600-661: Is often referred to as a derivative of Lamborghini's 5.0-litre V10, but with longer stroke and wider bore to provide additional low end torque for use in the heavier sedan. The cylinder spacing is 90mm compared to 88mm for the Lamborghini engine. The V10 is based on the Audi 4.2-litre V8 engine. It produces 320 kW (435 PS; 429 bhp) at 6,800 rpm and 540 N⋅m (398 lbf⋅ft) of torque from 3,000 to 4,000 rpm. It uses twin chain-driven double overhead camshafts with variable valve timing for both intake and exhaust valves. The engine
5740-515: Is powered by a turbocharged 3.0-litre V6 TFSI engine, with rivals including the BMW M340i xDrive and Mercedes-Benz C450 AMG/Mercedes-AMG C43 4MATIC . All versions of the S4 have been manufactured at Audi's plant in Ingolstadt , Germany; they are, or have been available as a four-door five-seat saloon and a five-door five-seat Avant (Audi's name for an estate car/station wagon ) body styles since
Audi S6 - Misplaced Pages Continue
5880-420: Is realized through the movement of a spring-tensioned piston. When pressure should be released, a linear motor pulls back the plunger piston and opens up more space for the fluid. The system was used for example in the ABS I (1988) and ABS II (1993) of BMW. The ABS II differed in size and an electronically controlled friction clutch was mounted on the shaft instead of a plunger. Further displacement sensors record
6020-605: Is still classified by the internal designation: Typ 8E (although with revised sub-designations - saloon: 8EC, Avant: 8ED, and Cabriolet: 8HE). It has the same 4.2-litre V8 engine (identification code: BBK ) as the B6 S4, producing a power output of 253 kW (344 PS; 339 bhp) at 7,000 rpm, and 410 N⋅m (302 lbf⋅ft) torque at 3,500 rpm. There are a few mechanical changes, such as revised springs and dampers and, from model year 2007, an updated Torsen T-3 automatically biasing centre differential, featuring
6160-409: Is that in the case of the motorcycle the front wheel is much more important for stability than the rear wheel. If the front wheel locks up between 0.2-0.7s, it loses gyrostatic forces and the motorcycle starts to oscillate because of the increased influence of side forces operating on the wheel contact line. The motorcycle becomes unstable and falls. Piston Systems : The pressure release in this system
6300-553: Is the high performance variant of Audi 's compact executive car A4 . The original Audi S4, built from 1991 until 1994, was a performance-oriented version of Audi's 100 saloon/sedan . All subsequent S4s since 1997 have been based on the Audi A4 ; and as the A4 has evolved from one generation to the next, so has the S4. Like its regular A4 counterpart, all S4 variants have had longitudinally oriented , front-mounted engines. All versions of
6440-452: Is the change of the dynamic wheel load during braking. Compared to cars, the wheel load changes are more drastic, which can lead to a wheel lift up and a fall over. This can be intensified by a soft suspension. Some systems are equipped with a rear-wheel lift-off mitigation functionality. When the indicators of a possible rear lift-off are detected, the system releases brake pressure on the front wheel to counter this behavior. Another difference
6580-490: Is the only transmission available. Torsen -based quattro permanent four-wheel drive - initially with the T-1 symmetrical differential , and from 2007 model year with the latest 40:60 front:rear asymmetric/dynamic Torsen T-3 differential, is standard. The final drive ratio is 3.801. Traction is assisted "Electronic Differential Lock" (EDL) and "Anti-Slip Regulation" (ASR) (commonly known as traction control system ) - both functions of
6720-463: The Audi S6 quattro appeared in 1999, to complement its A6 platform-mate. It was available in a four- door saloon/sedan and a five-door Avant ( estate/wagon ). In North America, the Avant bodystyle was the only version available. The vehicle could accelerate from standstill to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 5.7 seconds, and from 0 to 200 km/h (124.3 mph) in 21.7 seconds. The top speed
6860-507: The Audi S8 as AKH). Audi's performance division reworked key parts of the internal combustion engine , increasing the motive power to 240 kW (326 PS; 322 bhp). It was only available with a revised six-speed manual transmission (parts code prefix: 01E, identification code: DGU) ( gear ratios - 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.320, 4th: 1.034, 5th: 0.857, 6th: 0.730), with a final drive ratio of 4.111. Further revisions were made to
7000-490: The B7 RS4 to be fitted with the latest Torsen T-3 asymmetric ATB centre differential for its quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Under normal grip conditions, this is set with a default rearwards torque distribution bias of 40:60 front to rear, and a maximum of 100% torque can automatically be apportioned to the rear axle (and up to 80% to the front) as conditions warrant. The final drive ratios are 3.889. From November 2008,
7140-658: The Bosch ESP ;8.0 Electronic Stability Programme . The same engine is used in the Audi D3 S8 , but in a higher state of tune where it develops 331 kW (450 PS; 444 bhp), as the S6 is not to be positioned above the S8 in output. With the discontinuation of the S8 5.2 FSI after the 2009 model year and the RS 6 5.0 TFSI in late 2010, the S6 5.2 FSI and R8 5.2 FSI were the remaining Audi vehicles that have V10 engines. The S6 5.2 FSI
SECTION 50
#17328555635557280-504: The RS2 Avant , and nearly as powerful as the B5 RS4 . Engine management was by way of a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU), using a Bosch 'E-Gas' drive by wire electronic throttle, and powering eight individual spark coils with longlife quad-electrode Bosch spark plugs. Ignition timing is a mapped direct ignition, with cylinder-selective knock control with
7420-453: The Torsen -based permanent 4WD. Audi was restructuring their model lineup in early and mid-1990s, and in late 1994, began selling the fifth generation (C4) Audi 100 model, re-badged as the Audi A6 . Wanting to keep a sports-saloon in their lineup, the company made small revisions to what was previously known as the Audi S4 , renaming it the Audi S6 ; the S4 name would eventually be re-used for
7560-474: The 2013 Audi RS6, 2013 Audi RS7, and 2016 Audi S8 Plus. The V8 performance option for the regular Audi A6, found in the 2004-11 Audi A6 4.2 FSI, was discontinued and the S6 took over as the engine upgrade. [1] The S6 thus compared more closely with the BMW 550i and Mercedes-Benz E550 , which also used twin-turbo V8 engines and had available all-wheel drive. UK sales began in May, with a starting price of £53,995 for
7700-469: The ABS controller can detect the situation and take suitable action so that traction is regained. More sophisticated versions of this can also control throttle levels and brakes simultaneously. The speed sensors of ABS are sometimes used in indirect tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS), which can detect under-inflation of the tire(s) by the difference in the rotational speed of wheels. There are four main components of ABS: wheel speed sensors , valves ,
7840-419: The ABS, sometimes causing the system to enter its ice mode, where the system severely limits maximum available braking power. Nevertheless, ABS significantly improves safety and control for drivers in most on-road situations. Anti-lock brakes are the subject of some experiments centred around risk compensation theory, which asserts that drivers adapt to the safety benefit of ABS by driving more aggressively. In
7980-527: The Avant and 4.5 seconds for the saloon. The Audi S6 4.0 TFSI quattro and its mechanical twin S7 were launched as a 2013 models, a year after the C7 Audi A6 and Audi A7 were released. The Audi S6 and S7 are powered by a 4.0L DOHC twin-turbo V8 engine mated to a 7-speed S-tronic Double Clutch Gearbox. This engine makes 420 PS (414 hp; 309 kW) and 406 lb⋅ft (550 N⋅m) of torque, plus there
8120-475: The B6 S4, and an enhanced optional DVD-ROM -based RNS-E satellite navigation system replaces the previous CD-ROM -based RNS-D option. The new trapezoidal single-frame grille, Bi- Xenon high-intensity discharge lamp (HID) headlamps, L-shaped tail-lamps, quad exhaust tail pipes, and discrete V8 badging below the side repeater indicators help distinguish the B7 from the previous B6 model. In June 2005, Audi announced
8260-561: The C4 S4. All S4s' initially had 310 mm (12.20 in) diameter by 25 mm (0.984 in) thick, radially ventilated disc brakes up front, each with an ATE single-piston sliding caliper inside a 'UFO' styled bell-shaped disc. With the introduction of the V8 engine, a new front brake setup became standard; again the discs used radial ventilation, but these front discs were now sized at 314 mm (12.36 in) by 30 mm (1.181 in) - with
8400-750: The December 2007 issue of Sport Compact Car magazine, a heavily modified, Torque Factory tuned S4 won a comparison test against several other extreme performance cars. The powertrain details of the B5 S4 feature a 2.7-litre twin-turbo ('biturbo') 90° third-generation V6 engine (parts code prefix: 078, identification codes: AGB, AZB, APB ). Details of the powerplant include a cast iron cylinder block with two lightweight aluminium alloy cylinder heads . The valvetrain includes 30 valves (five valves per cylinder), twin hybrid-driven ( timing belt and roller chain) double overhead camshafts and variable valve timing for
8540-448: The French automobile and aircraft pioneer Gabriel Voisin experimented with systems that modulated the hydraulic braking pressure on his aircraft brakes to reduce the risk of tire slippage, as threshold braking on aircraft is nearly impossible. These systems used a flywheel and valve attached to a hydraulic line that feeds the brake cylinders. The flywheel is attached to a drum that runs at
SECTION 60
#17328555635558680-712: The Honda brand. However, the Norwegian tax system made the well-equipped car very expensive, and the sales suffered from high costs. From 1984 the ALB-system, as well as the other optional features from Honda, was no longer a standard feature in Norway. In 1985 the Ford Scorpio was introduced to the European market with a Teves electronic system throughout the range as standard. For this the model
8820-454: The NHTSA, "ABS works with your regular braking system by automatically pumping them. In vehicles not equipped with ABS, the driver has to manually pump the brakes to prevent wheel lockup. In vehicles equipped with ABS, your foot should remain firmly planted on the brake pedal, while ABS pumps the brakes for you so you can concentrate on steering to safety." When activated, some earlier ABSes caused
8960-460: The RS6 included a 5.0-litre (4,991 cubic centimetres (304.6 cu in)) even firing 90° V10 twin-turbocharged ("biturbo"), Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) V10 engine, which produced 580 PS (427 kW; 572 bhp) and 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft). Available in both Avant and saloon bodystyles, it was Audi's single most powerful car. Official performance figures for acceleration from 0-100 km/h (62.1 mph) are 4.6 seconds for
9100-506: The S4 from its related A4 brethren. In the interior, front and rear Recaro seats (fronts fully electric with the option of heated seats), as well as S4 logos in the instrument panel and door sills complete the detail. The Audi B7 platform Audi S4 quattro , based on the Audi B7 A4 , debuted in late 2004. Although Audi classifies it as a new car, the differences between it and the outgoing B6 S4 casually appear to be primarily cosmetic, and
9240-489: The S4 have their transmission mounted immediately at the rear of the engine in a longitudinal orientation, in the form of a transaxle , and like all Audi "S" cars , are only available as standard with Audi's quattro all-wheel drive (AWD) system, using a Torsen -based centre differential system. A more powerful internal combustion engine , larger upgraded brakes, firmer suspension , larger wheels, and distinctive sheetmetal, styling clues and badging have always been amongst
9380-446: The S4 model. Interior leather was available in Onyx or Silver. Available options included: The Sport Package replaced the wood-grain belt line trim with silver aluminum trim, and the wood grain finish around the shifter with black plastic. The Alcantara seat inserts were silver (on Onyx leather). With the black, white, or blue exteriors, the inserts were also available in blue Alcantara. On
9520-705: The S6 uses the Volkswagen Group C6 platform , and is available in saloon/sedan and Avant ( estate/wagon ) bodystyles. Factory production started in June 2006. A facelifted version of the S6 was released in late 2008 for the 2009 model year. In 2010, the S6 gained Audi's third-generation MMI electronics controller and real-time traffic information. The engine in the C6 S6 is an Odd firing all-aluminium alloy 5,204 cc (317.6 cu in) Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) 40-valve (four valves per cylinder) 90° V10 (parts code: 07L, identification code: BXA). This engine
9660-657: The UK, with aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor , Vickers Viscount , Vickers Valiant , English Electric Lightning , de Havilland Comet 2c , de Havilland Sea Vixen , and later aircraft, such as the Vickers VC10 , Hawker Siddeley Trident , Hawker Siddeley 125 , Hawker Siddeley HS 748 and derived British Aerospace ATP , and BAC One-Eleven , and the Dutch Fokker F27 Friendship (which unusually had
9800-418: The aid of four knock sensors. The exhaust system includes vacuum-operated valves in the twin rear silencers (mufflers), finished with chrome plated tail-pipes. Like its predecessors, the B6 S4 was standard with a Getrag six-speed (M6S) manual transmission (parts code prefix: 0A3, identification codes: FVD, HEP) ( gear ratios - 1st: 3.667, 2nd: 2.050, 3rd: 1.462, 4th: 1.133, 5th: 0.919, 6th: 0.778), with
9940-403: The benefit of ABS. In real-world conditions, even an alert and experienced driver without ABS would find it difficult to match or improve on the performance of a typical driver with a modern ABS-equipped vehicle. ABS reduces the chances of crashing, and/or the severity of impact. The recommended technique for non-expert drivers in an ABS-equipped car, in a typical full-braking emergency, is to press
10080-557: The brake fluid in order to keep traction during deceleration to avoid accidents. Motorcycle ABS helps the rider to maintain stability during braking and to decrease the stopping distance. It provides traction even on low friction surfaces. While older ABS models are derived from cars, recent Motorcycle ABS is the result of research, oriented to the specifics of motorcycles in case of size, weight, and functionality. National and international organizations have evaluated Motorcycle ABS to be an important factor in increasing safety and reducing
10220-432: The brake pedal as firmly as possible and, where appropriate, to steer around obstructions. In such situations, ABS will significantly reduce the chances of a skid and subsequent loss of control. In gravel, sand, and deep snow, ABS tends to increase braking distances. On these surfaces, locked wheels dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly. ABS prevents this from occurring. Some ABS calibrations reduce this problem by slowing
10360-423: The brake pedal to pulse noticeably. As most drivers rarely or do not brake hard enough to cause brake lock-up, and drivers typically do not read the vehicle's owner's manual, this may not be noticeable until an emergency. Some manufacturers have therefore implemented a brake assist system that determines that the driver is attempting a "panic stop" (by detecting that the brake pedal was depressed very quickly, unlike
10500-504: The brake system. Standard alloy wheels consist of 9Jx19" cast aluminium alloy "5-arm wing design", fitted with Continental SportContact2 265/35 ZR19 tyres . An optional 8½Jx18" cast alloy "S design" with 255/40 ZR18 tyres (either Continental SportContact2 or Bridgestone Potenza RE050A) are also available. A direct-acting Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) is also standard. The S6 features two rows of five distinctive LED daytime running lamps (DRLs) along each side of
10640-514: The brake system. Wheels are 8Jx17" cast alloy "Avus" 6-spoke alloy wheels, with 255/40 ZR17 tyres. The body panels were largely based on the Audi A6 4.2 model, with slightly flared wheel arches and door sills, with the bonnet (hood) and front wings being constructed from aluminium. Other features included S6 badging, bolstered seats (optional Recaro seats), polished aluminium exterior door mirror housings, unique front grille, and rear bootlid/tailgate spoiler. A higher performance Audi RS 6
10780-539: The car, based on the "new" A6 and badged as S6 . Despite the change in name, differences between the outgoing S4 and incoming S6 were cosmetic and very light. A more powerful, more expensive and more exclusive variant known first as the S4 Plus and later as the S6 Plus was available from October 1992 through to July 1994. Built in very small numbers, the "Plus" models featured numerous performance enhancing upgrades; including
10920-439: The center of the curve turn slower than the outer two. For this same reason, a differential is used in virtually all roadgoing vehicles. If a fault develops in any part of the ABS, a warning light will usually be illuminated on the vehicle instrument panel, and the ABS will be disabled until the fault is rectified. Modern ABS applies individual brake pressure to all four wheels through a control system of hub-mounted sensors and
11060-434: The cycling time, thus letting the wheels repeatedly briefly lock and unlock. Some vehicle manufacturers provide an "off-road" button to turn the ABS function off. The primary benefit of ABS on such surfaces is to increase the ability of the driver to maintain control of the car rather than go into a skid, though the loss of control remains more likely on soft surfaces such as gravel or on slippery surfaces such as snow or ice. On
11200-445: The deceleration of one wheel exceeds a fixed threshold and 2) whether the brake slip, calculated based on information of both wheels, rises above a certain percentage and enters an unstable zone. These are indicators for a high possibility of a locking wheel. To countermeasure these irregularities the ECU signals the hydraulic unit to hold or to release pressure. After signals show the return to
11340-467: The development of the anti-locking braking system on commercial vehicles to prevent locking on slippery roads, followed in 1986 by the electronic braking system (EBS) for heavy-duty vehicles. 1978: Mercedes-Benz W116 As one of the firsts, used an electronic four-wheel multi-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS) from Bosch as an option from 1978 on. 1982: Honda introduced electronically controlled multi-channel ALB (Anti Locking Brakes) as an option for
11480-465: The differential housing. Shock absorbers , coil springs , and anti-roll bars are fitted front and rear. The B5 S4 brake system consisted of radially ventilated discs, 321 mm (12.64 in) in diameter by 30 mm (1.18 in) thick up front, and 256 mm (10.08 in) by 22 mm (0.87 in) at the rear. Two-piston Lucas HP2 brake calipers at the front (with four pads per caliper), with Lucas single-piston sliding brake calipers at
11620-404: The driver intends. The steering wheel sensor also helps in the operation of Cornering Brake Control (CBC), since this will tell the ABS that wheels on the inside of the curve should brake more than wheels on the outside, and by how much. ABS equipment may also be used to implement a traction control system (TCS) on the acceleration of the vehicle. If, when accelerating, the tire loses traction,
11760-415: The driver via brake pedal pulsation. Some anti-lock systems can apply or release braking pressure 15 times per second. Because of this, the wheels of cars equipped with ABS are practically impossible to lock even during panic braking in extreme conditions. The ECU is programmed to disregard differences in wheel rotative speed below a critical threshold because when the car is turning, the two wheels towards
11900-472: The drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning. In testing, a 30% improvement in braking performance was noted, because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point. An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires. The first proper recognition of the ABS system came later with the German engineer Karl Wässel, whose system for modulating braking power
12040-565: The early 2000 models, the Alcantara inserts in the rear seats did not fully extend forward to the front edge of the seat. A motor racing version of the car achieved great success in the SpeedVision World Challenge with Michael Galati taking the 2001 SpeedVision GT title in a Champion Racing S4, winning four races, and helping Audi to its first Manufacturers' Championship. The Audi Sport specification Champion A4 chassis included
12180-568: The first motorcycle with an electro-hydraulic ABS: the BMW K100 . Yamaha Introduced the FJ1200 model with optional ABS in 1991. Honda followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the ST1100 Pan European. In 2007, Suzuki launched its GSF1200SA (Bandit) with an ABS. In 2005, Harley-Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes. The anti-lock brake controller
12320-657: The first four-wheel vehicle ABS for series production. Motorcycles of BMW K100 series were optionally equipped with the ABS, which added 11 kg to the bike. It was developed together with FAG Kugelfischer and regulated the pressure in the braking circuits via a plunger piston . Japanese manufacturers followed with an ABS option by 1992 on the Honda ST1100 and the Yamaha FJ1200 . Continental presented its first Motorcycle Integral ABS (MIB) in 2006. It has been developed in cooperation with BMW and weighed 2.3 kg. While
12460-419: The first generation of motorcycle ABS weighed around 11 kg, the generation (2011) presented by Bosch in 2009 weighs 0.7 kg (ABS base) and 1.6 kg (ABS enhanced) with integral braking. Wheel speed sensors mounted on the front and rear wheel constantly measures the rotational speed of each wheel and delivers this information to an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The ECU detects two things: 1) if
12600-529: The fourth generation of the 'Audi S4 quattro' ( Typ 8K ) entered factory production. It is based on the Audi B8 A4 , built on the Volkswagen Group MLB/MLP platform . Unlike the previous B6 and B7 models, the new B8 version was only available as a four-door five-seat saloon (sedan), or a five-door five-seat Avant (estate/wagon). The sport-performance two-door four-seat Cabriolet ( convertible ) mantle
12740-507: The front and 335 mm (13.19 in) at the rear. It can accelerate from 0-100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 4.6 seconds. 0-200 km/h (124.3 mph) times are 16.6 seconds for the saloon and 16.8 seconds for the Avant. The Audi S6 5.2 FSI quattro ( Typ 4F) was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in January. The performance version of the C6 Audi A6 ,
12880-481: The front bumper air intakes which indicates the 10-cylinder engine as a point of differentiation from other A6 models. Bi-Xenon high-intensity discharge (HID) adaptive headlights which swivel around corners complement the LED DRLs. As with the previous generation, this C6 platform also generated an RS 6 version available for the model years 2008 to 2010, again developed and produced by quattro GmbH. This version of
13020-466: The front doors complete the exterior makeover. Black and grey contrasting interior leathers, along with "quattro" embossed into the Recaro seats, together with a "1 of 250" exclusive quattro gear shift knob for the manual-only gearbox define the interior changes and act as a subtle reminder of the exclusivity that the limited numbers command. On the mechanical side, the S4 25quattro was the second Audi, after
13160-459: The front-to-rear brake bias . This latter function, depending on its specific capabilities and implementation, is known variously as electronic brakeforce distribution , traction control system , emergency brake assist , or electronic stability control (ESC). The concept for ABS predates the modern systems that were introduced in the 1950s. In 1908, for example, J.E. Francis introduced his 'Slip Prevention Regulator for Rail Vehicles'. In 1920
13300-595: The improvement could be as much as 30%. Enfield's technical director at the time, Tony Wilson-Jones, saw little future in the system, however, and it was not put into production by the company. A fully-mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the Ferguson P99 racing car, the Jensen FF , and the experimental all-wheel drive Ford Zodiac , but saw no further use; the system proved expensive and unreliable. The first fully-electronic anti-lock braking system
13440-463: The inlet valves. The intake air is pressurized by two parallel water-cooled BorgWarner K03-series turbochargers; the charged air is cooled by two side-mounted air-to-air intercoolers (SMICs). It displaces 2,671 cubic centimetres (163.0 cu in), and is rated to produce a motive power output of 195 kW (265 PS; 261 bhp) at 5,800 rpm, and generates 400 N⋅m (295 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 1,850 rpm. Engine management
13580-498: The lineup from 1998. Production of the B5 S4 ceased in September 2001, although it was still sold together with the next B6 platform generation through 2002 in North America. Examples produced June 2001 to end of production are 2002 Model Year cars, the 10th digit of the VIN being the number "2". Several years after it was sold new, the B5 S4 remains a potent enthusiast car, and as featured in
13720-449: The many upgrades the S4 receives over its mainstream 100 and A4 siblings. In markets where the even higher-performance Audi RS 4 is not offered, the S4 is the top-of-the-line trim of the A4 family. A single turbocharged 2.2-litre inline five-cylinder powered the original C4 version, and a 2.7-litre twin turbocharged V6 engine was found in the B5 generation. The B6 and B7 versions shared
13860-590: The model's inception in 1991. A two-door four-seat Cabriolet ( convertible ) S4 variant was introduced as part of the B6 and B7 generation A4 lineups. The B8 Cabriolet has now been built off the A5 coupe body style and the "S" variant is marketed under the Audi S5 nameplate. Factory production of the original Audi S4 ( Typ 4A ), usually known as Audi 100 S4 , began in August 1991 to serve as
14000-511: The number and severity of motorcycle crashes and collisions. The European Commission passed legislation in 2012 that made the fitment with ABS for all new motorcycles above 125cc to be mandatory from 1 January 2016. Consumer Reports said in 2016 that "ABS is commonly offered on large, expensive models, but it has been spreading to several entry-level sportbikes and midsized bikes". In 1988, BMW introduced an electronic/ hydraulic ABS for motorcycles, ten years after Daimler Benz and Bosch released
14140-1057: The option the True-Track Braking System on the Oldsmobile Toronado . In 1972, the option was made available in all Cadillacs. In 1971, Nissan offered an EAL (Electro Anti-lock System) developed by Japanese company Denso as an option on the Nissan President , which became Japan 's first electronic ABS. 1971: The Imperial became the first production car with a 4 wheel computer-operated anti-lock braking system. Toyota introduced electronically controlled anti-skid brakes on Toyota Crown labeled as ESC (Electronic Skid Control). 1971: First truck application: "Antislittamento" system developed by Fiat Veicoli Industriali and installed on Fiat truck model 691N1. 1972: four-wheel-drive Triumph 2500 Estates were fitted with Mullard electronic systems as standard. Such cars were rare however and very few remain. 1976: WABCO began
14280-405: The performance version of the newly updated, C4 platform, 100-series four-door, five-seat saloon. First shown to the public at the May 1991 Barcelona Show , it was designed to replace the outgoing C3 -based Audi 200 turbo quattro 20V and retained its five-cylinder engine. The 200, Audi's first true sports-saloon, had been discontinued at the end of 1990. Being the first S4 model from Audi, it
14420-786: The quarter-mile in 13.5 seconds. Despite its heft at 4,500 pounds, the S6 has quick reflexes and agility, with the assistance of Audi's quattro system. The brakes consist of radially ventilated discs front and rear. The fronts are sized at 385 mm (15.16 in) in diameter by 36 mm (1.417 in) thick, and are clamped by gloss black painted Continental Teves two-piston sliding calipers. The rear discs are 330 mm (12.99 in) by 22 mm (0.866 in) thick, and use gloss black Girling - TRW single piston sliding calipers with an integrated electro-mechanical parking brake. A Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme , with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Brake Assist , and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) completed
14560-507: The quattro four wheel drive. A six-speed manual gearbox was also available as an option. The C4 braking system included radially ventilated disc brakes front and rear; with 314 mm (12.4 in) diameter by 30 mm (1.18 in) thick discs, with two-piston floating Girling calipers bearing the interlocking four-ringed Audi logo, and four individual pads per caliper up front, and 269 mm (10.6 in) by 20 mm (0.79 in) discs with Lucas single-piston sliding calipers at
14700-408: The quickest saloon/sedan in the Audi model line, and among the quickest saloon/sedans in the world at that time. The B5 S4 is fitted with 4-wheel independent suspension . The front suspension is a multi-link design with four individual control arms per wheel. The rear suspension is an unequal length double wishbone design; the lower control arms are mounted to a subframe which also carries
14840-589: The rain) at Barber Motorsports Park. These S4's were built using existing S4, not RS4 engines, but used the B5 Audi RS4 K04 turbochargers. The third generation Audi S4 quattro ( Type 8E — saloon: 8E2, Avant: 8E5, and Cabriolet: 8H7) debuted its saloon and Avant bodystyles in Europe in March 2003, and appeared in North America slightly later. This was based on the latest Volkswagen Group B6 (PL46) platform used by
14980-510: The rear. Bosch Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) with EDS was also standard. Standard wheels were 7½Jx16 "Avus" cast aluminium alloy wheels with 205/55 R16 tyres. An optional 7½Jx16 five-arm alloy wheel, with 205/55 R16 tyres, an 8Jx16 five double-spoke alloy, an 8Jx17 10-spoke alloys "Bolero" were also available with 225/45 R17 tyres. As a swan song to the C4 platform, an even more powerful, and very limited-production Audi S6 Plus (Typ Q1)
15120-711: The rear. A Bosch ABS 5.3 four-channel Anti-lock Braking System (with Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) and Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) - and later with ESP or Electronic Stability Programme ), coupled with a vacuum servo completed the system. Standard wheels were Audi's die-cast aluminium alloy six-arm 'Avus' 7.5Jx17H2 ET45 wheels, fitted with 225/45 ZR17 performance tyres. Available exterior colors included Brilliant Black, Laser Red, Light Silver, Cactus Green, Santorin Blue, Hibiscus Red, Casablanca White, Pearlescent White, Imola Yellow ( spicy mustard ), and Nogaro Blue. The last two colors were exclusive to
15260-577: The saloon, and £56,050 for the Avant. Audi unveiled the 2015 S6 facelift in November 2014. Changes include: The Audi S6 C8 is powered by a 2.9 litre twin-turbo V6 TFSI gasoline engine, producing 331 kW (450 PS ; 444 bhp ) and 600 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft ) of torque, allowing the car to reach 60 mph in just 4.4 seconds. The engine is boosted by a 48V belt alternator/starter mild- hybrid system , which can recover up to 9.4 bhp (7 kW). European models went on sale in summer 2019 and feature
15400-414: The same speed as the wheel. In normal braking, the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed. However, when a wheel slows down, then the drum would do the same, leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate. This causes the valve to open, allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir, lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes. The use of
15540-427: The second generation of Prelude, launched worldwide in 1982. Additional info: the general agent for Honda in Norway required all Preludes for the Norwegian market to have the ALB-system as a standard feature, making Honda Prelude be the first car delivered in Europe with ABS as a standard feature. The Norwegian general agent also included a sunroof and other options to be standard equipment in Norway, adding more luxury to
15680-436: The six-speed manual gearbox, in either saloon or Avant body styles. All C4 S4s' came equipped as standard with a conventional fixed-assistance rack and pinion power assisted steering (PAS) system. An electronically controlled ' servotronic ' system, which varied the level of assistance in accordance with the road speed, was available as an option. There were two different types of high performance brake systems on offer for
15820-739: The six-speed manual sedan in the United States. Top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (155.3 mph). The B6 S4 saloon and Avant variants ceased factory production in December 2004, with the Cabriolet ending twelve months later at December 2005. Replacing the 2.7-litre ' biturbo ' V6 engine of the previous generation B5 S4, the new B6 S4 powertrain gained an all-aluminium alloy 4.2-litre, 40 valve (five valves per cylinder) V8 engine (parts code prefix: 079.C, identification code: BBK ), with flywheel-end chain-driven double overhead camshafts , roller-finger rocker arm cam followers , and included variable inlet camshaft timing . It also used
15960-424: The stable zone, the pressure is increased again. Past models used a piston for the control of the fluid pressure . Most recent models regulate the pressure by rapidly opening and closing solenoid valves . While the basic principle and architecture has been carried over from passenger car ABS, typical motorcycle characteristics have to be considered during the development and application processes. One characteristic
16100-400: The suspension, brakes and wheels. The front brake discs were enlarged to 323 mm (12.7 in) in diameter by 30 mm (1.18 in) thick. Standard wheels were 8Jx17 6-spoke "Avus" cast aluminium alloy wheels with 255/40 R17 tyres on them, with an optional 7Jx16 alloy wheel for use with winter tyres was also available. The S6 Plus saloon could reach 100 km/h (62.1 mph) from
16240-446: The system work: these are a steering wheel angle sensor and a gyroscopic sensor. The theory of operation is simple: when the gyroscopic sensor detects that the direction taken by the car does not coincide with what the steering wheel sensor reports, the ESC software will brake the necessary individual wheel(s) (up to three with the most sophisticated systems), so that the vehicle goes the way
16380-468: The then current Audi B6 A4 . Despite having moved to an entirely new platform, one of the S4's most publicised new features was its new engine - a 4.2-litre V8 engine . Following its initial launch of either a four-door five-seat saloon (sedan), or a five-door five-seat Avant (estate/wagon), it eventually became available in three bodystyles - and for the first time in the Audi 'S' car range , from February 2004,
16520-440: The travel distance of the piston to allow the control unit a more precise regulation. Honda also uses this system of pressure modulation for big sports and touring bikes . Valve and Pump Systems : The main parts which are part of the pressure modulation system are solenoid inlet and outlet valves, a pump, motor, and accumulators/reservoirs. The number of the valves differs from model to model due to additional functionalities and
16660-464: The type of brakes in use. They can be differentiated by the number of channels: that is, how many valves that are individually controlled—and the number of speed sensors. A 2004 Australian study by Monash University Accident Research Centre found that ABS: On high-traction surfaces such as bitumen , or concrete , many (though not all) ABS-equipped cars are able to attain braking distances better (i.e. shorter) than those that would be possible without
16800-473: The use of Audi's 4.2-litre V8 engine in place of the then current inline-five engine . An all-new C5 -based Audi A6 debuted for 1997, after which the S4 and S6 became distinctly separate models based on very different platforms . The C4 variant S4 ended factory production after less than three years in July 1994. One of its most renowned owners was Ayrton Senna who owned a silver Avant, not least because he
16940-407: The valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel, thus reducing the braking force on that wheel; the wheel then turns faster. Conversely, if the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others, brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied, slowing down the wheel. This process is repeated continuously and can be detected by
17080-476: Was also available (parts code: 01L, identification codes: EFN [Sept 99-May 1], FBD [June 00-onwards]) with gear ratios as follows: 1st: 3.571, 2nd: 2.200, 3rd: 1.508, 4th: 1.000, 5th: 0.803; and final drive ratio: 2.909). The automatic included steering wheel mounted paddle shifters, and a "Dynamic Shift Program" (DSP) for improved gear selection based on driving conditions.(paddle shift optional) Torsen T-1 based dynamic quattro permanent four-wheel drive
17220-399: Was also available from 2002 to 2004. It was built by Audi's high performance private subsidiary quattro GmbH . It used a twin-turbo (" biturbo ") version of the 4.2-litre V8 engine (identification code: BCY). Power output was 331 kW (450 PS; 444 bhp) at 5,700 to 6,400 rpm, and torque was 560 N⋅m (413 lbf⋅ft) from 1,950 to 5,600 rpm. The only transmission was
17360-405: Was also standard. Both front and rear axles utilised " Electronic Differential Lock " (EDL), which is a function of the Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme . Compared to its A6 sibling, the suspension on the S6 was stiffened and lowered by 10 mm (0.39 in), and utilised gas-pressurised shock absorbers . ZF rack and pinion " servotronic " speed-sensitive power steering
17500-576: Was available for several years thereafter, functioned as intended, and proved reliable. In 1969, Ford introduced an anti-lock braking system called "Sure-Track" to the rear wheels of the Lincoln Continental Mark III and Ford Thunderbird , as an option; it became standard in 1971. The Sure-Track braking system was designed with help from Kelsey-Hayes. In 1971, General Motors introduced the "Trackmaster" rear-wheel only ABS as an option on their rear-wheel drive Cadillac models and called
17640-557: Was available with a standard six-speed manual transmission (five-speed only in North America ) and with the four-plus-one-speed automatic (the fifth "gear" called a 'lockup' gear, what reduced the RPM by ~400 at highway speed with cruise control on) as well, with the Audi's dynamic Torsen T-1 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Audi made a high-performance, 4.2-litre V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: AEC) with
17780-461: Was awarded the coveted European Car of the Year Award in 1986, with very favorable praise from motoring journalists. After this success, Ford began research into Anti-Lock systems for the rest of their range, which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit. Since 1987 ABS has been standard equipment on all Mercedes-Benz automobiles. Lincoln followed suit in 1993. In 1988, BMW introduced
17920-475: Was briefly available to European customers. The S6 Plus, developed by Audi's wholly owned high performance subsidiary, quattro GmbH was available for sale during the 1997 model year only (production from June 1996 to October 1997). A total of 952 cars were produced – 855 Avant, and 97 saloons. It was powered by another version of the 32-valve (four valves per cylinder) 4.2-litre V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: AHK, later to be seen in
18060-686: Was by way of a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 (7.0 in North America) electronic engine control unit (ECU), and helped it meet the European EU-3D emissions standard. In all US-market cars, the engine was detuned to meet US emissions regulations; output was reduced to 184 kW (250 PS; 247 hp) and 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft) (identification code: APB). As in the previous S4, a six-speed C90 manual transmission (parts code prefix: 01E, identification code: DSY, gear ratios : 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.231, 4th: 0.967, 5th: 0.806, 6th: 0.684)
18200-650: Was developed in the late-1960s for the Concorde aircraft. The modern ABS system was invented in 1971 by Mario Palazzetti (known as 'Mister ABS') in the Fiat Research Center and has become standard in almost every car. The system was called Antiskid and the patent was sold to Bosch who named it ABS. Chrysler , together with the Bendix Corporation , introduced a computerized, three-channel, four-sensor all-wheel ABS called "Sure Brake" for its 1971 Imperial . It
18340-437: Was discontinued after the 2011 model year, shortly before the release of the 2012 Audi A6 (C7). For the sprint from rest to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph), the S6 saloon takes 5.2 seconds, with the quarter mile passing in 13.5 seconds. Top speed is electronically limited to 250 kilometres per hour (155.3 mph). However a test by Edmunds found that the S6 takes 5.7-seconds to reach 60 mph (97 km/h),
18480-533: Was electronically governed to 250 km/h (155.3 mph). This generation of S6 went out of production in 2003. The engine was a new rubber-hydro mounted all-aluminium alloy 4.2-litre 40-valve (five valves per cylinder) 90° V8 (parts code: 077, identification codes: AQJ [Sept 99-May 1], ANK [Sept 00-onwards]). It had double overhead camshafts on each cylinder bank and solenoid -operated magnesium two-stage variable intake manifold . It displaced 4,172 cubic centimetres (254.6 cu in), and
18620-415: Was officially patented in 1928. Wässel, however, never developed a working product and neither did Robert Bosch who produced a similar patent eight years later. A similar braking system called Decelostat that used direct-current generators to measure wheel slippage was used in railroads in the 1930s. By 1951, flywheel-based Decelostat was used in aircraft to provide anti skid in landings. The device
18760-658: Was on trials first in the United States and later by the British. In 1954, Popular Science revealed that there was preliminary testing of the Decelostat system to prevent car swirling on a heavy brake by the US car manufacturers in Detroit . However, there was no public information of the test results. By the early 1950s, the Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system was in widespread aviation use in
18900-582: Was rated at 250 kW (340 PS; 335 bhp) at 6,600 rpm, producing 420 N⋅m (310 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 3,400 rpm. It satisfied the European Union EU3 emissions standard, and was managed by a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU) with manifold-sited sequential fuel injection , mapped direct ignition with eight individual spark coils, Bosch longlife spark plugs , four heated lambda sensors and two catalytic converters , cylinder-selective knock control and
19040-557: Was standard equipment, as was the Torsen T-2 quattro permanent all-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01H, identification code: DQA) ratio is 4.111. A five-speed ZF 5HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 01V) became available for the first time as an option. The B5 S4 claims acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h (0.0 to 62.1 mph) in 5.7 seconds, and has an electronically limited top speed of 250 km/h (155.3 mph), making it both
19180-604: Was standard on the C4 S4/S6; a first-generation Torsen -based system which used the "T-1" automatically biasing centre differential (ATB) was used on vehicles equipped with manual transmissions, while a transfer box based system was used on vehicles equipped with an automatic transmission . S4/S6 "Plus" models equipped with a 4.2-litre 206 kilowatts (280 PS; 276 bhp) all-aluminium alloy V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: ABH ) became available to European customers as an option from October 1992, only with
19320-533: Was standard. Brakes consisted of radially vented brake discs front and rear. The fronts are sized at 321 mm (12.64 in) diameter by 30 mm (1.18 in) thick, and are clamped by Lucas HP2 two-piston calipers . At the rear, the discs are 269 mm (10.59 in) by 22 mm (0.87 in), and use a Lucas single-piston sliding caliper. Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme , with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Brake Assist , and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) completed
19460-531: Was the Audi distributor for Brazil. In standard form, the powertrain detail of the C4-based S4 was available with only one engine, a single turbocharged and intercooled version of Audi's 2.2-litre 20-valve inline five-cylinder engine This displaced 2,226 cubic centimetres (135.8 cu in) and was equipped with an advanced Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU). This engine (parts code prefix: 034, identification code: AAN ), developed
19600-559: Was widespread. ABS operates at a much faster rate and more effectively than most drivers could manage. Although ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and some slippery surfaces, on loose gravel or snow-covered surfaces ABS may significantly increase braking distance , while still improving steering control. Since ABS was introduced in production vehicles, such systems have become increasingly sophisticated and effective. Modern versions may not only prevent wheel lock under braking, but may also alter
#554445