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55-655: EC2 or EC-2 may refer to: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), a commercial web service for hosting computer applications Cardoen EC-2 mine , an anti-personnel mine Cessna EC-2 , a 1930s aircraft EC2, a district in the London EC postcode area EC2-S-C1, U.S. World War II Liberty ships Escadre de Chasse 2 , a flight of the French Air Force's Escadron de Chasse 01-002 "Cigognes" Eurocode 2, an alternative name for European reference norm EN 1992 EC2 or ECII,

110-560: A 3-year term. When it launched in August 2006, the EC2 service offered Linux and later Sun Microsystems ' OpenSolaris and Solaris Express Community Edition . In October 2008, EC2 added the Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 operating systems to the list of available operating systems . In March 2011, NetBSD AMIs became available. In November 2012, Windows Server 2012 support

165-484: A GUI tool or the API. EBS volumes can be attached or detached from instances while they are running, and moved from one instance to another. Simple Storage Service (S3) is a storage system in which data is accessible to EC2 instances, or directly over the network to suitably authenticated callers (all communication is over HTTP). Amazon does not charge for the bandwidth for communications between EC2 instances and S3 storage "in

220-534: A bare-metal instance, a departure from exclusively offering virtualized instance types. As of January 2019, the following instance types were offered: As of April 2018 , the following payment methods by instance were offered: As of April 2018 , Amazon charged about $ 0.0058 per hour ($ 4.176 per month) for the smallest "Nano Instance" (t2.nano) virtual machine running Linux or Windows. Storage-optimized instances cost as much as $ 4.992 per hour (i3.16xlarge). "Reserved" instances can go as low as $ 2.50 per month for

275-420: A bundle of free resource credits to new account holders. The credits are designed to run a "micro" sized server, storage (EBS), and bandwidth for one year. Unused credits cannot be carried over from one month to the next. Reserved instances enable EC2 or RDS service users to reserve an instance for one or three years. The corresponding hourly rate charged by Amazon to operate the instance is 35 to 75% lower than

330-612: A cost per instance hour, but the cost will change on a regular basis based on the supply of EC2 spot capacity. Reserved Instances and Compute Savings plans are priced per hour. Each of these reservation tools has its own price per hour based on the payment option, term and reservation product being used. These prices are locked in for either a 1-year or 3-year term. Amazon EC2 price varies from $ 2.5 per month for "nano" instance with 1 vCPU and 0.5 GB RAM on board to "xlarge" type of instances with 32 vCPU and 488 GB RAM billed up to $ 3997.19 per month. The charts above show how Amazon EC2 pricing

385-538: A count of that instance type. For example, you could reserve 100 i3.large instances for a 3-year term. In September 2016, AWS announced several enhancements to Reserved instances, introducing a new feature called scope and a new reservation type called a Convertible. In October 2017, AWS announced the allowance to subdivide the instances purchased for more flexibility. Cloud providers maintain large amounts of excess capacity they have to sell or risk incurring losses. Amazon EC2 Spot instances are spare compute capacity in

440-439: A dynamic hidden reserve price". Some companies, like Spotinst, are using machine learning to predict spot interruptions up to 15 minutes in advance. In November 2019, Amazon announced Savings Plans. Savings Plans are an alternative to Reserved Instances that come in two different plan types: Compute Savings Plans and EC2 Instances Savings Plans. Compute Savings Plans allow an organization to commit to EC2 and Fargate usage with

495-496: A feature that had been lacking since the service was introduced. Amazon EC2 went into full production when it dropped the beta label on October 23, 2008. On the same day, Amazon announced the following features: These features were subsequently added on May 18, 2009. Amazon EC2 was developed mostly by a team in Cape Town, South Africa led by Chris Pinkham. Pinkham provided the initial architecture guidance for EC2 and then built

550-516: A framework for firms to do so in Sections 251 and 252. Section 252(c)(1) for example ("Duty to Negotiate") requires Incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) to negotiate in good faith about matters such as resale and access to rights of way. New emerging technologies such as 5G bring new complexities to the network operators. With more stringent SLAs and customer expectations, problem resolutions must be prioritized based on impacted subscribers. With

605-578: A low cost offering known as the Amazon Linux AMI . Version 2013.03 included: Linux kernel , Java OpenJDK Runtime Environment and GNU Compiler Collection . On November 30, 2020, Amazon announced that it would be adding macOS to the EC2 service. Initial support was announced for macOS Mojave and macOS Catalina running on Mac Mini . Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR) is a Docker registry service for Amazon EC2 instances to access repositories and images. Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS)

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660-462: A managed Kubernetes service running on top of EC2 without needing to provision or manage instances. An EC2 instance may be launched with a choice of two types of storage for its boot disk or "root device." The first option is a local "instance-store" disk as a root device (originally the only choice). The second option is to use an EBS volume as a root device. Instance-store volumes are temporary storage, which survive rebooting an EC2 instance, but when

715-404: A mid-write operation during the crash. Service-level agreement A service-level agreement ( SLA ) is an agreement between a service provider and a customer . Particular aspects of the service – quality, availability, responsibilities – are agreed between the service provider and the service user. The most common component of an SLA is that the services should be provided to

770-604: A musical project produced by Mick Ronson Erg Chech 002 , a meteorite EC2 , a 2019 mixtape by Coi Leray [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EC2&oldid=1017751963 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

825-632: A network administrator's help and without having to wait for DNS to propagate the binding. In this sense an Elastic IP Address belongs to the account and not to a virtual machine instance. It exists until it is explicitly removed, and remains associated with the account even while it is associated with no instance. Amazon CloudWatch is a web service that provides real-time monitoring to Amazon's EC2 customers on their resource utilization such as CPU, disk, network and replica lag for RDS Database replicas. CloudWatch does not provide any memory, disk space, or load average metrics without running additional software on

880-423: A number of advanced storage features, including snapshotting and cloning. EBS volumes can be up to 16 TB in size. EBS volumes are built on replicated storage, so that the failure of a single component will not cause data loss. EBS was introduced to the general public by Amazon in August 2008. EBS volumes provide persistent storage independent of the lifetime of the EC2 instance, and act much like hard drives on

935-406: A periodic (annual) revisitation to make changes. Since the late 1980s SLAs have been used by fixed-line telecom operators. SLAs are so widely used these days that larger organizations have many different SLAs existing within the company itself. Two different units in an organization script an SLA with one unit being the customer and another being the service provider. This practice helps to maintain

990-548: A real server. More accurately, they appear as block devices to the operating system that are backed by Amazon's disk arrays. The OS is free to use the device however it wants. In the most common case, a file system is loaded and the volume acts as a hard drive. Another possible use is the creation of RAID arrays by combining two or more EBS volumes. RAID allows increases of speed and/or reliability of EBS. Users can set up and manage storage volumes of sizes from 1 GB to 16 TB. The volumes support snapshots, which can be taken from

1045-403: A remote S3 filestore on an EC2 image, as if it were local storage. As S3 is not a full POSIX filesystem, things may not behave the same as on a local disk (e.g., no locking support). Amazon's elastic IP address feature is similar to static IP address in traditional data centers, with one key difference. A user can programmatically map an elastic IP address to any virtual machine instance without

1100-512: A three-year prepaid plan. The data transfer charge ranges from free to $ 0.12 per gigabyte, depending on the direction and monthly volume (inbound data transfer is free on all AWS services ). EC2 costs can be analyzed using the Amazon Cost and Usage Report. There are many different cost categories for EC2 including: hourly Instance Charges, Data Transfer, EBS Volumes, EBS Volume Snapshots, and Nat Gateway. As of December 2010 Amazon offered

1155-627: Is also a common metric, often used for data services such as shared hosting , virtual private servers and dedicated servers . Common agreements include percentage of network uptime, power uptime, number of scheduled maintenance windows , etc. Many SLAs track to the ITIL specifications when applied to IT services. It is not uncommon for an internet backbone service provider (or network service provider ) to explicitly state its SLA on its website. The U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 does not expressly mandate that companies have SLAs, but it does provide

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1210-449: Is compared to similar Cloud Computing services: Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, Kamatera, and Vultr. To make EC2 more fault-tolerant , Amazon engineered Availability Zones that are designed to be insulated from failures in other availability zones. Availability zones do not share the same infrastructure. Applications running in more than one availability zone can achieve higher availability. EC2 provides users with control over

1265-702: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud Amazon announced a limited public beta test of EC2 on August 25, 2006, offering access on a first-come, first-served basis. Amazon added two new instance types (Large and Extra-Large) on October 16, 2007. On May 29, 2008, two more types were added, High-CPU Medium and High-CPU Extra Large. There were twelve types of instances available. Amazon added three new features on March 27, 2008, static IP addresses, availability zones, and user selectable kernels. On August 20, 2008, Amazon added Elastic Block Store (EBS) This provides persistent storage,

1320-448: Is researching aspects of multi-level, multi-provider SLAs within service-oriented infrastructure and cloud computing, while another EU-funded project, VISION Cloud, has provided results concerning content-oriented SLAs. FP7 IRMOS also investigated aspects of translating application-level SLA terms to resource-based attributes to bridge the gap between client-side expectations and cloud-provider resource-management mechanisms. A summary of

1375-506: Is responsible for reporting faults or paying fees; responsibility for various data rates; throughput ; jitter ; or similar measurable details. A service-level agreement is an agreement between two or more parties, where one is the customer and the others are service providers. This can be a legally binding formal or an informal "contract" (for example, internal department relationships). The agreement may involve separate organizations or different teams within one organization. Contracts between

1430-419: Is that VMs may take up to several minutes to be ready to use, which are not suitable for time critical applications. The VM startup time is dependent on image size, VM type, data center locations, etc. The convenience of using EC2 enables you to dynamically increase capacity in accordance with demand and access resources rapidly. NOTE: the examples, figures and comparison charts in this section are from 2018 in

1485-461: The cloud , they need to achieve the same even more demanding levels of service than classical installations. SLAs for cloud services focus on characteristics of the data center and more recently include characteristics of the network (see carrier cloud ) to support end-to-end SLAs. Any SLA management strategy considers two well-differentiated phases: negotiating the contract and monitoring its fulfillment in real-time. Thus, SLA management encompasses

1540-528: The AWS cloud available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. As a trade-off, AWS offers no SLA on these instances and customers take the risk that it can be interrupted with only two minutes of notification when Amazon needs the capacity back. Researchers from the Israeli Institute of Technology found that "they (Spot instances) are typically generated at random from within a tight price interval via

1595-478: The Cost Explorer to automatically calculate recommendations for the commitments you should make how that commitment will look like as a monthly charge on your AWS bill. AWS Savings Plans are purchased based on hourly spend commitment. This hourly commitment is made using the discounted pricing of the savings plan you are purchasing. For example, you could commit to spending $ 5 per hour, on a Compute Savings Plan, for

1650-580: The SLA contract definition: the basic schema with the QoS parameters; SLA negotiation; SLA monitoring; SLA violation detection; and SLA enforcement—according to defined policies. The main point is to build a new layer upon the grid, cloud, or SOA middleware able to create a negotiation mechanism between the providers and consumers of services. An example is the EU–funded Framework 7 research project, SLA@SOI, which

1705-545: The anti-spam organizations Outblaze and Spamhaus.org began blocking Amazon's EC2 address pool due to problems with the distribution of spam and malware . On December 1, 2010, Amazon pulled its service to WikiLeaks after coming under political pressure in the US. Assange said that WikiLeaks chose Amazon knowing it would probably be kicked off the service "in order to separate rhetoric from reality". The Internet group Anonymous attempted to attack EC2 in revenge; however, Amazon

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1760-544: The best case; please bear this in mind, as the situation has changed a lot from then. On Demand EC2 instances are priced per hour. An example of this pricing would be $ 0.096 per hour for a Linux, m5.large, EC2 instance in the us-east-1 region. Pricing will vary based on the instance type, region, and operating system of the instance. Public on-demand pricing for EC2 can be found on the AWS website . The other pricing models for EC2 have different pricing models. Spot instances also have

1815-461: The cloud and are offered by service providers as a service-based agreements rather than a customer-based agreements. Measuring, monitoring and reporting on cloud performance is based on the end UX or their ability to consume resources. The downside of cloud computing relative to SLAs is the difficulty in determining the root cause of service interruptions due to the complex nature of the environment. As applications are moved from dedicated hardware into

1870-461: The customer as agreed upon in the contract. As an example, Internet service providers and telcos will commonly include service level agreements within the terms of their contracts with customers to define the level(s) of service being sold in plain language terms. In this case, the SLA will typically have a technical definition of mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair or mean time to recovery (MTTR); identifying which party

1925-504: The customer desires to monitor their EC2 resources through their enterprise monitoring software. Amazon provides an API which allows clients to operate on CloudWatch alarms. The metrics collected by Amazon CloudWatch enables the auto-scaling feature to dynamically add or remove EC2 instances. The customers are charged by the number of monitoring instances. Since May 2011, Amazon CloudWatch accepts custom metrics that can be submitted programmatically via Web Services API and then monitored

1980-451: The customer, it is not an "SLA". SLAs commonly include many components, from a definition of services to the termination of agreement. To ensure that SLAs are consistently met, these agreements are often designed with specific lines of demarcation and the parties involved are required to meet regularly to create an open forum for communication. Rewards and penalties applying to the provider are often specified. Most SLAs also leave room for

2035-399: The following components: A service-level agreement can track multiple performance metrics . In this context, these metrics are called service level indicators (SLIs). The target value of a given SLI is called a service-level objective (SLO). In IT-service management , a common case is a call center or service desk . SLAs in such cases usually refer to the following SLIs: Uptime

2090-400: The freedom to change region, family, size, availability zone, OS and tenancy inside the lifespan of the commitment. EC2 Instance Savings plans provide a larger discount than Compute Savings Plans but are less flexible meaning a user must commit to individual instance families within a region to take advantage, but with the freedom to change instances within the family in that region. AWS uses

2145-430: The geographical location of instances that allows for latency optimization and high levels of redundancy. For example, to minimize downtime, a user can set up server instances in multiple zones that are insulated from each other for most causes of failure such that one backs up the other. Higher-availability database services, like Amazon Relational Database Service run separately from EC2 instances. In early July 2008,

2200-411: The instance is stopped or terminated (e.g., by an API call, or due to a failure), this store is lost. The Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) provides raw block devices that can be attached to Amazon EC2 instances. These block devices can then be used like any raw block device. In a typical use case, this would include formatting the device with a filesystem and mounting it. In addition, EBS supports

2255-401: The instance. Since December 2017 Amazon provides a CloudWatch Agent for Windows and Linux operating systems included disk and previously not available memory information, previously Amazon provided example scripts for Linux instances to collect OS information. The data is aggregated and provided through AWS management console. It can also be accessed through command line tools and Web APIs, if

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2310-466: The introduction of 5G network slicing , the need of having a 360º view of the 5G slices becomes imperative to deliver premium SLAs and monetize service faster. For fixed networks subscribers, service modeling appears to be one of the most suitable ways to effectively monitor SLA's and ensure they are met. A web service level agreement ( WSLA ) is a standard for service level agreement compliance monitoring of web services . It allows authors to specify

2365-616: The number of simultaneous failures may find some EC2 users unprepared. On Sunday August 6, 2011, Amazon suffered a power outage in one of their Ireland availability zones. Lightning was originally blamed for the outage; however, on August 11, Irish energy supplier ESB Networks dismissed this as a cause, but at time of writing, could not confirm what the cause of the problem was. The power outage raised multiple questions regarding Amazon's EBS infrastructure, which caused several bugs in their software to be exposed. The bugs resulted in some customers' data being deleted when recovering EBS volumes in

2420-410: The performance metrics associated with a web service application, desired performance targets, and actions that should be performed when performance is not met. WSLA Language Specification, version 1.0 was published by IBM in 2001. The underlying benefit of cloud computing is shared resources, which are supported by the underlying nature of a shared infrastructure environment. Thus, SLAs span across

2475-447: The rate charged for on-demand instances. Reserved instances can be purchased with three different payment options: All Upfront, Partial Upfront and No Upfront. The different purchase options allow for different structuring of payment models, with a larger discount given to customers that pay their reservation upfront. Reserved Instances are purchased based on a resource commitment. These reservations are made based on an instance type and

2530-468: The results of various research projects in the area of SLAs (ranging from specifications to monitoring, management and enforcement) has been provided by the European Commission. Outsourcing involves the transfer of responsibility from an organization to a supplier. This new arrangement is managed through a contract that may include one or more SLAs. The contract may involve financial penalties and

2585-591: The right to terminate if any of the SLA metrics are consistently missed. The setting, tracking and managing SLAs is an important part of the outsourcing relationship management (ORM) discipline. Specific SLAs are typically negotiated upfront as part of the outsourcing contract and used as one of the primary tools of outsourcing governance. In software development, specific SLAs can apply to application outsourcing contracts in line with standards in software quality , as well as recommendations provided by neutral organizations like CISQ , which has published numerous papers on

2640-504: The same quality of service amongst different units in the organization and also across multiple locations of the organization. This internal scripting of SLA also helps to compare the quality of service between an in-house department and an external service provider. The output received by the customer as a result of the service provided is the main focus of the service level agreement. Service level agreements are also defined at different levels: A well-defined and typical SLA will contain

2695-509: The same region." Accessing S3 data stored in a different region (for example, data stored in Europe from a US East Coast EC2 instance) will be billed at Amazon's normal rates. S3-based storage is priced per gigabyte per month. Applications access S3 through an API. For example, Apache Hadoop supports a special s3: filesystem to support reading from and writing to S3 storage during a MapReduce job. There are also S3 filesystems for Linux, which mount

2750-585: The same way as all other internal metrics, including setting up the alarms for them, and since July 2014 Cloudwatch Logs service is also available. Basic Amazon CloudWatch is included in Amazon Free Tier service. Amazon's auto-scaling feature of EC2 allows it to automatically adapt computing capacity to site traffic. The schedule-based (e.g. time-of-the-day) and rule-based (e.g. CPU utilization thresholds) auto scaling mechanisms are easy to use and efficient for simple applications. However, one potential problem

2805-399: The service provider and other third parties are often (incorrectly) called SLAs – because the level of service has been set by the (principal) customer, there can be no "agreement" between third parties; these agreements are simply "contracts." Operational-level agreements or OLAs, however, may be used by internal groups to support SLAs. If some aspect of service has not been agreed upon with

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2860-591: The team and led the development of the project along with Willem van Biljon . Initially, EC2 used Xen virtualization exclusively. However, on November 6, 2017, Amazon announced the new C5 family of instances that were based on a custom architecture around the KVM hypervisor , called Nitro. Each virtual machine, called an "instance", functions as a virtual private server . Amazon sizes instances based on "Elastic Compute Units". The performance of otherwise identical virtual machines may vary. On November 28, 2017, AWS announced

2915-488: Was added. Since 2006, Colin Percival , a FreeBSD developer and Security Officer, solicited Amazon to add FreeBSD. In November 2012, Amazon officially supported running FreeBSD in EC2. The FreeBSD/EC2 platform is maintained by Percival who also developed the secure deduplicating Amazon S3 -cloud based backup service Tarsnap . Amazon has their own Linux distribution based on Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux as

2970-585: Was not affected by the attack. Amazon's websites were temporarily offline on December 12, 2010, although it was initially unclear if this was due to attacks or a hardware failure. An Amazon official later stated that it was due to a hardware failure. Shortly before 5 am ET on April 21, 2011, an outage started at EC2's Northern Virginia data center that brought down several websites, including Foursquare , Springpad , Reddit , Quora , and Hootsuite . Specifically, attempts to use Amazon's elastic-disk and database services hung, failed, or were slow. Service

3025-457: Was restored to some parts of the data center (three of four "availability zones" in Amazon's terms) by late afternoon Eastern time that day; problems for at least some customers were continuing as of April 25. 0.07% of EBS volumes in one zone have also been lost; EBS failures were a part of normal operation even before this outage and were a risk documented by Amazon, though the number of failures and

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