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101-421: An appellation is a legally defined and protected geographical indication primarily used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown, although other types of food often have appellations as well. Restrictions other than geographical boundaries, such as what grapes may be grown, maximum grape yields, alcohol level, and other quality factors may also apply before an appellation name may legally appear on

202-655: A 'multilateral register' of geographical indications. Some countries, including the EU, are pushing for a register with legal effect, while other countries, including the United States, are pushing for a non-binding system under which the WTO would simply be notified of the members' respective geographical indications. Some governments participating in the negotiations (especially the European Communities) wish to go further and negotiate

303-688: A bluish-gray chalky marlstone known as galestro . The soil in the north is richer and more fertile with more galestro , with the soil gradually becoming harder and stonier with more albarese in the south. In the north, the Arno River can have an influence on the climate, keeping the temperatures slightly cooler, an influence that diminishes further south in the warmer Classico territory towards Castelnuovo Berardenga. Chianti Classico are premium Chianti wines that tend to be medium-bodied with firm tannins and medium-high to high acidity . Floral, cherry and light nutty notes are characteristic aromas with

404-426: A country, region, or locality, which serves to designate a product originating therein, the quality or characteristics of which are due exclusively or essentially to the geographical environment, including natural and human factors." This definition suggests that appellations of origin consist of the name of the product's place of origin. However, a number of traditional indications that are not place names, but refer to

505-601: A flurry of creativity and innovation in the Chianti zones as producers experimented with new grape varieties and introduced modern wine-making techniques such as the use of new oak barrels . The prices and wine ratings of some Super Tuscans would regularly eclipse those of DOC-sanctioned Chiantis. The success of the Super Tuscans encouraged government officials to reconsider the DOC regulations in order to bring some of these wines back into

606-401: A geographical indication under protection where it has become a generic term for describing the product in question. Measures to implement these provisions should not prejudice prior trademark rights that have been acquired in good faith; and, under certain circumstances — including long-established use — continued use of a geographical indication for wines or spirits may be allowed on

707-460: A good as "originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin." In 1994, when negotiations on the WTO TRIPS were concluded, governments of all WTO member countries (164 countries, as of August 2016) had agreed to set certain basic standards for

808-471: A good as originating in the territory of a Member [of the World Trade Organization ], or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin." Appellation d'origine contrôlée ('Appellation of origin') is a sub-type of geographical indication where quality, method, and reputation of

909-412: A good. Article 23 says governments may refuse to register or may invalidate a trademark that conflicts with a wine or spirits GI whether the trademark misleads or not. Article 24 of TRIPS provides a number of exceptions to the protection of geographical indications that are particularly relevant for geographical indications for wines and spirits (Article 23). For example, Members are not obliged to bring

1010-589: A hand in this development, bringing global viticulture and wine-making techniques to the Colli Fiorentini. Located in the hills between the Chianti Classico area and Arno valley, the wines of the Colli Fiorentini vary widely depending on producer, but tend to have a simple structure with strong character and fruit notes. The Montespertoli sub-zone was part of the Colli Fiorentini sub-zone until 2002 when it became its own tiny enclave. The Montalbano subregion

1111-506: A lawyer and winegrower from Châteauneuf-du-Pape , obtained legal recognition of the Côtes du Rhône appellation of origin in 1937. The AOC seal, or Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée , was created and mandated by French laws in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Before 1935, despite the fact that the INAO was yet to be created, champagne enjoyed an appellation control by virtue of legal protection as part of

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1212-464: A minimum alcohol level of 12% with a minimum of 7 months aging in oak , while Chianti Classicos labeled riserva must be aged at least 24 months at the winery, with a minimum alcohol level of 12.5%. The harvest yields for Chianti Classico are restricted to no more than 7.5 t/ha (3 tonnes per acre). For basic Chianti, the minimum alcohol level is 11.5% with yields restricted to 9 t/ha (4 tonnes per acre). The aging for basic Chianti DOCG

1313-562: A new EU-wide GI protection scheme for these products. Following its entry into force, the EUIPO gained the authority to handle GIs for craft and industrial products. It showcased its continuous adaptation to new challenges and responsibilities in the IP realm. Leveraging its extensive experience in administering agricultural GIs, the EUIPO is well-prepared to assume competency over geographical indications for craft and industrial products. From 1 December 2025,

1414-489: A panacea for the difficulties of rural development. They can however offer a comprehensive framework for rural development, since they can positively encompass issues of economic competitiveness, stakeholder equity, environmental stewardship, and socio-cultural value. The application of circular economy will ensure socio-economic returns in the long-run to avoid growth at an environmental cost. This approach for GI development may also allow for investment together with promoting

1515-554: A product in connection with a place, are protected as appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement (for example, Reblochon (cheese) and Vinho Verde (green wine)).It is sometimes argued that products with a certain reputation, but no other quality due to their place of origin are not considered appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement. However, this interpretation is not universally accepted. Nevertheless, appellations of origin and geographical indications both require

1616-466: A product labeled Tennessee whiskey be a straight Bourbon whiskey produced in the state of Tennessee . Conversely, some European products have adopted a more American system: a prime example is Newcastle Brown Ale , which received an EU protected geographical status in 2000. When the brewery moved from Tyneside to Tadcaster in North Yorkshire (about 150 km away) in 2007 for economic reasons,

1717-432: A product originate from a strictly defined area specified in its intellectual property right registration. Governments have protected trade names and trademarks of food products identified with a particular region since at least the end of the 19th century, using laws against false trade descriptions or passing off , which generally protects against suggestions that a product has a certain protection benefits. One of

1818-541: A qualitative link between the product to which they refer and its place of origin. Both inform consumers about a product's geographical origin and a quality or characteristic of the product linked to its place of origin. The basic difference between the two terms is that the link with the place of origin must be stronger in the case of an appellation of origin. The quality or characteristics of a product protected as an appellation of origin must result exclusively or essentially from its geographical origin. This generally means that

1919-450: A recipe for Chianti that was based primarily on Sangiovese. Though he is often credited with creating and disseminating a specific formula (typically reported as 70% Sangiovese, 20% Canaiolo, 10% Malvasia Bianca Lunga), a review of his correspondence of the time does not corroborate this. In addition, his efforts were quickly corrupted by other local winemakers (for example, replacing Malvasia with Trebbiano Toscano, or relying too heavily on

2020-412: A reputation on the local, national or international markets due to their specific unique qualities. Producers can add value to their products through Geographical Indications by: The recognition and protection on the markets of the names of these products allows the community of producers to invest in maintaining the specific qualities of the product on which the reputation is built. Most importantly, as

2121-575: A scale and nature as before. Creation of a geographical indicator register for wines and spirits, as well as a geographical indication extension to products other than wine and spirits, have been important issues on the WTO's agenda since the TRIPS Agreement. In the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations, launched in December 2001, WTO member governments are negotiating on the creation of

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2222-624: A wine bottle label. The rules that govern appellations are dependent on the country in which the wine was produced. The tradition of wine appellation is very old. The oldest references are to be found in the Bible, where wine of Samaria , wine of Carmel , wine of Jezreel , or wine of Helbon are mentioned. This tradition of appellation continued throughout the Antiquity and the Middle Ages, though without any officially sanctioned rules. Historically,

2323-454: Is a difference in philosophy as to what constitutes a "genuine" product. In Europe, the prevailing theory is that of terroir : that there is a specific property of a geographical area, and that dictates a strict usage of geographical designations. The European Union has been successful internally in promoting geographical indications as intellectual property. Producers from a designated place can exclude those who produce elsewhere from using

2424-475: Is a relatively new and emerging area that has seen an influx of investment and new winemaking in recent years. Since 1996 the blend for Chianti and Chianti Classico has been 75–100% Sangiovese , up to 10% Canaiolo and up to 20% of any other approved red grape variety such as Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot or Syrah . Since 2006, the use of white grape varieties such as Malvasia and Trebbiano have been prohibited in Chianti Classico. Chianti Classico must have

2525-498: Is approved by a special tasting committee. The creation of the Chianti Classico Gran Selezione DOCG has been criticized, with some describing it as being "Needless; an extra layer of confusion created by marketing people hoping to help Chianti Classico out of a sales crisis." Outside of the Chianti Classico area, the wines of the Chianti sub-zone of Rufina are among the most widely recognised and exported from

2626-588: Is for the United States. The only requirement to use an AVA name on the wine label is that 85% of the wine must have come from grapes grown within the geographical AVA boundaries. The first AVA was in Augusta, Missouri , in June 1980. The approval of the Augusta AVA was based largely on its long historical relationship with wine in the United States. The Augusta wine-growing area is a 15-square-mile (39 km) plot of land along

2727-594: Is greater than required, in most cases, to deliver the consumer benefit that is the fundamental objective of GIs laws. In 2015, The Geneva Act was adopted. It entered into force early-2020 with the accession of the European Union. The Geneva Act bridges the Lisbon system of Appellations of Origin, and the TRIPS system of Geographical Indications. One reason for the conflicts that occur between European and United States governments

2828-512: Is located in the shadow of the Carmignano DOCG, with much of the best Sangiovese going to that wine. A similar situation exists in the Colli Senesi which includes the well known DOCG region of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano. Both regions rarely appear on wine labels that are exported out of Tuscany. The Colli Pisane area produces typical Chiantis with the lightest body and color. The Colli Aretini

2929-400: Is much less stringent with most varieties allowed to be released to the market on 1 March following the vintage year. The sub-zones of Colli Fiorentini, Montespertoli and Rufina must be aged for a further three months and not released until 1 June. All Chianti Classicos must be held back until 1 October in the year following the vintage. Jancis Robinson notes that Chianti is sometimes called

3030-535: Is not limited to agricultural products. A geographical indication may also highlight specific qualities of a product that are due to human factors found in the product's place of origin, such as specific manufacturing skills and traditions. For example handicrafts, which are generally handmade using local natural resources and usually embedded in the traditions of local communities. An EU Regulation on geographical indication (GI) protection for craft and industrial products entered into force on 16 November 2023, introducing

3131-460: Is often characterised by its juicy fruit notes of cherry, plum and raspberry and can range from simple quaffing wines to those approaching the level of Chianti Classico. Wine expert Tom Stevenson notes that these basic everyday-drinking Chiantis are at their peak drinking qualities often between three and five years after vintage, with premium examples having the potential to age for four to eight years. Well-made examples of Chianti Classico often have

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3232-462: Is often seen as unfair, as it may discourage traditional producers as well as mislead consumers. Thus the European Union has pursued efforts to improve the protection of GI internationally. Inter alia, the European Union has established distinct legislation to protect geographical names in the fields of wines, spirits, agricultural products including beer. A register for protected geographical indications and denominations of origin relating to products in

3333-519: Is one of the few areas in global intellectual property governance where the EU and the US oppose each other. However, there is some overlap, particularly with American products adopting a European way of viewing the matter. The most notable of these are crops: Vidalia onions , Florida oranges , and Idaho potatoes . In each of these cases, the state governments of Georgia , Florida, and Idaho registered trademarks, and then allowed their growers—or in

3434-413: Is permitted in the blend, the nature of the grape variety can have a dominant personality in the Chianti blend and be a strong influence in the wine. Chianti Classico wines are characterised in their youth by their predominantly floral and cinnamon spicy bouquet. As the wine ages, aromas of tobacco and leather can emerge. Chiantis tend to have medium-high acidity and medium tannins . Basic level Chianti

3535-520: The Antinori and Frescobaldi own the majority of the vineyards in Rufina. Chianti from the Rufina area is characterised by its multi-layered complexity and elegance. The Colli Fiorentini subregion has seen an influx of activity and new vineyard development in recent years as wealthy Florentine business people move to the country to plant vineyards and open wineries. Many foreign " flying winemakers " have had

3636-527: The Sangiovese grape. It was historically associated with a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a fiasco ("flask"; pl. : fiaschi ). However, the fiasco is now only used by a few makers of the wine; most Chianti is bottled in more standard-shaped wine bottles. In the latter nineteenth century, Baron Bettino Ricasoli (later Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy ) helped establish Sangiovese as

3737-502: The Sangiovese di Romagna from the nearby Romagna region. Following the Second World War , the general trend in the world wine market for cheap, easy-drinking wine saw a brief boom for the region. With over-cropping and an emphasis on quantity over quality, the reputation of Chianti among consumers eventually plummeted. By the 1950s, Trebbiano (which is known for its neutral flavours) made up to 30% of many mass-market Chiantis. By

3838-536: The Treaty of Madrid . The treaty stated that only sparkling wine produced in Champagne and adhering to the standards defined for that name as an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée could be called champagne. This right was reaffirmed in the Treaty of Versailles after World War I . Germany is unusual among wine-producing countries in that its most prestigious classifications, the various grades of Prädikatswein , are based on

3939-627: The Vintners Quality Alliance system. The system covers the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario . British Columbia is divided into four "Designated Viticultural Areas" ("DVAs"): Okanagan Valley , Vancouver Island , Fraser Valley , and the Similkameen Valley . Ontario includes three DVAs: Niagara Peninsula , Lake Erie North Shore, and Prince Edward County . On June 11, 2012, Nova Scotia launched its first appellation, Tidal Bay. The American Viticultural Area ("AVA")

4040-465: The most ripe and richest tasting, wines from Gaiole tend to have been characterised by their structure and firm tannins while wines from the Greve area tend to have very concentrated flavours. The production of Chianti Classico is realised under the supervision of Consorzio del Vino Chianti Classico , a union of producers in the Chianti Classico subregion. The Consorzio was founded with the aim of promoting

4141-548: The phylloxera epidemic would take its toll on the vineyards of Chianti just as they had ravaged vineyards across the rest of Europe. The chaos and poverty following the Risorgimento heralded the beginning of the Italian diaspora that would take Italian vineyard workers and winemakers abroad as immigrants to new lands. Those that stayed behind and replanted choose high-yielding varieties like Trebbiano and Sangiovese clones such as

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4242-446: The province of Florence as well as Castelnuovo Berardenga and Poggibonsi in the province of Siena included within the permitted boundaries of Chianti Classico. The soil and geography of this subregion can be quite varied, with altitudes ranging from 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000 feet), and rolling hills producing differing macroclimates . There are two main soil types in the area: a weathered sandstone known as alberese and

4343-495: The ripeness of the grapes , though their geographical origins are also legally defined. Thus Germany's geographical classification, Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA), is akin to France's defunct Vin Délimité de Qualité Superieure , which has been subsumed into the current Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée system. Georgia has 24 registered wine appellations . Historically, the world's first vineyard classification system

4444-410: The wine label . Wines that are labelled as simply Chianti are made either from a blend from these sub-zones or include grapes from peripheral areas not within the boundaries of a sub-zone. The sub-zones are (clockwise from the north): the Colli Fiorentini which is located south of the city of Florence; Chianti Rufina in the northeastern part of the zone located around the commune of Rufina ; Classico in

4545-428: The " Bordeaux of Italy " but the structure of the wines is very different from any French wine. The flexibility in the blending recipe for Chianti accounts for some of the variability in styles among Chiantis. Lighter-bodied styles will generally have a higher proportion of white grape varieties blended in, while Chiantis that have only red grape varieties will be fuller and richer. While only 15% of Cabernet Sauvignon

4646-548: The 1919 Treaty of Versailles , Germany was forbidden from using allied geographical indications on products, which in particular affected the German "cognac" and "champagne" industries, as the French considered the terms misleading references to places in France. Since then, the terms " Weinbrand " and " Sekt " have been used instead. Geographical indications have long been associated with

4747-512: The 1958 Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration . About 9000 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members. According to WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2023, with data received from 91 national and regional authorities, there were an estimated 58400 protected GI in existence in 2022. Of the 58,400 GIs in force in 2022, upper middle-income economies accounted for 46.3% of

4848-553: The Chianti Classico subregion. The Chianti Classico subregion covers an area of approximate 260 km (100 square miles) between the city of Florence to the north and Siena to the south. The four communes of Castellina in Chianti, Gaiole in Chianti, Greve in Chianti and Radda in Chianti are located entirely within the boundaries of the Classico area with parts of Barberino Val d'Elsa, San Casciano in Val di Pesa and Tavarnelle Val di Pesa in

4949-498: The Chianti region. Located in the Arno valley near the town of Pontassieve , the Rufina region includes much area in the Pomino region, an area that has a long history of wine production. The area is noted for the cool climate of its elevated vineyards located up to 900 m (2,950 feet). The vineyard soils of the area are predominantly marl and chalk . The Florentine merchant families of

5050-406: The Chianti wine areas except from those vineyards that are registered in the Chianti Classico sub-zone. Vineyards registered in Chianti sub-zones other than Classico can produce Chianti Superiore wines but must omit the sub-zone name on the label. Aging is calculated from 1 January after the picking. Chianti Superiore cannot be sold to the consumer before nine months of aging, of which three must be in

5151-425: The Chianti zone covering a very large area all over central Tuscany. By the 18th century Chianti was widely recognised as a red wine, but the exact composition and grape varieties used to make Chianti at this point is unknown. Ampelographers find clues about which grape varieties were popular at the time in the writings of Italian writer Cosimo Villifranchi , who noted that Canaiolo was a widely planted variety in

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5252-406: The Classico sub-area is not allowed in any event to be labelled as Superiore. The earliest documentation of a "Chianti wine" dates back to the 14th century, when viticulture was known to flourish in the "Chianti Mountains" around Florence. A military league called Lega del Chianti (League of Chianti) was formed around 1250 between the townships of Castellina, Gaiole and Radda, which would lead to

5353-499: The Colli Aretini, and an additional 10,324 ha (25,511 acres) in the peripheral areas that do not fall within one of the sub-zone classifications. Wines produced from these vineyards are labelled simply "Chianti". The original area dictated by the edict of Cosimo III de' Medici would eventually be considered the heart of the modern "Chianti Classico" subregion. As of 2006 , there were 7,140 ha (17,640 acres) of vineyards in

5454-639: The Colli Fiorentini sub-area was renamed Montespertoli . During the 1970s producers started to reduce the quantity of white grapes in Chianti. In 1995 it became legal to produce a Chianti with 100% Sangiovese. For a wine to retain the name of Chianti it must be produced with at least 80% Sangiovese grapes . Aged Chianti (at least 6 months in barrel and 3 more in bottle before release, instead of 6 months aging without barreling necessary) may be labelled as Riserva. Chianti that meets more stringent requirements (lower yield, higher alcohol content and dry extract) may be labelled as Chianti Superiore , although Chianti from

5555-497: The Consorzio Chianti Classico's project "Chianti 2000". In 2014, a new category of Chianti Classico was introduced: Chianti Classico Gran Selezione. Gran Selezione is made exclusively from a winery's own grapes grown according to stricter regulations compared to regular Chianti Classico. Gran Selezione is granted to a Chianti Classico after it passes a suitability test conducted by authorised laboratories, and after it

5656-504: The DOCG regions of Brunello di Montalcino, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano and Vernaccia di San Gimignano . Any Sangiovese-based wine made according to the Chianti guidelines from these vineyards can be labelled and marked under the basic Chianti DOCG should the producer wish to use the designation. Within the Chianti DOCG there are eight defined sub-zones that are permitted to affix their name to

5757-499: The EUIPO will be responsible for the registration of Geographical Indications (GIs) for craft and industrial products. It will be possible to file applications for the registration of names of craft and industrial products meeting the necessary requirements in the EU. The European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) is the body responsible for the management of this EU GI scheme. Geographical indications and trademarks are distinctive signs used to distinguish goods or services in

5858-553: The Missouri River, which moderates temperature and provides an appropriate climate for growing grapes. States or counties can also be used in lieu of an AVA to designate the origin of a wine, provided that 75% of the grapes used in the wine are grown in the state or county listed on the label. Geographical indication Article 22.1 of the TRIPS Agreement defines geographical indications as "...indications which identify

5959-487: The Super Tuscan movement were originally Chianti producers who were rebelling against what they felt were antiquated DOC regulations. Some of these producers wanted to make Chiantis that were 100% varietal Sangiovese. Others wanted the flexibility to experiment with blending French grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot or to not be required to blend in any white grape varieties. The late 20th century saw

6060-599: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand brought production of place-name related items to their new homes. In these countries, the place named products became generic product names that were not restricted in their use. This difference causes most of the conflict between the United States and Europe in their attitudes toward geographical names. The US generally opposes EU-style geographical indication regulation because place names have either already been registered as trademarks or lost their distinctiveness through generic use. Disagreements on geographical indications

6161-459: The area along with Sangiovese, Mammolo and Marzemino . It was not until the work of the Italian statesman Bettino Ricasoli that the modern Chianti recipe as a Sangiovese-based wine would take shape. Prior to Ricasoli, Canaiolo was emerging as the dominant variety in the Chianti blend with Sangiovese and Malvasia Bianca Lunga playing supporting roles. In the mid-19th century, Ricasoli developed

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6262-517: The association of stakeholders, the rules for using the GI (or Code of Practice), the inclusiveness and quality of the collective dimension decision making of the GI producers association and quality of the marketing efforts undertaken. In China, the use of GIs have increased farmers' incomes and helped reduce rural poverty. Like trademarks, geographical indications are regulated locally by each country because conditions of registration such as differences in

6363-511: The blend's dominant grape variety, creating the blueprint for today's Chianti wines. The first definition of a wine area called Chianti was made in 1716. It described the area near the villages of Gaiole , Castellina and Radda ; the so-called Lega del Chianti and later Provincia del Chianti (Chianti province). In 1932 the Chianti area was completely redrawn and divided into seven sub-areas: Classico, Colli Aretini, Colli Fiorentini, Colline Pisane, Colli Senesi, Montalbano and Rùfina. Most of

6464-556: The bottle, which indicates that the producer of the wine is a member of the Chianti Classico Consortium, the local association of producers. Other variants, with the exception of Rufina north-east of Florence and Montalbano south of Pistoia , originate in the named provinces: Siena for the Colli Senesi, Florence for the Colli Fiorentini, Arezzo for the Colli Aretini and Pisa for the Colline Pisane. In 1996 part of

6565-504: The case of the Vidalia onion, only those in a certain, well-defined geographical area within the state—to use the term, while denying its use to others. The European conception is increasingly gaining acceptance in American viticulture; also, vintners in the various American Viticultural Areas are attempting to form well-developed and unique identities as New World wine gains acceptance in

6666-564: The centre of Chianti, across the provinces of Florence and Siena; Colli Aretini in the Arezzo province to the east; Colli Senesi south of Chianti Classico in the Siena hills, which is the largest of the sub-zones and includes the Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano areas; Colline Pisane, the westernmost sub-zone in the province of Pisa; Montespertoli located within the Colli Fiorentini around

6767-616: The commune of Montespertoli ; Montalbano in the north-west part of the zone which includes the Carmignano DOCG. As of 2006 , there were 318 hectares (786 acres) under production in Montalbano, 905 ha (2,236 acres) in the Colli Fiorentini, 57 ha (140 acres) in Montespertoli, 740 ha (1,840 acres) in Rufina, 3,550 ha (8,780 acres) in the Colli Senesi, 150 ha (380 acres) in Colline Pisane, 649 ha (1,603 acres) in

6868-434: The company responsible for producing or offering it. Geographical indications identify a good as originating from a particular place. Based on its place of origin, consumers may associate a good with a particular quality, characteristic or reputation. A trademark often consists of an arbitrary sign that may be used by its owner or another person authorized to do so. A trademark can be assigned or licensed to anyone, anywhere in

6969-778: The concept of terroir and with Europe as an entity, where there is a tradition of associating certain food products with particular regions. Under European Union Law , the protected designation of origin framework which came into effect in 1992 regulates the following systems of geographical indications: "Protected designation of origin" (PDO), "protected geographical indication" (PGI), and Traditional Specialities Guaranteed" (TSG). Since 2006, European Union has required provisions in geographical indications in free trade agreements . The primary examples of geographical indications include agricultural products and wines and spirits, such as Champagne , Colombian coffee , Feta cheese , or Longjing tea . The use of geographical indications

7070-561: The defined geographical area.The term appellation of origin is often used in laws that establish a specific right and system of protection for geographical indications, in so-called sui generis systems of protection (see the section on how to obtain protection for geographical indications). Geographical indication is a more general concept that does not determine a specific mode of protection. Geographical indications are generally applied to traditional products, produced by rural, marginal or indigenous communities over generations, that have gained

7171-633: The field of agriculture including beer, but excluding mineral water, was established (DOOR). Another register was set up for wine region names, namely the E-Bacchus register. In November 2020, the European Union Intellectual Property Office launched the comprehensive database GI View covering food, wine, and spirit GIs. A private database project (GEOPRODUCT directory) intends to provide worldwide coverage. Accusations of 'unfair' competition should although be levelled with caution since

7272-565: The first GI systems is the one used in France from the early part of the 20th century known as appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC). Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards may be endorsed with a government-issued stamp which acts as official certification of the origins and standards of the product. Examples of products that have such "appellations of origin" include Gruyère cheese (from Switzerland) and many French wines . Under " Champagnerparagraph  [ de ] " of

7373-409: The fold labelled as Chianti. The Chianti region covers a vast area of Tuscany and includes within its boundaries several overlapping Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) and Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) regions. Other well known Sangiovese-based Tuscan wines such as Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano could be bottled and labelled under

7474-438: The generic use of terms vary from country to country. This is especially true of food and beverage names which frequently use geographical terms, but it may also be true of other products such as carpets (e.g. ' Shiraz '), handicrafts, flowers and perfumes. When products with GIs acquire a reputation of international magnitude, some other products may try to pass themselves off as the authentic GI products. This kind of competition

7575-431: The geographical name for similar products. Thus, anyone with sheep of the right breeds can make Roquefort cheese if they are located in the part of France where that cheese is made, but nobody outside that part of France can make a blue sheep's milk cheese and call it Roquefort, even if they completely duplicate the process described in the definition of Roquefort. Historically, European immigrants to countries such as

7676-449: The inclusion of GIs on products other than wines and spirits under Article 23 of TRIPS. These governments argue that extending Article 23 will increase the protection of these marks in international trade. This is a controversial proposal, however, that is opposed by other governments including the United States who question the need to extend the stronger protection of Article 23 to other products. They are concerned that Article 23 protection

7777-568: The largest volume of DOC/G wines in Italy. The Chianti DOCG covers all the Chianti wine and includes a large stretch of land encompassing the western reaches of the province of Pisa near the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea , the Florentine hills in the province of Florence to the north, to the province of Arezzo in the east and the Siena hills to the south. Within this regions are vineyards that overlap

7878-413: The late 20th century, Chianti was often associated with basic Chianti sold in a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a fiasco . However, during the same period, a group of ambitious producers began working outside the boundaries of DOC regulations to make what they believed would be a higher-quality wine. These wines eventually became known as the " Super Tuscans ". Many of the producers behind

7979-466: The latter), leading to further misunderstanding of the "Ricasoli formula". In 1967, the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) regulation set by the Italian government was based on a loose interpretation of Ricasoli's "recipe", calling for a Sangiovese-based blend with 10–30% Malvasia and Trebbiano. The late 19th century saw a period of economic and political upheaval. First came oidium and then

8080-419: The marketplace. Both convey information about the origin of a good or service, and enable consumers to associate a particular quality with a good or service. Trademarks inform consumers about the source of a good or service. They identify a good or service as originating from a particular company. Trademarks help consumers associate a good or service with a specific quality or reputation, based on information about

8181-431: The most basic designation of "Chianti" if their producers chose to do so. Within the collective Chianti region more than 8 million cases of wines classified as DOC-level or above are produced each year. Today, most Chianti falls under two major designations of Chianti DOCG, which includes basic level Chianti, as well as that from seven designated sub-zones, and Chianti Classico DOCG. Together, these two Chianti zones produce

8282-542: The place of origin, a geographical indication cannot be assigned or licensed to someone outside that place or not belonging to the group of authorized producers. Appellations of origin are a special kind of geographical indication. The term is used in the Paris Convention and defined in the Lisbon Agreement . Article 2 of the Lisbon Agreement defines appellations of origin as" (1)... the geographical denomination of

8383-488: The potential to age and improve in the bottle for six to twenty years. Chianti Superiore is an Italian DOCG wine produced in the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Siena, in Tuscany. Superiore is a specification for wines produced with a stricter rule of production than other Chianti wines. Chianti Superiore has been authorised since 1996. Chianti Superiore wines can be produced only from grapes cultivated in

8484-402: The protection of GIs in all member countries. There are, in effect, two basic obligations on WTO member governments relating to GIs in the TRIPS agreement: Article 22 of TRIPS also says that governments may refuse to register a trademark or may invalidate an existing trademark (if their legislation permits or at the request of another government) if it misleads the public as to the true origin of

8585-452: The raw materials should be sourced in the place of origin and that the processing of the product should also happen there. In the case of geographical indications, a single criterion attributable to geographical origin is sufficient, be it a quality or other characteristic of the product, or only its reputation. Moreover, the production of the raw materials and the development or processing of a GI product do not necessarily take place entirely in

8686-404: The reputation of the product along the lines of sustainability when and where possible. Rural development impacts from geographical indications, referring to environmental protection, economic development and social well-being, can be: None of these impacts are guaranteed and they depend on numerous factors, including the process of developing the geographical indications, the type and effects of

8787-517: The reputation spreads beyond borders and demand grows, investment may be directed to the sustainability of the environment where these products originate and are produced. In the International Trade Centre 's "Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins", authors Daniele Giovannucci, Professor Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O'Connor and May T. Yeung clearly assert that geographical indications are by no means

8888-470: The status had to be revoked. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 IGO ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from Geographical indications An introduction, 2nd edition​ , WIPO, WIPO. Chianti Chianti is an Italian red wine produced in the Chianti region of central Tuscany , principally from

8989-616: The three villages of the Lega del Chianti ( Castellina in Chianti , Gaiole in Chianti and Radda in Chianti ) as well as the village of Greve and a 3.2-kilometre-long stretch (2-mile) of hillside north of Greve near Spedaluzzo as the only officially recognised producers of Chianti. This delineation existed until July 1932, when the Italian government expanded the Chianti zone to include the outlying areas of Barberino Val d'Elsa , Chiocchio , Robbiano , San Casciano in Val di Pesa and Strada . Subsequent expansions in 1967 would eventually result in

9090-419: The use of GIs sometimes comes from European immigrants who brought their traditional methods and skills with them. International trade made it important to try to harmonize the different approaches and standards that governments used to register GIs. The first attempts to do so were found in the Paris Convention on trademarks (1883, still in force, 176 members), followed by a much more elaborate provision in

9191-399: The villages that in 1932 were added to the newly defined Chianti Classico region added in Chianti to their names, for example Greve in Chianti , which amended its name in 1972. Wines labelled Chianti Classico come from the largest sub-area of Chianti, which includes the original Chianti heartland. Only Chianti from this sub-zone may display the black rooster ( gallo nero ) seal on the neck of

9292-442: The wine community. Finally, the United States has a long tradition of placing relatively strict limitations on its native forms of whiskey ; particularly notable are the requirements for labeling a product " straight whiskey " (which requires the whiskey to be produced in the United States in accordance with certain standards) and the requirement, enforced by federal law and several international agreements, ( NAFTA , among them) that

9393-527: The wine from this area taking on a similar name. In 1398 the earliest-known record notes Chianti as a white wine, though the red wines of Chianti were also discussed around the same time in similar documents. The first attempt to classify Chianti wine in any way came in 1427, when Florence developed a tariff system for the wines of the surrounding countryside, including an area referred to as "Chianti and its entire province". In 1716 Cosimo III de' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany, issued an edict legislating that

9494-496: The wines expressing more notes on the mid- palate and finish than at the front of the mouth. As with Bordeaux , the different zones of Chianti Classico have unique characteristics that can be exemplified and perceived in some wines from those areas. According to Master of Wine Mary Ewing-Mulligan , Chianti Classico wines from the Castellina area tend to have a very delicate aroma and flavour, Castelnuovo Berardegna wines tend to be

9595-446: The wines of the subregion, improving quality and preventing wine fraud . Since the 1980s, the foundation has sponsored extensive research into the viticultural and winemaking practice of the Chianti Classico area, particularly in the area of clonal research. In the last three decades, more than 50% of the vineyards in the Chianti Classico subregion have been replanted with improved Sangiovese clones and modern vineyard techniques as part of

9696-817: The world total, followed by high-income (43.1%) and lower middle-income economies (10.6%). In terms of regional distribution, Europe had the most GIs in force, amounting to 53.1%, followed by Asia (36.3%), Latin America and the Caribbean (4.3%), Oceania (3.6%), North America (2.6%) and Africa 0.1%. Figures should nevertheless be interpreted with caution as GIs can be protected through many different means, sui generis systems, trademark systems, other national legal means, regional systems and international agreements (eg, Lisbon and Madrid systems). The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS") defines "geographical indications" as indications that identify

9797-632: The world's first exclusive (protected) vineyard zone was introduced in Chianti , Italy in 1716 and the first wine classification system in Tokaj-Hegyalja , Hungary , in 1730. In 1935, the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO), a branch of the French Ministry of Agriculture , was created to manage wine-processing in France. In the Rhone wine region Baron Pierre Le Roy Boiseaumarié ,

9898-438: The world, because it is linked to a specific company and not to a particular place. In contrast, the sign used to denote a geographical indication usually corresponds to the name of the place of origin of the good, or to the name by which the good is known in that place. A geographical indication may be used by all persons who, in the area of origin, produce the good according to specified standards. However, because of its link with

9999-581: Was introduced in Tokaj-Hegyalja , Hungary , in 1730. Vineyards were classified into three categories depending on the soil, sun exposure, and potential to develop Botrytis cinerea . The subdivisions were: first-class, second-class and third-class wines. A decree by the Habsburg crown in 1757 established a closed production district in Tokaj . The classification system was completed by the national censuses of 1765 and 1772. Italy 's first origin classification system

10100-561: Was introduced in Tuscany in 1716 for delimiting Chianti production. After the unification of Italy several attempts were made to introduce some kind of protection for wine appellations, to no avail. Only in 1963 the " Denominazione di origine controllata " law was approved, starting with 1967 vintage. The world's third-oldest appellation control, after Chianti and Tokaj , was introduced in Portugal in 1756, pertaining to port wine , which

10201-488: Was produced in the region of the Douro valley. Some Spanish wines were already famous or even regulated ( Rioja : 1925; Sherry : 1933) when the market started being regulated. It was not until 1980 that legislation on denominación de origen was stablished, following the French scheme with more tiers of classification and prompted by the impending accession to the European Union. Canadian wine appellations are regulated by

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