Ascain ( French pronunciation: [askɛ̃] ; Basque : Azkaine ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France .
65-690: The commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom . Ascain is part of the urban area of Bayonne in the traditional Basque province of Labourd 13 km east of Irun and 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Saint-Jean-de-Luz and the Atlantic Ocean in the western foothills of the Pyrenees . The southern tip of
130-494: A light at night from a lantern? 5) Can we allow them to have mats or mattresses? We have provided them with straw to sleep; 6) Can we allow them out two-by-two to wash their clothes? 7) If they are sick, are we authorised to take them out of the detention house to show the others that they are to be treated? Bayonne Bayonne ( French: [bajɔn] ) is a city in Southwestern France near
195-605: A part of Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián . The site on the left bank of the Nive and the Adour was probably occupied before ancient times ; a fortified enclosure was attested in the 1st century at the time when the Tarbelli occupied the territory. Archaeological studies have confirmed the presence of a Roman castrum , a stronghold in Novempopulania at the end of the 4th century, before
260-766: A rich historical past. Its heritage is expressed in its architecture, the diversity of collections in museums, its gastronomic specialties, and traditional events such as the noted Fêtes de Bayonne . The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bayonnais or Bayonnaises . While the modern Basque spelling is Baiona and the same in Gascon Occitan , "the name Bayonne poses a number of problems both historical and linguistic which have still not been clarified". There are different interpretations of its meaning. The termination -onne in Bayonne can come from many in hydronyms -onne or toponyms derived from that. In certain cases
325-604: A separate judicial district: the Seneschal of Lannes a "single subdivision of Guyenne during the English period" which had jurisdiction over a wide area including Bayonne, Dax and Saint-Sever and which exercised civil justice, criminal jurisdiction within the competence of the district councilors. Over time, the "Seneschal of the Sword", which was at Dax, lost any role other than protocol, and Bayonne, along with Dax and Saint-Sever, became
390-488: A shred of evidence to support this projection. In the four layers of sub-soil along the foundation of the Gothic cathedral (in the "apse of the cathedral" area), a 2-metre depth was found of old objects from the end of the 1st century—in particular sigillated Gallic ceramics from Montans imitating Italian styles, thin-walled bowls, and fragments of amphorae . In the "southern sector" near the cloister door, there were objects from
455-513: Is bai una , "the place of the river" or bai ona "hill by the river"— Ibai means "river" in Basque and muinoa means "hill". "It has perhaps been lost from sight that many urban place names in France, from north to south, came from the element Bay- or Bayon- such as: Bayons , Bayonville , Bayonvillers and pose the unusual problem of whether they are Basque or Gascon" adds Pierre Hourmat. However,
520-517: Is an important part of the Basque Bayonne-San Sebastián Eurocity and it plays the role of economic capital of the Adour basin. Modern industries—metallurgy and chemicals—have been established to take advantage of procurement opportunities and sea shipments through the harbour. Business services today represent the largest source of employment. Bayonne is also a cultural capital, a city with strong Basque and Gascon influences, and
585-451: Is estimated to have reached about 3,500 people. The golden age of the city ended in the 15th century with the loss of trade with England and the silting of the port of Bayonne created by the movement of the course of the Adour to the north. At the beginning of the 16th century Labourd suffered the emergence of the plague . Its path can be tracked by reading the Registers . In July 1515,
650-512: Is part of eight inter-communal structures: Ascain has twinning associations with: In 1670 the commune had 300 fires and in 1718 1,560 inhabitants. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Azkaindar . Economic activity is mainly agricultural and also tourism. There is a sandstone quarry in the commune. Ascain is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Ossau-iraty . There are two breweries (Akerbeltz and Oldarki) in
715-601: Is possible to see a pre-Celtic suffix -ona in the name of the Charente ( Karantona in 875) or the Charentonne ( Carentona in 1050). It could also be an augmentative Gascon from the original Latin radical Baia- with the suffix -ona in the sense of "vast expanse of water" or a name derived from the Basque bai meaning "river" and ona meaning "good", hence "good river". The proposal by Eugene Goyheneche repeated by Manex Goyhenetche and supported by Jean-Baptiste Orpustan
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#1733316906040780-467: The Boïates may possibly be La Teste-de-Buch but is certainly not Bayonne. The following table details the origins of Labord, Bayonne, and other names in the commune. Sources: Origins: In the absence of accurate objective data there is some credence to the probable existence of a fishing village on the site in a period prior to ancient times . Numerous traces of human occupation have been found in
845-519: The Grande Redoubt , such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau ". In reality they were gathered in the churches then deported in very precarious conditions to Bayonne , Capbreton , Saint-Vincent-de-Tyrosse , and Ondres . Departments where people from the communes were interned were Lot , Lot-et-Garonne , Gers , Landes , Basses-Pyrénées (the Béarnais part), and Hautes-Pyrénées . The return of the exiles and
910-622: The Middle Ages , a waystation on the Way of St. James . The commune has three primary schools: one public, one private catholic (Sainte-Marie school), and one Ikastola (Basque language school). A Music school (Kornelio), in the form of an association offers classic and traditional training. The Larrundarrak drum band, the Larrun Kanta choir, and the Martintxo-Altxalili association complete
975-510: The Spanish expulsions dictated by the Alhambra Decree . This community brought skill in chocolate making, and Bayonne gained a reputation for chocolate. The course of the Adour was changed in 1578 by dredging under the direction of Louis de Foix , and the river returned to its former mouth. Bayonne flourished after regaining the maritime trade that it had lost for more than a hundred years. In
1040-766: The Spanish Inquisition raged in the Iberian Peninsula, Spanish and Portuguese Jews fled Spain and also later, Portugal, then settled in Southern France, including in Saint-Esprit (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) , a northern district of Bayonne located along the northern bank of the Adour river. They brought with them chocolate and the recipe for its preparation. In 1750, the Jewish population in Saint-Esprit (Pyrénées-Atlantiques)
1105-716: The Spanish border . It is a commune and one of two subprefectures in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department , in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region . Bayonne is located at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers in the northern part of the cultural region of the Basque Country . It is the seat of the Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque which roughly encompasses the western half of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, including
1170-666: The 17th century, the city was fortified by Vauban , whose works were followed as models of defense for 100 years. In 1814, Bayonne and its surroundings were the scene of fighting between the Napoleonic troops and the Spanish-Anglo-Portuguese coalition led by the Duke of Wellington . It was the last time the city was under siege . In 1951, the Lacq gas field was discovered in the region; most of its extracted oil and sulphur are shipped from
1235-562: The Adour swamps. At its foot lies the famous "Bayonne Sea"—the junction of the two rivers—which may have been about 1,200 metres (3,900 feet) wide between Saint-Esprit and the Grand Bayonne and totally covered the current location of Bourg-Neuf (in the district of Petit Bayonne). To the south, the last bend of the Nive widens near the Saint-Léon hills. Despite this, the narrowing of the Adour valley allows easier crossing than anywhere else along
1300-565: The Aniberreko Erreka. The commune name in basque is Azkaine . The name Ascain probably comes from haitz gain meaning "top of the hill" or "rocky height". The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune. Sources: Origins: In 1609 Councillor Pierre de Lancre intervened in French Basque Country at the head of a commission of inquiry demanded by Henri IV . The commission
1365-676: The Basques, who had always been present, dominated the former Novempopulania province between the Garonne , the Ocean, and the Pyrénées. Novempopulania was renamed Vasconia and then Gascony after a Germanic deformation (resulting from the Visigoth and Frankish invasions). Basquisation of the plains region was too weak against the advance of romanization. From the mixture between the Basque and Latin language Gascon
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#17333169060401430-487: The Battler besieged the city without success. Bayonne became an Angevin possession when Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry Plantagenet , the future king of England, in 1152. This alliance gave Bayonne many commercial privileges. The Bayonnaises became carriers of Bordeaux wines and other south-western products like resin, ham, and woad to England. Bayonne was then an important military base. In 1177, King Richard separated
1495-526: The Bayonne region from the Middle Paleolithic especially in the discoveries at Saint-Pierre-d'Irube , a neighbouring locality. On the other hand, the presence of a mound about 14 metres (46 feet) high has been detected in the current Cathedral Quarter overlooking the Nive, which formed a natural protection and a usable port on the left bank of the Nive. At the time, the mound was surrounded north and west by
1560-490: The Col de Saint-Ignace, 4 km (2.5 mi) to the east of the town outside the commune on the D4 road to Sare . The Interurban Network of Pyrénées-Atlantiques bus line has two stops in the commune: one for Route 863 which runs from Hasparren to Saint-Jean-de-Luz; and Route 858 between Sare and Saint-Jean-de-Luz. The Nivelle river flows through the north of the commune flowing towards
1625-567: The Latin form Lapurdum after a period during which the two names could in turn designate a Viscounty or Bishopric. Labourd and Bayonne were synonymous and used interchangeably until the 12th century before being differentiated: Labord for the province and Bayonne for the city. The attribution of Bayonne as Civitas Boatium , a place mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary and by Paul Raymond in his 1863 dictionary, has been abandoned. The city of
1690-699: The Lion Heart of England took control of it, separating it from the Viscount of Labourd. In 1451, the city was taken by the Crown of France after the Hundred Years' War . The loss of trade with the English was followed by the river gradually filling with silt and becoming impassable to ships. As the city developed to the north, its position was weakened compared to earlier times. The district of Saint-Esprit developed initially from settlement by Sephardic Jewish refugees fleeing
1755-518: The Netherlands, the Antilles , the cod fishery off the shores of Newfoundland , and construction sites maintained a high level of activity in the port. In 1792, the district of Saint-Esprit (that revolutionaries renamed Port-de-la-Montagne ) located on the right bank of the Adour, was separated from the city and renamed Jean-Jacques Rousseau . It was reunited with Bayonne on 1 June 1857. For 65 years,
1820-549: The Pyrenees, and pine from Landes ) being overabundant. There was also maritime activity in providing crews for whaling , commercial marine or, and it was often so at a time when it was easy to turn any merchant ship into a warship, the English Royal Navy . Jean de Dunois – a former companion at arms of Joan of Arc —captured the city on 20 August 1451 and annexed it to the Crown "without making too many victims", but at
1885-557: The Romans surrounded the city with a wall to keep out the Tarbelli , Aquitani , or the proto-Basque who then occupied a territory that extended south of modern-day Landes , to the modern French Basque country, the Chalosse , the valleys of the Adour , the mountain streams of Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques , and to the Gave d'Oloron . The archaeological discoveries of October and November 1995 provided
1950-504: The Viscounty of Labourd whose capital then became Ustaritz . Like many cities at the time, in 1215 Bayonne obtained the award of a municipal charter and was emancipated from feudal powers. The official publication, in 1273, of a Coutume unique to the city, remained in force for five centuries until the separation of Bayonne from Labourd. Bayonnaise industry at that time was dominated by shipbuilding: wood ( oak , beech , chestnut from
2015-645: The autonomous commune was part of the department of Landes . In 1808, at the Château of Marracq , the act of abdication of the Spanish king Charles IV in favour of Napoleon was signed under the "friendly pressure" of the Emperor. In the process, the Bayonne Statute was initialed as the first Spanish constitution. Capbreton Capbreton ( French pronunciation: [kabʁətɔ̃] ; Occitan : Capberton )
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2080-661: The church is a Statue of the Virgin and Child [REDACTED] which is a cast of a statue from the 14th century: the original in marble, called the Virgin of Longchamp , is preserved in the Musée national du Moyen Âge (National Museum of the Middle Ages) in Paris. Tombstones in pink sandstone from Larrun cover the grounds. The Chapel of Serres , dedicated to Saint Jacques and recently restored was, in
2145-417: The city leaders did not appear to be unknown. In fact, they never hesitated to use violence and criminal sanctions for keeping order in the name of the "public good". Two brothers, Saubat and Johannes Sorhaindo who were both lieutenants of the mayor of Bayonne in the second half of the 16th century, perfectly embody this period. They often wavered between Catholicism and Protestantism but always wanted to ensure
2210-494: The city of Bayonne was "prohibited to welcome people from plague-stricken places" and on 21 October, "we inhibit and prohibit all peasants and residents of this city [...] to go Parish Bidart [...] because of the contagion of the plague". On 11 April 1518, the plague raged in Saint-Jean-de-Luz and the city of Bayonne "inhibited and prohibited for all peasants and city inhabitants and other foreigners to maintain relationships at
2275-543: The city was populated by the Vascones . In 1023, Bayonne was the capital of Labourd . In the 12th century, it extended to the confluence and beyond of the Nive River. At that time, the first bridge was built over the Adour. The city came under the domination of the English in 1152 through the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine : it became militarily and, above all, commercially important, thanks to maritime trade. In 1177, Richard
2340-517: The coastal city of Biarritz . This area also constitutes the southern part of Gascony , where the Aquitaine Basin joins the beginning of the Pre-Pyrenees . Together with nearby Anglet , Biarritz , Saint-Jean-de-Luz , as well as several smaller communes, Bayonne forms an urban area with 273,137 inhabitants at the 2018 census; 51,411 residents lived in the commune of Bayonne proper. It is also
2405-485: The college Principal of Bayonne was a man of 26 years old with a future: Cornelius Jansen known as Jansénius , the future Bishop of Ypres . Bayonne became the birthplace of Jansenism , an austere science which strongly disrupted the monarchy of Louis XIV . During the sporadic conflicts that troubled the French countryside from the mid 17th century, Bayonne peasants wewhalesre short of powder and projectiles. They attached
2470-450: The commune is residential with some small forests in the north and farmland mostly in the south with some farms in the north. The summit of Larrun , a mountain iconic of the Basque country, is situated approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) south of the town at the southern tip of the commune on the border with Spain. The summit can be reached by the Petit train de la Rhune , which commences from
2535-439: The commune touches the border with Spain at the peak of Larrun mountain. Access to the commune is by the D4 road from Urrugne in the north-west coming into the commune from the west then passing through the town and continuing south-east to Sare . The D918 also comes from Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the north and passes through the north of the commune between two urban areas and continuing east to Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle . Some 30% of
2600-587: The commune. According to the Map of the Seven Basque Provinces edited in 1863 by Prince Louis-Lucien Bonaparte , the basque dialect spoken in Ascain is Labourdin . The film La Danseuse Orchidée by Léonce Perret was partly filmed in Ascain in 1928 with Chiquito de Cambo. There are several buildings and structures in Ascain that are registered as historical monuments. These are: The two redoubts were part of
2665-425: The cost of a war indemnity of 40,000 gold Écus payable in a year, —thanks to the opportunism of the bishop who claimed to have seen "a large white cross surmounted by a crown which turns into a fleur-de-lis in the sky" to dissuade Bayonne from fighting against the royal troops. The city continued to be fortified by the kings of France to protect it from danger from the Spanish border. In 1454, Charles VII created
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2730-555: The de facto seat of a separate Seneschal under the authority of a "lieutenant-general of the Seneschal". In May 1462, King Louis XI authorized the holding of two annual fairs by letters patent after signing the Treaty of Bayonne after which it was confirmed by the coutoumes of the inhabitants in July 1472 following the death of Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry , the king's brother. At the time
2795-700: The defence by Marshal Soult of the Franco-Spanish border against the British Army under Wellington in 1813. In 1947 the village erected the first Stèle des évadés de France (Stele of escapees of France) in memory of the resistance fighters who left France to join the Free French Forces via Spain during the Second World War . The Church of the Assumption [REDACTED] has some medieval remains. It
2860-451: The element -onne follows an Indo-European theme: *ud-r/n (Greek húdōr giving hydro, Gothic watt meaning "water") hence *udnā meaning "water" giving unna then onno in the glossary of Vienne . Unna therefore would refer to the Adour. This toponymic type evoking a river traversing a locality is common. The appellative unna seems to be found in the name of the Garonne ( Garunna 1st century; Garonna 4th century). However, it
2925-400: The entire length of the estuary. In conclusion, the strategic importance of this height was so obvious it must be presumed that it has always been inhabited. The oldest documented human occupation site is located on a hill overlooking the Nive and its confluence with the Adour. In the 1st century AD, during the Roman occupation, Bayonne already seems to have been of some importance since
2990-410: The locality at the crossroads of a river system oriented from east to west and the road network connecting Europe to the Iberian Peninsula from north to south, predisposed the site to the double role of fortress and port. The city, after being Roman, alternated between the Vascones and the English for three centuries from the 12th to the 15th century. The Romans left the city in the 4th century and
3055-424: The location and Parish of Saint-Jean-de-Luz where people have died of the plague". On 11 November 1518, the plague was present in Bayonne to the point that in 1519 the city council moved to the district of Brindos (Berindos at the time) in Anglet . In 1523, Marshal Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec resisted the Spaniards under Philibert of Chalon in the service of Charles V and lifted the siege of Bayonne. It
3120-417: The long hunting knives in the barrels of their muskets and that way they fashioned makeshift spears later called bayonets . In that same century, Vauban was charged by Louis XIV to fortify the city. He added a citadel built on a hill overlooking the district of San Espirit Cap deou do Punt . Activity in Bayonne peaked in the 18th century. The Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1726. Trade with Spain,
3185-554: The means to fulfil this first human need, hunger". The recovery of property was not done without difficulty: their properties had been sequestered but were not registered and so were looted: "Movable and immovable property of the inhabitants of Sare, were neither legally recognized nor disclosed; all our furniture and household effects were removed and brought confusedly to neighbouring communes. Instead of putting them in safe places, some were sold at auction or to any other party without auction". Blazon: Or, an oak Vert terraced in base
3250-414: The men, women, and children from Ainhoa , Ascain, Espelette , Itxassou , Sare , and Souraïde ; and declared the commune, as for other communes near the Spanish border, a "Notorious commune". This measure was also extended to Biriatou , Cambo , Larressore , Louhossoa , Mendionde , and Macaye . The inhabitants were: "gathered in various national houses or in the District of Ustaritz or in those of
3315-487: The mission to build the Church of Bayonne The construction was under the authority of Raymond III of Martres, Bishop of Bayonne from 1122 to 1125, combined with Viscount Bertrand for the Romanesque cathedral, the rear of which can still be seen today, and the first wooden bridge across the Adour extending the Mayou bridge over the Nive, which inaugurated the heyday of Bayonne. From 1120, new districts were created under population pressure. The development of areas between
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#17333169060403380-420: The most ancient form of Bayonne: Baiona , clearly indicates a feminine or a theme of -a whereas this is not the case for Béon or Bayon. In addition, the Bayon- in Bayonville or Bayonvillers in northern France is clearly the personal Germanic name Baio . The names of the Basque province of Labourd and the locality of Bayonne have been attested from an early period with the place name Bayonne appearing in
3445-457: The musical offerings of the commune. There are several sports associations in the commune including associations for athletics , basketball , cycling , traditional dance , gymnastics , basque pelota , hiking , rugby union , and tennis . 1) How much bread to give to each man (we have no bread so it does not matter)? 2) Can we allow them to purchase wine or other provisions? 3) We note that we have no meat; 4) Can we allow them to have
3510-450: The name of the province of Labourd . According to Eugene Goyheneche, the name Baiona designated the city, the port, and the cathedral while that of Lapurdum was only a territorial designation. This Roman settlement was strategic as it allowed the monitoring of the trans-Pyrenean roads and of local people rebellious to the Roman power. The construction covered 6 to 10 hectares according to several authors. The geographical location of
3575-400: The old Roman city of Grand Bayonne and the Nive also developed during this period, then between the Nive and the Adour at the place that became Petit Bayonne. A Dominican Order Convent was located there in 1225 then that of the Cordeliers in 1247. Construction of and modifications to the defences of the city also developed to protect the new districts. In 1130, the King of Aragon Alfonso
3640-477: The port of Bayonne. During the second half of the 20th century, many housing estates were built, forming new districts on the periphery. The city developed to form a conurbation with Anglet and Biarritz : this agglomeration became the heart of a vast Basque-Landes urban area. In 2014, Bayonne was a commune with more than 45,000 inhabitants, the heart of the urban area of Bayonne and of the Agglomeration Côte Basque-Adour . This includes Anglet and Biarritz . It
3705-491: The recovery of their properties were determined by a series of decrees issued on 29 September and 1 October 1794 - driven in this direction by the Director of Ustaritz: "The former communes of Sare, Itxassou, Ascain, Biriatou, and Serres, whose inhabitants have been interned for eight months as a measure of general security people have not been able to farm. The people who wish to obtain freedom to retire to their homes are clamouring for food without us being able to provide them with
3770-414: The same, fruited in Or and trunked proper all debruised by a boar armed Argent bordure of Gules charged with 8 small saltires couped of Or. These arms were registered for the first time on 5 July 1405 by Juan Martinez de Agorreta y Ascain, Lord of Agorreta and Ascain, who married Princess Leonor Tocco de Acciaioli, from the Florence House of Acciaioli . List of Successive Mayors The commune
3835-401: The second half of the 1st century as well as coins from the first half of the 3rd century. A very high probability of human presence, not solely military, seems to provisionally confirm the occupation of the site at least around the third century. A Roman castrum dating to the end of the 4th century has been proven as a fortified place of Novempopulania . Named Lapurdum , the name became
3900-458: The unity and prestige of the city. In the 16th century, the king's engineers, under the direction of Louis de Foix, were dispatched to rearrange the course of the Adour by creating an estuary to maintain the river bed. The river discharged in the right place to the Ocean on 28 October 1578. The port of Bayonne then attained a greater level of activity. Fishing for cod and whale ensured the wealth of fishermen and shipowners. From 1611 to 1612,
3965-430: The west parallel to the D918 on its way to the Atlantic Ocean . Several tributaries rise in the south of the commune and flow north, gathering many more tributaries, into the Nivelle. These streams include the Aniberreko Erreka, the Galardiko Erreka, and the Arraioko Erreka. The Larrunko Erreka forms the south-western border of the commune as it flows north then west to join the Intsolako Erreka which continues north to join
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#17333169060404030-466: Was at Château-Vieux that the ransom demand for the release of Francis I, taken prisoner after his defeat at the Battle of Pavia , was gathered. The meeting in 1565 between Catherine de Medici and the envoy of Philip II : the Duke of Alba, is known as the Interview of Bayonne . At the time that Catholics and Protestants tore each other apart in parts of the kingdom of France, Bayonne seemed relatively untouched by these troubles. An iron fist from
4095-402: Was created. Documentation on Bayonne for the period from the High Middle Ages are virtually nonexistent, with the exception of two Norman intrusions: one questionable in 844 and a second attested in 892. When Labourd was created in 1023, Bayonne was the capital and the Viscount resided there. The history of Bayonne proper started in 1056 when Raymond II the Younger, Bishop of Bazas, had
4160-417: Was enlarged in the 16th and 17th centuries and was inaugurated under Louis XIII in 1626. In 1605 Monseigneur Bertrand d'Etchaux, Bishop of Bayonne , visited the parish of Ascain and permitted "the said parishioners of the said parish to sell or dispose of the tombs that seem good in favour of the proceeds of the sale"... (be used for) ..."the keeping, repair, and completion of the work on the church". Inside
4225-500: Was to "purge the country of all sorcerers and sorceresses under the influence of demons". The priest of Ascain was degraded then burned. The Bishop of Bayonne , Jean VI de Sossiondo, built a large house called "Askunda" here during the middle of the 16th century, which can still be seen. In 1794, at the height of The Terror and after the desertion of 47 young people from Itxassou, the Committee of Public Safety (Decree of 13 Ventôse Year II - 3 March 1794) arrested and deported some of
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