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61-622: It was built by the Canadian Army in 1949, connecting the village of Atlin, British Columbia , with the Tagish Road just one mile west of the Alaska Highway at historic mile 866 ( Jakes Corner ). By the mid-1980s, the Yukon section had been improved, being wide and straight, and the B.C. section, which has no official highway number, was narrow, winding, with some less-than-optimum grades. Most of

122-488: A regimental sergeant major is held by a chief warrant officer, or adjutant held by a captain. In some branches or specific units, rank titles may differ due to tradition. A trained private within the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps is a trooper, whereas the same rank within the artillery is gunner. Other titles for the rank of private include fusilier, sapper, rifleman, craftsman, and guardsman. The ranks of

183-690: A third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville , in rural Pennsylvania , after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. , to target the White House , or the US Capitol . No one aboard the flights survived. The death toll among responders including firefighters and police

244-410: A dessert) provided for soldiers to consume in situations in which meal preparation is not possible. The Canadian Army maintains a variety of different uniforms, including a ceremonial full dress uniform , a mess dress uniform , a service dress uniform , operational/ field uniforms , and occupational uniforms. Canada's uniforms were developed parallel to British uniforms from 1900 to the unification of

305-705: A highly developed science and technology sector. Since the First World War , Canada has produced its own infantry fighting vehicle , anti-tank guided missile and small arms for the Army. Regular and reserve units operate state-of-the-art equipment able to handle modern threats through 2030–2035. Despite extensive financial cuts to the defence budget between the 1960s–2000s, the Army is relatively well equipped. The Army currently operates approximately 10,500 utility vehicles, including G-wagons and 7000-MVs , and also operates approximately 2,700 armoured fighting vehicles including

366-598: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Canadian Army The Canadian Army ( French : Armée canadienne ) is the command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces . It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada , and is also responsible for the Army Reserve, the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Army

427-929: Is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff, who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Staff . The Army is also supported by 3,000 civilian employees from the public service. Formed in 1855, as the Active Militia , in response to the threat of the United States to the Province of Canada after the British garrison left for the Crimean War . This Militia

488-595: Is part of the Canadian Joint Operations Command and not part of the Canadian Army. It serves as a deployable headquarters to command a divisional-level deployment of Canadian or allied forces on operations, succeeding the previous Canadian Joint Forces HQ. In addition to the four regional command areas, the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training Centre , commanded by a major-general and headquartered at McNaughton Barracks, CFB Kingston , Ontario,

549-737: Is referred to as the War in Afghanistan in order to distinguish it from the country's various other wars, notably the ongoing Afghan conflict of which it was a part, and the Soviet–Afghan War . From the perspective of the West , the war is divided between 2001 and 2014 (the ISAF mission), when most combat operations were performed by coalition forces, a 2015 to 2021 (the Resolute Support Mission ), when

610-567: Is responsible for the supervision, integration and delivery of Army training and doctrine development, including simulation and digitization. It includes a number of schools and training organizations, such as the Combat Training Centre at CFB Gagetown , New Brunswick, and the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre at CFB Wainwright , Alberta. Canadian infantry and armoured regimental traditions are strongly rooted in

671-495: Is the reserve element of the Canadian Army and the largest component of the Primary Reserve . The Army Reserve is organized into under-strength brigades (for purposes of administration) along geographic lines. The Army Reserve is very active and has participated heavily in all Regular Army deployments since 2002, in some cases contributing as much as 40 per cent of each deployment in either individual augmentation, as well as occasional formed sub-units ( companies ). LFR regiments have

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732-876: The Canadian Airborne Regiment , which was divided into three commandos). In addition to the Canadian Guards, and the Canadian Airborne Regiment, the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada , and the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada also fielded units that served in Regular Force. In the years that followed the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces, several units of Regular Force were disbanded, or reduced to nil strength. On 15 September 1968,

793-834: The Canadian Army Doctrine Bulletin began printing as the successor to the original journal, and in 2004 the publication returned to its original name. War in Afghanistan (2001%E2%80%932021) Invasion (2001): [REDACTED]   Northern Alliance [REDACTED]   United States [REDACTED]   United Kingdom [REDACTED]   Canada RS phase (2015–2021): [REDACTED] ISAF : 130,000+ (Peak Strength) [REDACTED] Afghan National Defense and Security Forces : 307,947 (Peak Strength, January 2021) [REDACTED] Resolute Support Mission : 17,178 (Peak Strength, October 2019) Defence Contractors: 117,227 (Peak Strength, Q2 2012) [REDACTED] High Council of

854-820: The First Canadian Army . On 19 November 1940, during Second World War , an Order in Council was issued that renamed the Permanent Active Militia as the Canadian Army (Active), supplemented by the Non-Permanent Active Militia , which was named the Canadian Army (Reserve). The Army participated in the Korean War , with the first elements of its participation landed in Korea in December 1950 and formed part of

915-618: The Gulf War in 1991 and the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, in addition to various peacekeeping operations under United Nations auspices in different parts of the world. Despite Canada's usual support of British and American initiatives, Canada's land forces did not directly participate in the Suez Crisis , the Vietnam War , or the Iraq War . Command of the Army is exercised by the commander of

976-781: The LAV-III and the Leopard 2 . The Army also operates approximately 150 field artillery pieces including the M777 howitzer and the LG1 Mark II . In 2016 the Army replaced the RG-31 Nyala and Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle with the Textron Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle . The Army infantry uses the C7 Rifle or C8 Carbine as the basic assault rifle , with grenadiers using

1037-866: The North-West Rebellion , the Second Boer War , the First and Second World Wars , Korean War , and more recently with the Gulf War , and in the War in Afghanistan . Prior to Confederation in 1867, the British Army , which included both " Fencible " Regiments of the British Army—recruited within British North America exclusively for service in North America—and Canadian militia units,

1098-491: The Royal Canadian Regiment . The major operations that regular Canadian troops, in the 19th century, participated in included: the North-West Rebellion in 1885, and the Second Boer War . During the First World War , the Canadian Army raised the volunteer Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) for service overseas, and was the primary Canadian participation to the war effort. The Canadian Army also fought during

1159-647: The Second World War . Following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany and her allies by the United Kingdom on 3 September 1939, with Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King consulting with the Parliament of Canada and declaring war on 10 September 1939, the Canadian Army raised the Canadian Active Service Force, which initially consisted of the 1st Canadian Division ; later increased to form

1220-585: The Talib who sought to end warlordism in Afghanistan through stricter adherence to Sharia . On 27 September 1996, the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia , seized Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . The Taliban imposed their fundamentalist Deobandi interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside

1281-582: The killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011, and NATO leaders began planning an exit strategy from Afghanistan. On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and officially transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. Unable to eliminate the Taliban through military means, coalition forces (and separately, the Afghan government led by Ashraf Ghani ) turned to diplomacy to end

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1342-421: The 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture Osama bin Laden. These teams planned several operations but did not receive the order to proceed from President Clinton. Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion. On the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, a total of 19 men affiliated with Al-Qaeda carried out four coordinated attacks in

1403-446: The 1990s, the Regular Force saw further organizational restructuring. The Canadian Airborne Regiment was disbanded in 1995, while the Regular Force regiment of the 8th Canadian Hussars (Princess Louise's) , formed in 1957, was converted to a mixed Regular and Reserve "Total Force" unit with the close-out of 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group at Lahr , Germany, in 1994, before reverting to a Reserve regiment in 1997. The Army Reserve

1464-620: The 2nd Battalion of the Canadian Guards was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle; its personnel became a part of 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment . After the Canadian Guards were reduced to nil strength, the role of the Household Troop reverted to the two seniormost infantry regiments of the Reserve. The respective battalions relinquished their numerical battalion designations in 1976. During

1525-539: The 2nd Battalion of the Queen's Own Rifles was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle . Several weeks later, the 1st Battalion of the Canadian Guards was disbanded on 1 October 1968. In 1970, several more units were reduced to nil strength. The 1st Battalion of the Queen's Own Rifles was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle on 27 April 1970, with

1586-609: The Afghan armed forces did most of the fighting against the Taliban. The war was named Operation Enduring Freedom from 2001 to 2014 and as Operation Freedom's Sentinel from 2015 to 2021 by the US. Alternatively, it has been called the US War in Afghanistan. In Afghanistan itself, the war is known as simply the "War in Afghanistan" ( Dari : جنگ در افغانستان Jang dar Afghanistan , Pashto : د افغانستان جګړه Da Afghanistan Jagra ). The Taliban emerged from religious students known as

1647-607: The Army adopted CADPAT camouflaged combat uniforms in the late-1990s. With the adoption of CADPAT, the Canadian Armed Forces became the first military force to adopt digital camouflage pattern for all its units. Officers are selected in several ways: In addition, there were other commissioning plans such as the Officer Candidate Training Plan and Officer Candidate Training Plan (Men) for commissioning serving members which are no longer in effect. Occupational training for Canadian Army officers takes place at one of

1708-600: The Army existed as a distinct legal entity before its amalgamation with the Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force to form the Canadian Armed Forces. In the 1990s, the command was renamed Land Force Command (French: Commandement des Forces terrestres ), until it reverted to its original name in August 2011. During its history, the Canadian Army has fought in a variety of conflicts, including in

1769-514: The Army regiments originated from the Canadian militia, and was eventually relegated from combat to ceremonial use. The present service dress uniform includes a rifle green tunic and trousers, similar to the older iteration of the service dress, although with a different cut, and an added shoulder strap. The present service dress uniforms were introduced in the late 1980s, alongside the other "distinctive environmental uniforms" issued to other branches of

1830-752: The C7 with an attached M203 grenade launcher , and the C9 squad automatic weapon . The Canadian Army also uses the SIG Sauer P320 and the SIG Sauer P226 . Newer variants of the C7/C8 family have since been integrated into common use throughout the Canadian Armed Forces. The C7 has most recently been updated in the form the C7A2. The major internal components remain the same, however, several changes have been made to increase versatility of

1891-602: The Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, though maintained significant differences. The adoption of a number of separate uniforms for separate functions, also made its uniforms become distinctively "Canadian" in the process. Prior to unification in 1968, the uniforms between the three branches were similar to their counterparts in the forces of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, save for national identifiers and some regimental accoutrements. The Honourable Peter MacKay, Minister of National Defence, announced on 8 July 2013

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1952-449: The Canadian Armed Forces. From the unification of the armed forces in 1968, to the introduction of the distinctive service uniforms in the 1980s, the branches of the Canadian Armed Forces wore a similar rifle green service uniform. The Canadian Army began to issue combat specific uniforms in the early 1960s, with the introduction of "combats," coloured olive-drab shirt. The olive-drab uniforms continued to be used with minor alterations until

2013-463: The Canadian Army are as follows: Field kitchens and catering are used to provide Canadian Army personnel fresh-cooked meals at bases and overseas operation centres. When fresh rations are not practical or available, Individual Meal Packs (IMPs) are issued instead. There are also patrol packs, which are small high-protein snack-type foods (such as beef jerky or shredded cheese) and boxed lunches (consisting of assorted sandwiches, juice, fruit, pasta and

2074-570: The Canadian Army was Chief of the General Staff until 1964 when the appointment became Commander, Mobile Command in advance of the unification of Canada's military forces . The position was renamed Chief of the Land Staff in 1993. Following the reversion to the name Canadian Army in 2011, the position became Commander of the Canadian Army . There are three mechanized brigade groups in the Canadian Army's Regular Force. Approximately two-thirds of

2135-407: The Canadian Army within National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa. The Army is divided into four geographical districts: the 2nd Canadian Division is based in Quebec , the 3rd Canadian Division is based in Western Canada , the 4th Canadian Division is based in Ontario , while the 5th Canadian Division is based in Atlantic Canada . The single operational formation, 1st Canadian Division ,

2196-525: The Government of Canada's intent to restore Canadian Army rank insignia, names and badges to their traditional forms. The Canadian Army's universal full dress uniform includes a scarlet tunic , midnight blue trousers with a scarlet trouser stripe, and a Wolseley helmet . However, a number of regiments in the Canadian Army are authorized regimental deviations from the Army's universal design; including some armoured, Canadian-Scottish regiments , and all rifle / voltigeur regiments. The full dress uniforms of

2257-1075: The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: 3,000–3,500 [REDACTED] Taliban : 58,000-100,000 (As of February 2021) [REDACTED] HIG : 1,500–2,000+ (2014) [REDACTED] al-Qaeda : ~300 in 2016 (~ 3,000 in 2001) [REDACTED] Fidai Mahaz : 8,000 (2013) Afghan security forces: 66,000–69,095 killed Northern Alliance: 200 killed Coalition : Dead: 3,579 Wounded: 23,536 Contractors Dead: 3,917 Wounded: 15,000+ Taliban insurgents : 52,893 killed (2,000+ al-Qaeda fighters) Civilians killed: 70,000 Total killed: 176,206 (per Brown University ) 212,191+ (per UCDP ) The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of November 2014. Timeline Major operations Airstrikes Major insurgent attacks 2002 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Massacres Other The War in Afghanistan

2318-500: The Regular Force is composed of anglophone units, while one third is francophone . The mechanized brigades include battalions from three infantry regiments, the Royal Canadian Regiment , Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry , and the Royal 22 Regiment . Between 1953 and 1971, the Regular infantry consisted of seven regiments, each maintaining two battalions (except the Royal 22 Régiment, which had three; The Canadian Guards which had four battalions between 1953 and 1957; and

2379-407: The September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban immediately extradite al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden to the United States; the Taliban refused to do so without evidence of Bin Laden's involvement. After the expelling of the Taliban and their allies, the US-led coalition remained in Afghanistan, forming a security mission (ISAF)—sanctioned by the United Nations —with

2440-592: The Taliban against the United Front. A smaller number were inducted into Al-Qaeda. After the August 1998 United States embassy bombings were linked to bin Laden, President Bill Clinton ordered missile strikes on militant training camps in Afghanistan. US officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden. In 1999, the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban, calling for bin Laden to be surrendered. The Taliban repeatedly rebuffed these demands. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in

2501-612: The Taliban and other Islamist groups waged asymmetric warfare , fighting with guerrilla warfare in the countryside, suicide attacks against urban targets, and reprisals against perceived Afghan collaborators. By 2007, large parts of Afghanistan had been retaken by the Taliban. In response, the coalition sent a major influx of troops for counter-insurgency operations , with a " clear and hold " strategy for villages and towns; this influx peaked in 2011, when roughly 140,000 foreign troops were operating under ISAF command across Afghanistan. A US covert operation in neighboring Pakistan led to

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2562-709: The Taliban controlled as much as 90% of Afghanistan, with the Northern Alliance confined to the country's northeast corner. Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000–30,000 Pakistanis (usually also Pashtun) and 2,000–3,000 Al-Qaeda militants. The 9/11 Commission in the US found that under the Taliban, Al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and teach fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other jihadists , and plot terrorist actions. While Al-Qaeda maintained its own camps in Afghanistan , it also supported training camps of other organizations. An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for

2623-416: The United States. Four commercial passenger jet airliners were hijacked. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and more than 2,000 people in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from damage related to the crashes, destroying and damaging nearby buildings. The hijackers crashed

2684-412: The anti-Taliban Northern Alliance ; Osama bin Laden, meanwhile, relocated to neighboring Pakistan . The conflict officially ended with the 2021 Taliban offensive , which overthrew the Islamic Republic, and re-established the Islamic Emirate. It was the longest war in the military history of the United States , surpassing the length of the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by approximately six months. Following

2745-471: The command comprises the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training Centre , which includes the following establishments: Military rank in the Canadian Army is granted based on a variety of factors including merit, qualification, training, and time in-rank. However, promotion up to the rank of corporal for non-commissioned members, and to captain for officers, is automatic based on time in previous rank. Some ranks are associated with specific appointments. For example,

2806-409: The conflict. These efforts culminated in the United States–Taliban deal in February 2020, which stipulated the withdrawal of all US troops from Afghanistan by 2021. In exchange, the Taliban pledged to prevent any militant group from staging attacks from Afghan territory against the US and its allies. However, the Afghan government was not a party to the deal and rejected its terms. Coinciding with

2867-471: The east and the south. As of October 2017, both the Yukon and the British Columbia portions of the Atlin Road are in very good condition, with very few potholes. 60°00′00″N 133°47′39″W  /  60.000°N 133.7943°W  / 60.000; -133.7943 This article about a Yukon road, road transport or highway is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This British Columbia road, road transport or highway-related article

2928-417: The forces who took part in Operation Killer and the Battle of Kapyong . Canadian troops were also committed to the NATO presence in West Germany during the Cold War . In the years following its unification with the navy and air force in 1968, the size of Canada's land forces was reduced, however, Canadian troops participated in a number of military actions with Canada's allies. These operations included

2989-410: The goal of creating a new democratic authority in the country that would prevent the Taliban from returning to power. A new Afghan Interim Administration was established, and international rebuilding efforts were launched. By 2003, the Taliban had reorganized under their founder, Mullah Omar , and began a widespread insurgency against the new Afghan government and coalition forces. Insurgents from

3050-400: The home, attend school or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative. According to the United Nations (UN), the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001, many of them targeting Shias and Hazaras . By 2001,

3111-443: The protracted US-led military presence in the country. Overall, the war killed an estimated 176,000–212,000+ people, including 46,319 civilians. While more than 5.7 million former refugees returned to Afghanistan after the 2001 invasion, by the time the Taliban returned to power in 2021, 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees , while another 4 million were internally displaced . This twenty-year armed conflict (2001–2021)

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3172-411: The rifle. Tactical communication is provided via the Iris Digital Communications System . The badge of the Canadian Army consists of: Since 1947, the Canadian Army has produced a peer-reviewed academic journal called the Canadian Army Journal . In 1965, prior to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces, the journal was merged with similar publications from across the services. In 1980,

3233-399: The schools of the Combat Training Centre for Army controlled occupations (armour, artillery, infantry, electrical, and mechanical engineers, etc.), or at a Canadian Armed Forces school, such as the Canadian Forces School of Administration and Logistics, or the Defence Public Affairs Learning Centre for Officers from career fields controlled outside the Army. Canada is an industrial nation with

3294-553: The section in B.C. runs along the eastern shore of Atlin Lake . By 2000, the B.C. section had been improved and partially paved, but there were complaints about the Yukon section. By 2007, reconstruction had started on the Yukon section once again. The road has once again been widened and surfaced with a bitumen surface treatment. The completion of the most recent reconstruction was finished by 2016. By spring 2014, only 5 km of road, including two small bridges, remained to be reconstructed. From Atlin, there are area roads both to

3355-442: The theoretical administrative capacity to support an entire battalion , but typically have the deployable manpower of only one or two platoons . They are perpetuated as such for the timely absorption of recruits during times of war . Current strength of the Army Reserve is approximately 18,500. On 1 April 2008, the Army Reserve absorbed all units of the former Communications Reserve. The Canadian Army comprises: Additionally,

3416-479: The traditions and history of the British Army . Many regiments were patterned after regiments of the British Army, and a system of official "alliances", or affiliations, was created to perpetuate a sense of shared history. Other regiments developed independently, resulting in a mixture of both colourful and historically familiar names. Other traditions such as battle honours and colours have been maintained by Canadian regiments as well. The senior appointment within

3477-424: The unit's personnel forming the 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Further reductions occurred from mid-June to early-July 1970, with the Regular Force unit from the Fort Garry Horse being disbanded on 16 June 1970. The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Black Watch were reduced to nil strength on 1 July 1970, and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle. Several days later, on 6 July 1970,

3538-461: The withdrawal of troops, the Taliban launched a broad offensive throughout the summer of 2021, successfully reestablishing their control over Afghanistan, including the capital city of Kabul on 15 August . On the same day, the last president of the Islamic Republic, Ashraf Ghani, fled the country; the Taliban declared victory and the war was formally brought to a close. By 30 August, the last American military aircraft departed from Afghanistan , ending

3599-516: Was an armed conflict that took place from 2001 to 2021. Launched as a direct response to the September 11 attacks , the war began when an international military coalition led by the United States invaded Afghanistan , declaring Operation Enduring Freedom as part of the earlier-declared war on terror , toppling the Taliban -ruled Islamic Emirate , and establishing the Islamic Republic three years later. The Taliban and its allies were expelled from major population centers by US-led forces supporting

3660-418: Was later subdivided into the Permanent Active Militia and the Non-Permanent Active Militia . Finally, in 1940, an order in council changed the name of the Active Militia to the Canadian Army. On 1 April 1966, prior to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces , the land forces were placed under a new command called Mobile Command (French: Commandement des forces mobiles ). For two years following,

3721-428: Was responsible for the defence of Canada. Some current regiments of the Canadian Army trace their origins to these pre-Confederation militia and Fencible units. Following the passage of the Militia Act of 1855 , the Permanent Active Militia was formed, and in later decades several regular bodies of troops were created, their descendants becoming the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery , the Royal Canadian Dragoons , and

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