Misplaced Pages

#255744

60-570: Aromas may refer to: Odors , particularly pleasant ones, or Aromas, California , or Aromas, Jura , one of the 545 communes of the Jura département , in France Aromas Coffee , an Australian coffee house Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aromas . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

120-446: A chemical stimulus, initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's axons to the brain. When an electrical signal reaches a threshold, the neuron fires, which sends a signal traveling along the axon to the olfactory bulb , a part of the limbic system of the brain. Interpretation of the smell begins there, relating the smell to past experiences and in relation to the substance(s) inhaled. The olfactory bulb acts as

180-487: A chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper was not available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice could not detect the thiols without the copper. However, these authors also found that MOR244-3 lacks the specific metal ion binding site suggested by Suslick, instead showing a different motif in the EC2 domain. Gordon Shepherd proposed that the retro-nasal route of olfaction (odorants introduced to

240-568: A difference between the ports. The gas-diluting ratio is then decreased by a factor of 1.4 or two (i.e., the concentration is increased accordingly). The panelists are asked to repeat the test. This continues until the panelists respond with certainty and correctly twice in a row. These responses are used to calculate the concentration of the odor in terms of European odor units (OU E /m , where 1 OU E /m ≡40 ppb/v n-butanol). Humans can discriminate between two odorants that differ in concentration by as little as 7%. A human's odor detection threshold

300-448: A dozen organisms. They are seven-helix-turn transmembrane proteins. But there are no known structures for any olfactory receptor. There is a conserved sequence in roughly three quarters of all ORs. This is a tripodal metal-ion binding site, and Suslick has proposed that the ORs are in fact metalloproteins (most likely with zinc, copper, and manganese ions) that serve as a Lewis Acid site for

360-578: A male advantage. A 2019 meta-analysis claimed that the differences in olfaction are extremely small, but confirmed a small advantage for women. Pregnant women have increased smell sensitivity, sometimes resulting in abnormal taste and smell perceptions, leading to food cravings or aversions. The ability to taste also decreases with age as the sense of smell tends to dominate the sense of taste. Chronic smell problems are reported in small numbers for those in their mid-twenties, with numbers increasing steadily, with overall sensitivity beginning to decline in

420-545: A nuisance, depends also on the frequency, concentration, and duration of an odor. The perception of irritation from odor sensation is hard to investigate because exposure to a volatile chemical elicits a different response based on sensory and physiological signals, and interpretation of these signals is influenced by experience, expectations, personality, or situational factors. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may have higher concentrations in confined indoor environments, due to restricted infiltration of fresh air, as compared to

480-412: A particular sensation. When odorants are mixed, a habitual odorant is blocked. This depends on the strength of the odorants in the mixture, which can change the perception and processing of an odor. This process helps classify similar odors as well as adjust sensitivity to differences in complex stimuli. The primary gene sequences for thousands of olfactory receptors are known for the genomes of more than

540-474: A regulative force must exist within living bodies. Berzelius also contended that compounds could be distinguished by whether they required any organisms in their synthesis (organic compounds) or whether they did not ( inorganic compounds ). Vitalism taught that formation of these "organic" compounds were fundamentally different from the "inorganic" compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulations in laboratories. Vitalism survived for

600-526: A relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and forwarded to the central nervous system (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes. Odor sensation usually depends on the concentration (number of molecules) available to the olfactory receptors. A single odorant is usually recognized by many receptors. Different odorants are recognized by combinations of receptors. The patterns of neuron signals help to identify

660-452: A short period after the formulation of modern ideas about the atomic theory and chemical elements . It first came under question in 1824, when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized oxalic acid , a compound known to occur only in living organisms, from cyanogen . A further experiment was Wöhler's 1828 synthesis of urea from the inorganic salts potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate . Urea had long been considered an "organic" compound, as it

SECTION 10

#1732845585256

720-404: A single element and so not generally considered chemical compounds . The word "organic" in this context does not mean "natural". Vitalism was a widespread conception that substances found in organic nature are formed from the chemical elements by the action of a "vital force" or "life-force" ( vis vitalis ) that only living organisms possess. In the 1810s, Jöns Jacob Berzelius argued that

780-634: A small percentage of Earth's crust , they are of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. Living things incorporate inorganic carbon compounds into organic compounds through a network of processes ( the carbon cycle ) that begins with the conversion of carbon dioxide and a hydrogen source like water into simple sugars and other organic molecules by autotrophic organisms using light ( photosynthesis ) or other sources of energy. Most synthetically-produced organic compounds are ultimately derived from petrochemicals consisting mainly of hydrocarbons , which are themselves formed from

840-421: A transition metal and to oxygen, and are often prepared directly from metal and carbon monoxide . Nickel tetracarbonyl is typically classified as an organometallic compound as it satisfies the broad definition that organometallic chemistry covers all compounds that contain at least one carbon to metal covalent bond; it is unknown whether organometallic compounds form a subset of organic compounds. For example,

900-1692: A variety of ways. One major distinction is between natural and synthetic compounds. Organic compounds can also be classified or subdivided by the presence of heteroatoms , e.g., organometallic compounds , which feature bonds between carbon and a metal , and organophosphorus compounds , which feature bonds between carbon and a phosphorus . Another distinction, based on the size of organic compounds, distinguishes between small molecules and polymers . Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially. Examples include most sugars , some alkaloids and terpenoids , certain nutrients such as vitamin B 12 , and, in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms. Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens , carbohydrates , enzymes , hormones , lipids and fatty acids , neurotransmitters , nucleic acids , proteins , peptides and amino acids , lectins , vitamins , and fats and oils . Compounds that are prepared by reaction of other compounds are known as " synthetic ". They may be either compounds that are already found in plants/animals or those artificial compounds that do not occur naturally . Most polymers (a category that includes all plastics and rubbers ) are organic synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds. Many organic compounds—two examples are ethanol and insulin —are manufactured industrially using organisms such as bacteria and yeast. Typically,

960-500: Is a smell or a scent caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds generally found in low concentrations that humans and many animals can perceive via their olfactory system . While smell can refer to pleasant and unpleasant odors, the terms scent , aroma , and fragrance are usually reserved for pleasant-smelling odors and are frequently used in the food and cosmetic industry to describe floral scents or to refer to perfumes . The perception of odors, or sense of smell,

1020-428: Is a critical element in assessing an odor. This property is the ability to distinguish different odors and is only descriptive. First, a basic description is used—such as sweet, pungent, acrid, fragrant, warm, dry, or sour. The odor is then referenced to a source such as sewage or apple which can then be followed by a reference to a specific chemical such as acids or gasoline. Most commonly, a set of standard descriptors

1080-399: Is a primary evolutionary sense . The sense of smell can induce pleasure or subconsciously warn of danger, which may, for example, help to locate mates, find food, or detect predators. Humans have an unusually good sense of smell considering they have only 350 functional olfactory receptor genes compared to the 1,300 found in mice, for example. This is despite an apparent evolutionary decline in

1140-487: Is a primary factor in the sensation of comfort. Olfaction as a sensory system brings awareness of the presence of airborne chemicals. Some inhaled chemicals are volatile compounds that act as a stimulus, triggering unwanted reactions such as nose, eye, and throat irritation . Perception of odor and of irritation is unique to each person, and varies because of physical conditions or memory of past exposures to similar chemicals. A person's specific threshold, before an odor becomes

1200-972: Is any compound that contains a significant amount of carbon—even though many of the organic compounds known today have no connection to any substance found in living organisms. The term carbogenic has been proposed by E. J. Corey as a modern alternative to organic , but this neologism remains relatively obscure. The organic compound L -isoleucine molecule presents some features typical of organic compounds: carbon–carbon bonds , carbon–hydrogen bonds , as well as covalent bonds from carbon to oxygen and to nitrogen. As described in detail below, any definition of organic compound that uses simple, broadly-applicable criteria turns out to be unsatisfactory, to varying degrees. The modern, commonly accepted definition of organic compound essentially amounts to any carbon-containing compound, excluding several classes of substances traditionally considered "inorganic". The list of substances so excluded varies from author to author. Still, it

1260-427: Is assigned. Odor intensity can be divided into the following categories according to intensity: Odor intensity is determined in a laboratory by specialists who have been trained to accurately define intensity. Hedonic assessment is the process of rating odors according to a scale ranging from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant. Intensity and hedonic tone, whilst similar, refer to different things: that is,

SECTION 20

#1732845585256

1320-415: Is diluted to a detection or recognition threshold . The detection threshold is the concentration of an odor in air when 50% of a population can distinguish between the odorous sample and an odor-free reference sample. The recognition odor threshold is usually a factor of two to five higher than the detection threshold. The measurement of odor concentration is the most widespread method to quantify odors. It

1380-432: Is fatigued, but recovers if the stimulus is removed for a time. Odors can change due to environmental conditions: for example, odors tend to be more distinguishable in cool dry air. Habituation affects the ability to distinguish odors after continuous exposure. The sensitivity and ability to discriminate odors diminishes with exposure, and the brain tends to ignore continuous stimulus and focus on differences and changes in

1440-710: Is generally agreed upon that there are (at least) a few carbon-containing compounds that should not be considered organic. For instance, almost all authorities would require the exclusion of alloys that contain carbon, including steel (which contains cementite , Fe 3 C ), as well as other metal and semimetal carbides (including "ionic" carbides, e.g, Al 4 C 3 and CaC 2 and "covalent" carbides, e.g. B 4 C and SiC , and graphite intercalation compounds, e.g. KC 8 ). Other compounds and materials that are considered 'inorganic' by most authorities include: metal carbonates , simple oxides of carbon ( CO , CO 2 , and arguably, C 3 O 2 ),

1500-414: Is mediated by the olfactory nerve . The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are neurons present in the olfactory epithelium , which is a small patch of tissue at the back of the nasal cavity . There are millions of olfactory receptor neurons that act as sensory signaling cells. Each neuron has cilia in direct contact with the air. Odorous molecules bind to receptor proteins extending from cilia and act as

1560-479: Is on a carbon atom. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides , carbonates (excluding carbonate esters ), simple oxides of carbon (for example, CO and CO 2 ) and cyanides are generally considered inorganic compounds . Different forms ( allotropes ) of pure carbon, such as diamond , graphite , fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are also excluded because they are simple substances composed of

1620-469: Is standardized in CEN EN 13725:2003. The method is based on dilution of an odor sample to the odor threshold. The numerical value of the odor concentration is equal to the dilution factor that is necessary to reach the odor threshold. Its unit is the "European Odour Unit", OU E . Therefore, the odor concentration at the odor threshold is 1 OU E by definition. To establish odor concentration, an olfactometer

1680-404: Is the lung technique, where the sample bag is placed in a sealed drum, where a vacuum is created outside the bag, which fills under expansion, and draws into itself the sample from the source. Critically, all components which touch the odor sample, must be odor free, which includes lines and fittings. In comparing the odor emitted from each port, the panelists are asked to report if they can detect

1740-654: Is the physiological part. This is the detection of stimuli by receptors in the nose. The stimuli are recognized by the region of the human brain which handles olfaction. Because of this, an objective and analytical measure of odor is impossible. While odor feelings are personal perceptions , individual reactions are usually related. They relate to things such as gender , age, state of health, and personal history. The ability to identify odor varies among people and decreases with age. Studies claim that there are sex differences in odor discrimination, and that women usually outperform men. Conversely, there are some studies claiming

1800-536: Is to measure the odor concentration at the emitting surface, and combine this with the volumetric flow rate of air entering the biofilter to produce an emission rate. Indirect sampling is often referred to as back calculation. It involves the use of a mathematical formula to predict an emission rate. Many methods are used, but all make use of the same inputs which include surface roughness, upwind and downwind concentrations, stability class (or other similar factor), wind speed, and wind direction. The human sense of smell

1860-418: Is used which employs a group of human panelists. A diluted odorous mixture and an odor-free gas— n-Butanol —as a reference are presented from sniffing ports to a group of panelists who are sensitive in odor perception. To collect an odor sample, the samples are collected using specialized sample bags, which are made from an odor free material, e.g., Teflon . The most accepted technique for collecting odor samples

Aromas - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-531: Is used, which may range from "fragrant" to "sewer odor". Although the method is fairly simplistic, it is important for the FIDOL factors to be understood by the person rating the smell. This method is most commonly used to define the character of an odor which can then be compared to other odors. It is common for olfactometry laboratories to report character as an additional factor post sample-analysis. Different categorizations of primary odors have been proposed, including

1980-609: Is variable. Repeated exposure to an odorant leads to enhanced olfactory sensitivity and decreased detection thresholds for a number of different odorants. It was found in a study that humans who were unable to detect the odor of androstenone developed the ability to detect it after repeated exposure. People who cannot smell are said to be anosmic . There are a number of issues which have to be overcome with sampling, these include: Issues such as temperature and humidity are best overcome using either pre-dilution or dynamic dilution techniques. Other analytic methods can be subdivided into

2040-781: The allotropes of carbon, cyanide derivatives not containing an organic residue (e.g., KCN , (CN) 2 , BrCN , cyanate anion OCN , etc.), and heavier analogs thereof (e.g., cyaphide anion CP , CSe 2 , COS ; although carbon disulfide CS 2 is often classed as an organic solvent). Halides of carbon without hydrogen (e.g., CF 4 and CClF 3 ), phosgene ( COCl 2 ), carboranes , metal carbonyls (e.g., nickel tetracarbonyl ), mellitic anhydride ( C 12 O 9 ), and other exotic oxocarbons are also considered inorganic by some authorities. Nickel tetracarbonyl ( Ni(CO) 4 ) and other metal carbonyls are often volatile liquids, like many organic compounds, yet they contain only carbon bonded to

2100-492: The limbic system , the area of the brain that governs emotional responses. Some believe that these messages have the power to alter moods, evoke distant memories, raise spirits, and boost self-confidence. This belief has led to " aromatherapy ", wherein fragrances are claimed to cure a wide range of psychological and physical problems. Aromatherapy claims that fragrances can positively affect sleep, stress, alertness, social interaction, and general feelings of well-being. Evidence for

2160-466: The Weber-Fechner law: I = a × log(c) + b, where I is the perceived psychological intensity at the dilution step on the butanol scale, a is the Weber-Fechner coefficient, C is the chemical concentrations, and b is the intercept constant (0.5 by definition). Odor intensity can be expressed using an odor intensity scale, which is a verbal description of an odor sensation to which a numerical value

2220-458: The ambient air. These two contexts require different approaches for measuring odor. The collection of odor samples is more easily accomplished for a source emission than for odor in the ambient air. Field measurement with portable field olfactometers can seem more effective, but olfactometer use is not regulated in Europe, while it is popular in the U.S. and Canada, where several states set limits at

2280-549: The binding of many odorant molecules. In 1978, Crabtree suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" of strong-smelling volatiles. These are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols. In 2012, Zhuang, Matsunami, and Block confirmed the Crabtree/Suslick proposal for the specific case of a mouse OR, MOR244-3, showing that copper is essential for detection of certain thiols and other sulfur-containing compounds. Thus, by using

2340-407: The concentration C may be exceeded based on the averaging period. There are two main odor sampling techniques: direct and indirect odor sampling techniques. Direct refers to the placement of an enclosure on or over an emitting surface from which samples are collected, and an odor emission rate is determined. The most commonly used direct methods include the flux chamber and wind tunnels such as

2400-814: The dislike for a particular environment. It is important to set occupational exposure limits (OELs) to ensure the health and safety of workers, as well as comfort, because exposure to chemicals can elicit physiological and biochemical changes in the upper respiratory system. Standards are hard to set when exposures are not reported and can also be hard to measure. Workforce populations vary in terms of discomfort from odors because of exposure history or habituation, and they may not realize possible risks of exposure to chemicals that produce specific odors. Some odors are sought after, such as from perfumes and flowers, some of which command high prices. Whole industries have developed around products that remove or mask unpleasant odors, such as deodorant . Odor molecules transmit messages to

2460-487: The effectiveness of aromatherapy is mostly anecdotal and controlled scientific studies to substantiate its claims are lacking. Some people are allergic to the fragrances found in perfume, scented shampoo, scented deodorant, or similar products. Reactions, as with other chemical allergies, can range from slight headaches to anaphylactic shock , which can result in death. Unpleasant odors play various roles in nature, often to warn of danger, though this may not be known to

Aromas - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-938: The evidence of covalent Fe-C bonding in cementite , a major component of steel, places it within this broad definition of organometallic, yet steel and other carbon-containing alloys are seldom regarded as organic compounds. Thus, it is unclear whether the definition of organometallic should be narrowed, whether these considerations imply that organometallic compounds are not necessarily organic, or both. Metal complexes with organic ligands but no carbon-metal bonds (e.g., (CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 Cu ) are not considered organometallic; instead, they are called metal-organic compounds (and might be considered organic). The relatively narrow definition of organic compounds as those containing C-H bonds excludes compounds that are (historically and practically) considered organic. Neither urea CO(NH 2 ) 2 nor oxalic acid (COOH) 2 are organic by this definition, yet they were two key compounds in

2580-448: The following, which identifies 7 primary odors: Though the concept of primary odors is not universally accepted. In many countries odor modeling is used to determine the extent of an impact from an odor source. These are a function of modeled concentration, averaging time (over what time period the model steps are run over, typically hourly), and a percentile. Percentiles refer to a statistical representation of how many hours per year

2640-404: The high pressure and temperature degradation of organic matter underground over geological timescales. This ultimate derivation notwithstanding, organic compounds are no longer defined as compounds originating in living things, as they were historically. In chemical nomenclature, an organyl group , frequently represented by the letter R, refers to any monovalent substituent whose open valence

2700-511: The judgment of the air-assay happens without diluting the samples. Odor measurement is essential for odor regulation and control. An odor emission often consists of a complex mixture of many odorous compounds. Analytical monitoring of individual chemical compounds present in such an odor is usually not practical. As a result, odor sensory methods, instead of instrumental methods, are normally used to measure such odor. Odor sensory methods are available to monitor odor both from source emissions and in

2760-446: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromas&oldid=815906557 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Odor An odor ( American English ) or odour ( Commonwealth English ; see spelling differences )

2820-601: The mineral mellite ( Al 2 C 6 (COO) 6 ·16H 2 O ). A slightly broader definition of the organic compound includes all compounds bearing C-H or C-C bonds. This would still exclude urea. Moreover, this definition still leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-halogen compounds. For example, CF 4 and CCl 4 would be considered by this rule to be "inorganic", whereas CHF 3 , CHCl 3 , and C 2 Cl 6 would be organic, though these compounds share many physical and chemical properties. Organic compounds may be classified in

2880-739: The olfactory mucosa through the oral cavity often as food) was partially responsible for the development of human olfactory acuity. He suggested the evolutionary pressure of diversification of food sources and increased complexity of food preparation presented humans with a broader range of odorants, ultimately leading to a "richer repertoire of smells". Animals such as dogs show a greater sensitivity to odors than humans, especially in studies using short-chain compounds. Higher cognitive brain mechanisms and more olfactory brain regions enable humans to discriminate odors better than other mammals despite fewer olfactory receptor genes. Odor concentration refers to an odor's pervasiveness. To measure odor sensation, an odor

2940-485: The one at the University of New South Wales (UNSW). There are many other available techniques, and consideration should be given to a number of factors before selecting a suitable method. A source which has implications for this method are sources, such as bark bed biofilters , that have a vertical velocity component. For such sources, consideration must be given as to the most appropriate method. A commonly used technique

3000-733: The outdoor environment, leading to greater potential for toxic health exposures from a variety of chemical compounds. Health effects of odor are traced to the sensation of an odor or the odorant itself. Health effects and symptoms vary—including eye, nose, or throat irritation, cough, chest tightness, drowsiness, and mood change—all of which decrease as an odor ceases. Odors may also trigger illnesses such as asthma, depression, stress-induced illness, or hypersensitivity. The ability to perform tasks may decrease, and other social/behavioral changes may occur. Occupants should expect remediation from disturbing and unexpected odors that disturb concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and generally increase

3060-409: The physical, the gas chromatographical , and the chemosensory method. When measuring odor, there is a difference between emission and immission measurements. Emission measurement can be taken by olfactometry using an olfactometer to dilute the odor sample. Olfactometry is rarely used for immission measurement because of low odor concentrations involved. The same measuring principles are used, but

SECTION 50

#1732845585256

3120-647: The properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry . For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts ), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide , and even hydrogen cyanide despite the fact it contains a carbon-hydrogen bond), are generally considered inorganic . Other than those just named, little consensus exists among chemists on precisely which carbon-containing compounds are excluded, making any rigorous definition of an organic compound elusive. Although organic compounds make up only

3180-417: The receptor sites or along the perimeter of odor-emitting plants, expressed in units of dilution-to-threshold (D/T). Odor intensity is the perceived strength of odor sensation. This intensity property is used to locate the source of odors and perhaps most directly related to odor nuisance. The perceived strength of the odor sensation is measured in conjunction with odor concentration. This can be modeled by

3240-514: The second decade of life, and then deteriorating appreciably as age increases, especially once over 70 years of age. For most untrained individuals, the act of smelling acquires little information concerning the specific ingredients of an odor. Their smell perception primarily offers information that elicits an emotional response. Experienced individuals, however, such as flavorists and perfumers , can identify discrete chemicals in complex mixtures using only their sense of smell. Odor perception

3300-417: The sense of smell. The human sense of smell is comparable with many animals, able to distinguish between a diverse range of odors. Studies have reported that humans can distinguish in the region of one trillion unique aromas. Odors that a person is used to, such as their own body odor , are less noticeable than uncommon odors. This is due to "habituation." After continuous odor exposure, the sense of smell

3360-421: The smell. The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the concentration or intensity of any single constituent. Most odors consist of organic compounds , although some simple compounds not containing carbon, such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia , are also odorants. The perception of an odor effect is a two-step process. First, there

3420-458: The strength of the odor (intensity) and the pleasantness of an odor (hedonic tone). The perception of an odor may change from pleasant to unpleasant with increasing concentration, intensity, time, frequency, or previous experience with a specific odor—all factors in determining a response. The overall set of qualities are sometimes identified as the "FIDOL (Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Offensiveness, Location) factors". The character of an odor

3480-525: The subject who smells it. The natural gas industry uses odor to enable consumers to identify leaks. Natural gas in its native state is colorless and almost odorless. To help users detect leaks , an odorizer with the scent of rotten eggs, tert-Butylthiol (t-butyl mercaptan), is added. Sometimes a related compound, thiophane , may be used in the mixture. Organic compound Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms ), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of

3540-577: The vitalism debate. However, the IUPAC Blue Book on organic nomenclature specifically mentions urea and oxalic acid as organic compounds. Other compounds lacking C-H bonds but traditionally considered organic include benzenehexol , mesoxalic acid , and carbon tetrachloride . Mellitic acid , which contains no C-H bonds, is considered a possible organic compound in Martian soil. Terrestrially, it, and its anhydride, mellitic anhydride , are associated with

3600-445: Was known to occur only in the urine of living organisms. Wöhler's experiments were followed by many others, in which increasingly complex "organic" substances were produced from "inorganic" ones without the involvement of any living organism, thus disproving vitalism. Although vitalism has been discredited, scientific nomenclature retains the distinction between organic and inorganic compounds. The modern meaning of organic compound

#255744