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127-524: In mid-1942, in the R1 Region, the three major Gaullist movements ( Combat , Libération-sud and the Franc-Tireurs ) wanted to coordinate the military units at their disposal to make them more effective. Henri Frenay , leader of Combat, claimed command of the new structure, but faced opposition from Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie , leader of Liberation-Sud and Jean-Pierre Levy  [ fr ] , head of

254-549: A preventive war to put an end to the Nazi regime while Germany was still more-or-less disarmed. However, in November, Ribbentrop arranged a meeting between Hitler and the French journalist Fernand de Brinon , who wrote for the newspaper Le Matin . During the meeting, Hitler stressed what he claimed to be his love of peace and his friendship towards France. Hitler's meeting with Brinon had

381-564: A British alliance. The Anti-Comintern Pact in November 1936 marked an important change in German foreign policy. The Foreign Office had traditionally favoured a policy of friendship with the Republic of China , and an informal Sino-German alliance had emerged by the late 1920s. Neurath very much believed in maintaining Germany's good relations with China and mistrusted the Empire of Japan . Ribbentrop

508-1013: A Franco-German non-aggression pact. Ribbentrop wanted to buy time to complete German rearmament by removing preventive war as a French policy option. The Barthou-Ribbentrop meeting infuriated Konstantin von Neurath , since the Foreign Office had not been informed. Although the Dienststelle Ribbentrop was concerned with German relations in every part of the world, it emphasised Anglo-German relations , as Ribbentrop knew that Hitler favoured an alliance with Britain. As such, Ribbentrop greatly worked during his early diplomatic career to realize Hitler's dream of an anti-Soviet Anglo-German alliance. Ribbentrop made frequent trips to Britain, and upon his return he always reported to Hitler that most British people longed for an alliance with Germany. In November 1934, Ribbentrop met George Bernard Shaw , Sir Austen Chamberlain , Lord Cecil and Lord Lothian . On

635-476: A Ribbentrop aide recalled: When Hitler said "Grey", Ribbentrop said "Black, black, black". He always said it three times more, and he was always more radical. I listened to what Hitler said one day when Ribbentrop wasn't present: "With Ribbentrop it is so easy, he is always so radical. Meanwhile, all the other people I have, they come here, they have problems, they are afraid, they think we should take care and then I have to blow them up, to get strong. And Ribbentrop

762-518: A career army officer, and his wife Johanne Sophie Hertwig. He was not born with the nobiliary particle von . From 1904 to 1908, Ribbentrop took French courses at Lycée Fabert in Metz , the German Empire 's most powerful fortress, and would become fluent in both French and English . A former teacher recalled Ribbentrop "was the most stupid in his class, full of vanity and very pushy". His father

889-536: A foreign policy independent of and often contrary to the official Foreign Office. The Dienststelle served as an informal tool for the implementation of the foreign policy of Hitler, consciously bypassing the traditional foreign policy institutions and diplomatic channels of the German Foreign Office. However, the Dienststelle also competed with other Nazi party units active in the area of foreign policy, such as

1016-607: A foreign power. In the beginning of summer 1942, another network called Carte , which was directly linked to the British Special Operations Executive and therefore better armed at that time than the other French networks in the free zone, took over two of Combat's groups on the Côte d'Azur . Frenay sent a message to the SOE asking them to stop taking his teams away from him. It did not happen again. This may have been due to

1143-602: A fundamental misunderstanding of British politics and society. During the abdication crisis in December 1936 , Ribbentrop reported to Berlin that it had been precipitated by an anti-German Jewish-Masonic-reactionary conspiracy to depose Edward, whom Ribbentrop represented as a staunch friend of Germany, and that civil war would soon break out in Britain between supporters of Edward and those of Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin . Ribbentrop's civil war predictions were greeted with incredulity by

1270-513: A huge effect on French public opinion and helped to put an end to the calls for a preventive war. It convinced many in France that Hitler was a man of peace, who wanted to do away only with Part V of the Versailles Treaty. In 1934, Hitler named Ribbentrop Special Commissioner for Disarmament . In his early years, Hitler's goal in foreign affairs was to persuade the world that he wished to reduce

1397-451: A master intriguer and became Ribbentrop's favorite hatchet man. Ribbentrop did not understand the limited role in government exercised by 20th-century British monarchs. He thought that King Edward VIII , Emperor of India , could dictate British foreign policy if he wanted. He convinced Hitler that he had Edward's support, but that was as much a delusion as his belief that he had impressed British society. In fact, Ribbentrop often displayed

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1524-640: A member of Libération . In 1943 the steering committee of Combat learned that refugees from the Service du travail obligatoire forced labour had fled to Haute-Savoie and the Maquis had been created in the mountainous massifs . The service Maquis was established in Combat's Military affairs branch with the aim of helping all those who had "taken the maquis " to survive and to fight, and of providing them lives and armaments, and of integrating them into Combat's network. While

1651-596: A million. Moulin tried to separate the different activities of the network, particularly the information and the Choc (shock, heavy military operations), following directions given to him in London. He finally won his case when the MUR was created. The activities of Combat originally revolved around the dispersal of information using secret newspapers. These pieces of information were provided to Frenay initially from army offices, then, after

1778-781: A note at the World Disarmament Conference announcing that it was unfair that Germany should remain disarmed by Part V of the Versailles treaty and demanded for the other powers to disarm to Germany's level or to rescind Part V and allow Germany Gleichberechtigung ("equality of armaments"). When France rejected Neurath's note, Germany stormed out of the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference. It all but announced its intention of unilaterally violating Part V. Consequently, there were several calls in France for

1905-546: A partner in his father-in-law's champagne firm, Ribbentrop did business with Jewish bankers and organised the Impegroma Importing Company ("Import und Export großer Marken") with Jewish financing. Ribbentrop became Hitler's favourite foreign-policy adviser, partly by dint of his familiarity with the world outside Germany but also by flattery and sycophancy. One German diplomat later recalled, "Ribbentrop didn't understand anything about foreign policy. His sole wish

2032-549: A party Ribbentrop threw in 1928 recorded that Ribbentrop had no political views beyond a vague admiration for Gustav Stresemann , fear of Communism, and a wish to restore the monarchy. Several Berlin Jewish businessmen who did business with Ribbentrop in the 1920s and knew him well later expressed astonishment at the vicious antisemitism he later displayed in the Nazi era , saying that they did not see any indications he had held such views. As

2159-721: A result, many in Britain, such as Thomas Jones , Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet, were very open to Ribbentrop's message that European peace would be restored if only the Treaty of Versailles could be done away with. In August 1936, Hitler appointed Ribbentrop ambassador to the United Kingdom with orders to negotiate an Anglo-German alliance. Ribbentrop arrived to take up his position in October 1936, formally presenting his credentials to King Edward VIII on 30 October. Ribbentrop's time in London

2286-579: A result, there was enough overlap in values between both groups to allow most of them to work comfortably for the Nazis. Nonetheless, Hitler never quite trusted the Foreign Office and was on the lookout for someone to carry out his foreign policy goals. The Nazis and Germany's professional diplomats shared a goal in destroying the Treaty of Versailles and restoring Germany as a great power. In October 1933, German Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath presented

2413-653: A revival of interest in a German-Japanese pact in both Tokyo and Berlin led to the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact in Berlin. When the Pact was signed, invitations were sent to Italy, China, Britain and Poland to join. However, of the invited powers, only the Italians would ultimately sign. The Anti-Comintern Pact marked the beginning of the shift on Germany's part from China's ally to Japan's ally. In 1935, Ribbentrop arranged for

2540-670: A secret emissary between Chancellor of Germany Franz von Papen , his old wartime friend, and Hitler. His offer was initially refused. Six months later, however, Hitler and Papen accepted his help. Their change of heart occurred after General Kurt von Schleicher ousted Papen in December 1932. This led to a complex set of intrigues in which Papen and various friends of president Paul von Hindenburg negotiated with Hitler to oust Schleicher. On 22 January 1933, State Secretary Otto Meissner and Hindenburg's son Oskar met Hitler, Hermann Göring , and Wilhelm Frick at Ribbentrop's home in Berlin's exclusive Dahlem district. Over dinner, Papen made

2667-763: A secret meeting of the headquarters of the departmental AS, he also arrested the head of AS Loire, Lieutenant Vidiani, and his companions. On 10 February, in Le Puy-en-Velay , they continued to dismantle the AS in R1 with the arrest of the chief of AS in Haute-Loire Alfred Salvatelli and his companions at his home. After the 10 February arrest the Haute-Loire resistance joined region R6 (Auvergne). On 27 May 1943, these three arrests, orchestrated by Geissler, featured prominently at

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2794-647: A series of much-publicised visits of First World War veterans to Britain, France and Germany. Ribbentrop persuaded the Royal British Legion and many French veterans' groups to send delegations to Germany to meet German veterans as the best way to promote peace. At the same time, Ribbentrop arranged for members of the Frontkämpferbund , the official German World War I veterans' group, to visit Britain and France to meet veterans there. The veterans' visits and attendant promises of "never again" did much to improve

2921-692: A success. In August 1934, Ribbentrop founded an organization linked to the Nazi Party called the Büro Ribbentrop (later renamed the Dienststelle Ribbentrop ). It functioned as an alternative foreign ministry. The Dienststelle Ribbentrop , which had its offices directly across from the Foreign Office's building on the Wilhelmstrasse in Berlin, had in its membership a collection of Hitlerjugend alumni, dissatisfied businessmen, former reporters, and ambitious Nazi Party members, all of whom tried to conduct

3048-556: A system of regional heads, he spread the movement through six regions within the free zone: New regions appeared later, particularly in the north of France ( e.g. Jura and Brittany ). Little by little, the MLN (subsequently renamed the Mouvement de Libération Française ), merged with other smaller networks in the regions where it took root. On merging with the Liberté network at the end of 1941,

3175-531: A well-travelled businessman with more knowledge of the outside world than most senior Nazis and as a perceived authority on foreign affairs. He offered his house Schloss Fuschl for the secret meetings in January 1933 that resulted in Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany . He became a close confidant of Hitler, to the dismay of some party members, who thought him unintelligent, superficial and lacking in talent. He

3302-529: A worldwide propaganda campaign with the aim of forcing Britain to return the former German colonies in Africa. Hitler turned down the idea, but nonetheless during his meeting with Lord Halifax, Ribbentrop spent much of the meeting demanding that Britain sign an alliance with Germany and return the former German colonies. The German historian Klaus Hildebrand noted that as early as the Ribbentrop–Halifax meeting

3429-558: Is a particularly silly one. These activities – which are practically confined to Germany – render impossible the task of diplomacy. After Vansittart's memo, members of the Anglo-German Fellowship ceased to see Cabinet ministers after they went on Ribbentrop-arranged trips to Germany. In February 1937, before a meeting with the Lord Privy Seal , Lord Halifax , Ribbentrop suggested to Hitler that Germany, Italy and Japan begin

3556-509: The Gestapo and 16 by the French police, of whom only two would be released. They were tried by the Volkgerichthof (people's tribunal) and 23 were sentenced to death; this was referred to as the affaire Continent . The movement was completely disbanded in the occupied zone between the end of 1941 and the beginning of 1942. Frenay decided not to rebuild there but to concentrate all his efforts in

3683-545: The Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936. Neurath did not think it possible to achieve the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. To discredit his rival, he appointed Ribbentrop head of the delegation sent to London to negotiate it. Once the talks began, Ribbentrop issued an ultimatum to Sir John Simon , informing him that if Germany's terms were not accepted in their entirety, the German delegation would go home. Simon

3810-730: The Armée Secrète but in contact with it to organise their operations and provide intelligence. The Groupes Frances organised their operations on their own initiative, following the general framework which was given them. They communicated the results of their operations to the steering committee. Before November 1942, the operations of the Groupes Francs were similar to those of the Groups de Choc . They were responsible for obtaining their own arms from supply dumps or police posts, and making their own explosives or stealing them from mines. After

3937-510: The Catholic -oriented Témoignage chrétien  [ fr ] ] (Christian witness notebooks). These journals, particularly the important ones, contained propaganda articles against the Vichy regime, which revealed and criticised the actions of the government and state apparatus, as well as substantive pieces dealing with e.g. Nazism or collaboration . Frenay generally constructed the editorial of

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4064-567: The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs . As the Italian Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano , noted in his diary in late 1937, Ribbentrop had come to hate Britain with all the "fury of a woman scorned". Ribbentrop—and Hitler, for that matter—never understood that British foreign policy aimed at the appeasement of Germany, not an alliance with it. When Ribbentrop traveled to Rome in November 1937 to oversee Italy's adhesion to

4191-555: The GC gradually merged into the Armée secrète which was assimilating by degrees the various paramilitary groups of Combat, Libération and Franc-Tireur. This merging was encouraged by Frenay and Moulin, who wanted the operations of the GC remained separate from any intelligence and propaganda activities. For this reason, the leadership of the Armée Secrète was not conferred upon Frenay as he had initially wanted (his movement being more significant than

4318-458: The NAP-fer led by René Hardy , provided the Groupes Francs with schedules of German supply trains from 1943. The NAP also operated within the customs service. The Groupes de Choc were set up, generally specializing in attacks against collaborators and shopkeepers who sold collaborationist papers like the Nazi magazine Signal (the shops of the latter were generally blown up). From 1942 onwards

4445-722: The OAS . Bénouville, who followed a different political path in the Gaullist Rally of the French People and its successors Union for the New Republic and Union of Democrats for the Republic , similarly backed the Algerian ultras by joining Jacques Soustelle 's Union pour le salut et le renouveau de l'Algérie française in 1958. He later praised António de Oliveira Salazar as the "wise man of

4572-617: The World War II (1939–1945). Combat was one of the eight great resistance movements which constituted the Conseil national de la Résistance . Combat, also known under its former name National Liberation Movement (MLN), was active both in the unoccupied zone in southern France and in the occupied north. Combat was created in August 1940 in Lyon by Henri Frenay , supported by Berty Albrecht . Through

4699-771: The attack on Pearl Harbor . From 1941 onwards, Ribbentrop's influence declined. Arrested in June 1945, Ribbentrop was convicted and sentenced to death at the Nuremberg trials for his role in starting World War II in Europe and enabling the Holocaust . On 16 October 1946, he became the first of the Nuremberg defendants to be executed by hanging . Joachim von Ribbentrop was born in Wesel , Rhenish Prussia , to Richard Ulrich Friedrich Joachim Ribbentrop,

4826-457: The defence budget by making idealistic but very vague disarmament offers (in the 1930s, disarmament described arms limitation agreements). At the same time, the Germans always resisted making concrete arms-limitations proposals, and they went ahead with increased military spending on grounds that other powers would not take up German arms-limitation offers. Ribbentrop was tasked with ensuring that

4953-757: The invasion of the Soviet Union . In late 1941, due to American aid to Britain and the increasingly frequent "incidents" in the North Atlantic between U-boats and American warships guarding convoys to Britain, Ribbentrop worked for the failure of the Japanese-American talks in Washington and for Japan to attack the United States . He did his utmost to support a declaration of war on the United States after

5080-469: The promenade du Peyrou . The Montpellier leaders of Combat, Courtin and Teitgen, were involved in organising the Comité Général d'Etudes , which acted as an underground Conseil d'État . After liberation , several members of Combat (Bidault, Menthon, Teitgen) formed the Christian democratic party Popular Republican Movement as a pro-Gaullist counterweight to French Communist Party on 26 November 1944, with Bidault as its first leader. The MRP became

5207-483: The "New Germany's" image in Britain and France. In July 1935, Brigadier Sir Francis Featherstone-Godley led the British Legion's delegation to Germany. The Prince of Wales , the Legion's patron, made a much-publicized speech at the Legion's annual conference in June 1935 that stated that he could think of no better group of men than those of the Legion to visit and carry the message of peace to Germany and that he hoped that Britain and Germany would never fight again. As for

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5334-422: The "men of influence" as the best way to achieve an Anglo-German alliance. In order to achieve this he became a member of the Lansdowne Club, a private members club in Mayfair. He believed that the British aristocracy comprised some sort of secret society that ruled from behind the scenes, and that if he could befriend enough members of Britain's "secret government" he could bring about the alliance. Almost all of

5461-407: The Anti-Comintern Pact went back to mid-1935, when in an effort to square the circle between seeking a rapprochement with Japan and Germany's traditional alliance with China, Ribbentrop and Ōshima devised the idea of an anticommunist alliance as a way to bind China, Japan and Germany together. However, when the Chinese made it clear that they had no interest in such an alliance (especially given that

5588-488: The Anti-Comintern Pact, he made clear to his hosts that the pact was really directed against Britain. As Ciano noted in his diary, the Anti-Comintern Pact was "anti-Communist in theory, but in fact unmistakably anti-British". Believing himself to be in a state of disgrace with Hitler over his failure to achieve the British alliance, Ribbentrop spent December 1937 in a state of depression and, together with his wife, wrote two lengthy documents for Hitler that denounced Britain. In

5715-481: The British Consul in Munich , writing about the group that Ribbentrop had brought to the Nuremberg Rally, reported that there were some "serious persons of standing among them" but that an equal number of Ribbentrop's British contingent were "eccentrics and few, if any, could be called representatives of serious English thought, either political or social, while they most certainly lacked any political or social influence in England". In June 1937, when Lord Mount Temple ,

5842-495: The British people who heard them. Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg had told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that Wallis Simpson , Edward's lover and a suspected Nazi sympathizer, had slept with Ribbentrop in London in 1936; had remained in constant contact with him; and had continued to leak secrets. Ribbentrop had a habit of summoning tailors from the best British firms, making them wait for hours and then sending them away without seeing him but with instructions to return

5969-466: The Chairman of the Anglo-German Fellowship, asked to see Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain after meeting Hitler in a visit arranged by Ribbentrop, Robert Vansittart , the British Foreign Office's Permanent Under-Secretary of State , wrote a memo stating that: The P.M. [Prime Minister] should certainly not see Lord Mount Temple – nor should the S[ecretary] of S[tate]. We really must put a stop to this eternal butting in of amateurs – and Lord Mount Temple

6096-412: The Combat newspaper in person, until he joined de Gaulle in Algeria . The subtitle of the Combat newspaper was Organe du Mouvement de la Libération Française , accompanied by a quote from Georges Clemenceau : "Dans la guerre comme dans la paix, le dernier mot est à ceux qui ne se rendent jamais." (In war as in peace, the last word is theirs that never surrender). In 1943, a section Attentats (attacks)

6223-436: The East to Germany's advantage can only be accomplished by force" and that the best way to achieve it was to build a global anti-British alliance system. Besides converting the Anti-Comintern Pact into an anti-British military alliance, Ribbentrop argued that German foreign policy should work to "winning over all states whose interests conform directly or indirectly to ours." By the last statement, Ribbentrop clearly implied that

6350-425: The Ellis Memorial Trophy tournament in Boston in February. When the First World War began later in 1914, Ribbentrop left Canada, which, as part of the British Empire , was at war with Germany, and found temporary sanctuary in the neutral United States . On 15 August 1914, he sailed from Hoboken, New Jersey on the Holland-America ship Potsdam , bound for Rotterdam , and on his return to Germany enlisted in

6477-490: The Franc-Tireurs. Jean Moulin insisted that the post should go to someone who with no affiliation to one of these groups, so Frenay proposed Charles Delestraint , a general recalled from his retirement during the Battle of France , who admired General Charles de Gaulle and detested Vichy . He was the only general officer who had been promoted despite that defeat; the proposal was unanimously accepted. Jean Moulin and General Delestraint first met on 28 August 1942 in Lyon. At

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6604-423: The Gaullist Secret Army merged with the French Forces of the Interior (FFI), with the Army Resistance Organization (ORA) and the French Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTPF, communists, not to be confused with the Franc-Tireur movement). This structure was mainly found in the southern half of France: Rhône-Alpes (R1) and Auvergne (R6), but also Limousin (R5), South-East and the Southwest (R4). It corresponded to

6731-608: The German invasion of the free zone in November 1942, the Groups Francs changed their operations style. They were ordered to attack trains containing German soldiers or going to Germany, to sabotage railway lines, to destroy arms factories and dumps and to assassinate Gestapo agents. The GF were supplied and armed by Britain through parachute dumps which provided them with Sten guns , pistols , ammunition , explosives, grenades and other equipment. The GF also organised escapes for captured resistance fighters such as that of Paul Reynaud (planned and prepared but never executed) and

6858-502: The German people's own strength." The implied threat that if colonial restoration did not occur, the Germans would take back their former colonies by force attracted a great deal of hostile commentary on the inappropriateness of an ambassador threatening his host country in such a manner. Ribbentrop's negotiating style, a mix of bullying bluster and icy coldness coupled with lengthy monologues praising Hitler, alienated many. The American historian Gordon A. Craig once observed that of all

6985-450: The Japanese regarded Chinese adhesion to the proposed pact as way of subordinating China to Japan), both Neurath and War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg persuaded Hitler to shelve the proposed treaty to avoid damaging Germany's good relations with China. Ribbentrop, who valued Japanese friendship far more than that of the Chinese, argued that Germany and Japan should sign the pact without Chinese participation. By November 1936,

7112-408: The King, who was walking forward to shake Ribbentrop's hand at the time. Ribbentrop further compounded the damage to his image and caused a minor crisis in Anglo-German relations by insisting that henceforward all German diplomats were to greet heads of state by giving and receiving the stiff-arm fascist salute. The crisis was resolved when Neurath pointed out to Hitler that under Ribbentrop's rule, if

7239-465: The Nazis". In both cases, the praise was limited, with Cerruti going on to write that only in Nazi Germany was it possible for someone as superficial as Ribbentrop to rise to be a minister of foreign affairs, and Geyr von Schweppenburg called Ribbentrop an absolute disaster as ambassador in London. The British historian/television producer Laurence Rees noted for his 1997 series The Nazis: A Warning from History that every single person interviewed for

7366-490: The Prussian 12th Hussar Regiment. Ribbentrop served first on the Eastern Front , and was then transferred to the Western Front . He earned a commission and was awarded the Iron Cross , having been wounded during his service. In 1918, 1st Lieutenant Ribbentrop was stationed in Istanbul as a staff officer. During his time in Turkey , he became a friend of another staff officer, Franz von Papen . In 1919, Ribbentrop met Anna Elisabeth Henkell ("Annelies" to her friends),

7493-416: The Resistance such as Moulin, Henri Aubry , René Hardy , Albert Lacaze  [ fr ] and Bruno Larat  [ fr ] were taken prisoner. In July 1943, Colonel Pierre Dejussieu-Pontcarral was appointed chief of staff of a Secret Army now without an official leader. The Chief of Staff of the Southern Zone was General Jouffrault, until he was also arrested in August 1943. On 1 February 1944

7620-412: The Secret Army was presented by Jean Moulin. This committee intended to unite the three major resistance movements. In December, Delestraint, inexperienced in the constraints of illegal life, crossed the demarcation line to make contact with the major movements in the northern zone: Liberation, the Civil and Military Organization (CMO) National, Libération-Nord. Then, back in the free zone, he took part in

7747-605: The Soviet Union should be included in the anti-British alliance system he had proposed. In early 1938, Hitler asserted his control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, in part by sacking Neurath. On 4 February 1938, Ribbentrop succeeded Neurath as Foreign Minister. Ribbentrop's appointment has generally been seen as an indication that German foreign policy was moving in a more radical direction. In contrast to Neurath's cautious and less bellicose nature, Ribbentrop unequivocally supported war in 1938 and 1939. Ribbentrop's time as Foreign Minister can be divided into three periods. In

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7874-441: The Soviet ambassador were to give the Communist clenched-fist salute, Hitler would be obliged to return it. On Neurath's advice, Hitler disavowed Ribbentrop's demand that King George receive and give the "German greeting". Most of Ribbentrop's time was spent demanding that Britain either sign the Anti-Comintern Pact or return the former German colonies in Africa. However, he also devoted considerable time to courting what he called

8001-460: The West". and many others. [REDACTED] Media related to Combat (French Resistance) at Wikimedia Commons Joachim von Ribbentrop Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop ( German: [joˈʔaxɪm fɔn ˈʁɪbəntʁɔp] ; 30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946) was a German politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945. Ribbentrop first came to Adolf Hitler 's notice as

8128-401: The army broke up. In the occupied zone, the newspaper Les Petites Ailes du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais (little wings of the North and Pas-de-Calais) appeared. In time it became Les Petites Ailes de France , then Résistance . In the free zone, an underground newspaper was established, modelled on Petites Ailes de France . Its name was Vérités (Truths). Vérité (Truth) had been considered for

8255-407: The basis of Lord Lothian's praise for the natural friendship between Germany and Britain, Ribbentrop informed Hitler that all elements of British society wished for closer ties with Germany. His report delighted Hitler, causing him to remark that Ribbentrop was the only person who told him "the truth about the world abroad". Because the Foreign Office's diplomats were not so sunny in their appraisal of

8382-429: The beginning of an Anglo-German alliance, and ordered celebrations throughout Germany to mark the event. Immediately after the AGNA was signed, Ribbentrop followed up with the next step that was intended to create the Anglo-German alliance, the Gleichschaltung (co-ordination) of all societies demanding the restoration of Germany's former colonies in Africa . On 3 July 1935, it was announced that Ribbentrop would head

8509-413: The beginning of the Ernst Kaltenbrunner 's report addressed to Joachim von Ribbentrop , Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Reich. Delestraint then fought against the advice of Frenay (who had been provisionally delegated general of the Secret Army) to put the Army under the tutelage of the MUR. Frenay, on the one hand the No. 2 of the Secret Army and on the other a member of the Coordination Committee of

8636-474: The capital of the French resistance. Arrests took place from February onwards, followed by escapes. Combat was infiltrated by Gestapo and Abwehr agents. In January, the idea of amalgamating the three big resistance movements of the south (Combat, Libération and Franc-tireurs ) gradually gained ground, culminating between February and March in Mouvements Unis de la Résistance (MUR). The steering committee of each movement lost much of its importance. Combat

8763-434: The contradiction between German rearmament and his message of peace, Ribbentrop argued to whoever would listen that the German people had been "humiliated" by the Versailles Treaty, Germany wanted peace above all and German violations of Versailles were part of an effort to restore Germany's "self-respect". By the 1930s, much of British opinion had been convinced that the treaty was monstrously unfair and unjust to Germany, so as

8890-468: The creation of the United Movements of the Resistance (MUR) on 26 January 1943 in Miribel, in Ain. At the beginning of February 1943, Hugo Geissler  [ fr ] , Kommandeur of the Sipo - SD in Vichy, decapitated the Secret Army of the R1 region. On 1 February in Lyon's Place du Pont, he arrested Billon, head of the AS in R1 (eleven departments), along with his deputy Pierre Lavergne. On 3 February, at 31 rue Basse-des-Rives in Saint-Étienne, during

9017-448: The daughter of a wealthy Wiesbaden wine producer. They were married on 5 July 1920, and Ribbentrop began to travel throughout Europe as a wine salesman. He and Annelies had five children together. In 1925, his aunt, Gertrud von Ribbentrop, adopted him, which allowed him to add the nobiliary particle von to his name. Many of his peers and colleagues, including Joseph Goebbels , would ridicule him later in life for not having been born with

9144-426: The differing foreign policy views of Hitler and Ribbentrop were starting to emerge, with Ribbentrop more interested in restoring the pre-1914 German Imperium in Africa than the conquest of Eastern Europe. Following the lead of Andreas Hillgruber , who argued that Hitler had a Stufenplan (stage by stage plan) for world conquest, Hildebrand argued that Ribbentrop may not have fully understood what Hitler's Stufenplan

9271-473: The disbandment of the French army, from the Deuxième Bureau of the Vichy regime. Combat quickly distanced itself from Vichy, after which information was gathered through various resistance groups with which Combat had links. These pieces of information fed into newspapers which were published from time to time. In the beginning Frenay mainly distributed bulletins in army offices; these bulletins stopped after

9398-597: The displeasure expressed by Frenay in his message, or alternatively to the invasion of the free zone by the Germans a few months later. After the Allies landed in North Africa, the Germans invaded the free zone. This plunged Combat undercover, since they now had to deal with the well-organised Gestapo . Secrecy and security measures were reinforced. Messages were encrypted, rendezvous locations were specified by letters and generally were moved to outside Lyon, which became by degrees

9525-554: The efforts to recover Germany's former African colonies. Hitler and Ribbentrop believed that demanding colonial restoration would pressure the British into making an alliance with the Reich on German terms. However, there was a difference between Ribbentrop and Hitler: Ribbentrop sincerely wished to recover the former German colonies, but for Hitler, colonial demands were just a negotiating tactic. Germany would renounce its demands in exchange for

9652-534: The end of the interview, Jean Moulin ordered the three regional chiefs of the paramilitary formations of the great movements made available to Delestraint, for him to choose the best suited to the regional direction of the Secret Army. To this position, eminently clandestine and dangerous, the general named Captain Claudius Billon . As early as September, Billon appointed each of the AS departmental heads for R1, with

9779-402: The exception of the AS chief for Ain , named by Delestraint himself. In October, Delestraint was appointed (officially) by General de Gaulle. General de Lattre had also been approached for this post, but had refused. Delestraint took command on 11 November 1942. His secretary was François-Yves Guillin ; the head of the 2nd AS office was Joseph Gastaldo  [ fr ] . André Lassagne

9906-468: The fateful concession that if Schleicher's government were to fall, he would abandon his demand for the Chancellorship and instead use his influence with President Hindenburg to ensure Hitler got the Chancellorship. Ribbentrop was not popular with the Nazi Party's Alte Kämpfer (Old Fighters); they nearly all disliked him. British historian Laurence Rees described Ribbentrop as "the Nazi almost all

10033-519: The first report to Hitler, which was presented on 2 January 1938, Ribbentrop stated that "England is our most dangerous enemy". In the same report, Ribbentrop advised Hitler to abandon the idea of a British alliance and instead embrace the idea of an alliance of Germany, Japan and Italy to destroy the British Empire . Ribbentrop wrote in his "Memorandum for the Führer " that "a change in the status quo in

10160-457: The first, from 1938 to 1939, he tried to persuade other states to align themselves with Germany for the coming war. In the second, from 1939 to 1943, Ribbentrop attempted to persuade other states to enter the war on Germany's side or at least to maintain pro-German neutrality. He was also involved in Operation Willi , an attempt to convince the former King Edward VIII to lobby his brother, now

10287-677: The foreign organization of the Nazis ( NSDAP/AO ) led by Ernst Bohle and Nazi Party office of foreign affairs (APA) led by Alfred Rosenberg . With the appointment of Ribbentrop to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in February 1938, the Dienststelle itself lost its importance, and about a third of the staff of the office followed Ribbentrop to the Foreign Office. Ribbentrop engaged in diplomacy on his own, such as when he visited France and met Foreign Minister Louis Barthou . During their meeting, Ribbentrop suggested for Barthou to meet Hitler at once to sign

10414-607: The free zone. A new movement was born from the ashes of Combat Zone nord , Ceux de la Résistance , founded by[[[Jacques Lecompte-Boine]]  [[[:fr:[Jacques Lecompte-Boine|fr]]] ]. Frenay also declined repeated offers to put himself at the service of the Deuxième Bureau of the Vichy Regime or of the Intelligence service of London, preferring to keep his independence and continue to fight for France alone rather than

10541-526: The initially-favourable reports Ribbentrop provided to Berlin about the alliance's prospects were based on friendly remarks about the "New Germany" that came from British aristocrats such as Lord Londonderry and Lord Lothian . The rather cool reception that Ribbentrop received from British Cabinet ministers and senior bureaucrats did not make much of an impression on him at first. This British governmental view, summarised by Robert, Viscount Cranborne , Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ,

10668-448: The king, on behalf of Germany. Many historians have suggested that Hitler was prepared to reinstate the Duke of Windsor as king in the hope of establishing a fascist Britain. If Edward would agree to work openly with Nazi Germany, he would be given financial assistance and would hopefully come to be a "compliant" king. Reportedly, 50 million Swiss francs were set aside for that purpose. The plan

10795-574: The main party of the right, linked with the international social Catholic movement and opposed in its pursuit of European integration to the influence of both the Soviet Union and the United States. It pursued hardline colonial policies in Vietnam and Algeria on the basis of French national interests, and refused to invite international military assistance. Bidault went further than his party in his support for French Algeria by allegedly enlisting in

10922-459: The movement took on the name of Combat. At this point, however, Combat took a Gaullist approach, causing a split with other networks which tended towards Philippe Pétain . The break caused Combat's sources of information to be diminished somewhat. A satellite organization by the name of Combat Zone nord  [ fr ] , was also created in the occupied zone, specifically in Paris. The organiser

11049-439: The name, but was judged too philosophical; according to Frenay, the truth was difficult, if not impossible to express. After the merger of Combat with Liberté , Vérités was scuttled and its place taken by a new newspaper bearing the name of the network, Combat . Other small journals also saw the light of day, but gradually separated from the Combat movement. Examples are Veritas (French newspaper)  [ fr ] and

11176-499: The network. The network was split into four branches: Initially Combat was mainly financed through gifts coming from all over France, solicited by Frenay from high-ranking members of society. This situation changed quickly, however, and soon most resources were provided from London, through the agency of Jean Moulin . At the beginning of 1943, the money received by Combat from London went up to five million Francs, of which Libération received 1.5 million, and Franc-Tireur , just under

11303-592: The newspaper had a run of 250,000. Bollier was also responsible for printing Défense de la France (the future France-Soir ), Action (a paper with communist sympathy), the first issues of Témoignage chrétien , and certain issues of the Franc-Tireur paper and La Voix du Nord . Alongside the underground press activities, information was sent to London by circuitous routes. These operations were directed by Jean Gemahling, from Alsace . The Noyautage des administrations publiques (infiltration of public services)

11430-488: The next day, only to repeat the process. That did immense damage to his reputation in British high society, as London's tailors retaliated by telling all their well-off clients that Ribbentrop was impossible to deal with. In an interview, his secretary Reinhard Spitzy stated, "He [Ribbentrop] behaved very stupidly and very pompously and the British don't like pompous people". In the same interview, Spitzy called Ribbentrop "pompous, conceited and not too intelligent" and stated he

11557-534: The objective for Combat was to develop, oversee and organise these armed groups, there were some divisions relating to this at the heart of the MUR ; some, like Charles Delestraint , saw the Maquis as actual pockets of resistance within French territory, whereas others like Frenay saw them as armed bands operating by ambush and disappearing once their mission was accomplished. Combat had Christian - conservative and Gaullist political leanings. Its founder, Henri Frenay,

11684-523: The opening bars, identical to the German national anthem , Ribbentrop gave the Nazi salute and had to be restrained by his host. At his wife's suggestion, Ribbentrop hired the Berlin interior decorator Martin Luther to assist with his move to London and help realise the design of the new German embassy that Ribbentrop had built there (he felt that the existing embassy was insufficiently grand). Luther proved to be

11811-510: The organizational structure used by Combat. Uniting the regions of the free zone took only a few weeks, the various chiefs being chosen from among the regional chiefs in office. In Region A, the workforce was almost entirely composed of members of the CMO. Combat (French Resistance) Combat was a large movement in the French Resistance created in the non-occupied zone of France during

11938-518: The other leading Nazis hated". Joseph Goebbels expressed a common view when he confided to his diary that "Von Ribbentrop bought his name, he married his money and he swindled his way into office". Ribbentrop was among the few who could meet with Hitler at any time without an appointment, however, unlike Goebbels or Göring. During most of the Weimar Republic era, Ribbentrop was apolitical and displayed no antisemitic prejudices. A visitor to

12065-438: The other two members of the MUR ) but rather upon the division general Charles Delestraint , who was recruited by the chef de Combat. The Sabotage and Maquis sections were added to the network in 1943. Frenay put Jacques Renouvin in charge of mounting Groupes Francs , mobile armed squads, in each of the six regions covered by the network. They were organised in the Choc branch of the network. They worked independently of

12192-501: The prospects for an alliance, Ribbentrop's influence with Hitler increased. Ribbentrop's personality, with his disdain for diplomatic niceties, meshed with what Hitler felt should be the relentless dynamism of a revolutionary regime. Hitler rewarded Ribbentrop by appointing him Reich Minister Ambassador-Plenipotentiary at Large. In that capacity, Ribbentrop negotiated the Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) in 1935 and

12319-450: The return of the former German colonies led British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and French Foreign Minister Yvon Delbos to offer to open talks on returning the former German colonies in return for which the Germans would make binding commitments to respect their borders in Central and Eastern Europe. Since Hitler was not interested in obtaining the former colonies, especially if the price

12446-550: The rumoured sanctions and visited London and Rome. During his visits, Ribbentrop met with British Foreign Secretary Sir John Simon and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and asked them to postpone the next meeting of the Bureau of Disarmament in exchange for which Ribbentrop offered nothing in return other than promising better relations with Berlin. The meeting of the Bureau of Disarmament went ahead as scheduled, but because no sanctions were sought against Germany, Ribbentrop could claim

12573-472: The same army, then wished the recall of Delestraint and his own appointment as head of the Secret Army, which were rejected by the other members of the Coordinating Committee, Moulin, d'Astier and Levy. In London in February 1943 to meet Allied authorities, Delestraint was asked to make his troop the "nucleus of the future French army", estimated at 150,000 men. Unfortunately, Francois Morin-Forestier

12700-420: The series who had known Ribbentrop expressed a passionate hatred for him. One German diplomat, Herbert Richter, called Ribbentrop "lazy and worthless", while another, Manfred von Schröder, was quoted as saying Ribbentrop was "vain and ambitious". Rees concluded, "No other Nazi was so hated by his colleagues". In November 1937, Ribbentrop was placed in a highly-embarrassing situation since his forceful advocacy of

12827-678: The stay in Arosa, Ribbentrop was sent to Britain for a year to improve his knowledge of English. Fluent in both French and English , young Ribbentrop lived at various times in Grenoble , France and London , before travelling to Canada in 1910. He worked for the Molsons Bank on Stanley Street in Montreal , and then for the engineering firm M. P. and J. T. Davis on the Quebec Bridge reconstruction. He

12954-600: The successful escape of Berty Albrecht who was being held at the Lyon-Bron psychiatric hospital. In January 1943, Jacques Renouvin, was arrested by the Gestapo getting off a train. He was held in Fresnes prison . A commando raid was mounted to free him but all its members were arrested. Renouvin was deported to Mauthausen concentration camp where he died. He was replaced as head of the GF by

13081-568: The title. In 1928, Ribbentrop was introduced to Adolf Hitler as a businessman with foreign connections who "gets the same price for German champagne as others get for French champagne". Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff , with whom Ribbentrop had served in the 12th Torgau Hussars in the First World War, arranged the introduction. Ribbentrop and his wife joined the Nazi Party on 1 May 1932. Ribbentrop began his political career by offering to be

13208-527: The voluminous memoir literature of the diplomatic scene of 1930s Europe, there are only two positive references to Ribbentrop. Of the two references, General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg , the German military attaché in London, commented that Ribbentrop had been a brave soldier in World War I, and the wife of the Italian Ambassador to Germany, Elisabetta Cerruti, called Ribbentrop "one of the most diverting of

13335-417: The world remained convinced that Germany sincerely wanted an arms-limitation treaty, but he ensured that no such treaty was ever developed. On 17 April 1934, French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou issued the so-called "Barthou note", which led to concerns on the part of Hitler that the French would ask for sanctions against Germany for violating Part V of the Versailles treaty. Ribbentrop volunteered to stop

13462-766: Was Robert Guédon , called Robert . Combat Zone nord proved to be quite active, quickly growing its network into several regions of the occupied zone such as the Nord-Pas-de-Calais . Among the initial Combat members planted in the occupied zone, there was an agent of the Abwehr , Henri Devillers , involved in linking and communications between the parts of the movement in the free and occupied zones. Jean-Paul Lien  [ fr ] , another member of combat, learned about Devilliers' treachery by accident from two German agents. Lien alerted Henri Frenay, who had no power to stop Devilliers. 47 members of Combat were arrested, 31 by

13589-621: Was cashiered from the Prussian Army in 1908 for repeatedly disparaging Kaiser Wilhelm II for his dismissal of Otto von Bismarck and the Kaiser's alleged homosexuality . As a result, the Ribbentrop family was often short of money. For the next 18 months, the family moved to Arosa , Switzerland , where the children continued to be taught by French and English private tutors, and Ribbentrop spent his free time skiing and mountaineering. Following

13716-522: Was a "stupid ass". Hitler dismissed Göring's concerns: "But after all, he knows quite a lot of important people in England." That remark led Göring to reply " Mein Führer , that may be right, but the bad thing is, they know him ". In February 1937, Ribbentrop committed a notable social gaffe by unexpectedly greeting George VI with the "German greeting", a stiff-armed Nazi salute: the gesture nearly knocked over

13843-516: Was a brake on expansion into Eastern Europe, Ribbentrop was forced to turn down the Anglo-French offer that he had largely brought about. Immediately after turning down the Anglo-French offer on colonial restoration, Ribbentrop, for reasons of pure malice, ordered the Reichskolonialbund to increase the agitation for the former German colonies, a move that exasperated both the Foreign Office and

13970-413: Was a staunch right-winger and anti-Communist . Among his deputies, Renouvin and Bénouville had been active in the far-right Action Française . Bénouville, a Catholic monarchist , had left AF for the secret terrorist network La Cagoule in 1934. In Montpellier, Combat members painted the words "I would never have collaborated!" on the base of the equestrian statue of Louis XIV  [ fr ] in

14097-479: Was added to the paper; it contained a list of the paramilitary operations of Combat. The first issue of the Combat newspaper appeared in late 1941 in Lyon, with a press run of 10,000. André Bollier replaced Martinet, the initial printer for the movement. He distributed the printing across 14 presses in the free zone, thus reducing the need for transporting papers from Lyon, and allowing the run to be increased. In May 1944,

14224-590: Was also employed by the National Transcontinental Railway , which constructed a line from Moncton to Winnipeg . He worked as a journalist in New York City and Boston but returned to Germany to recover from tuberculosis . He returned to Canada and set up a small business in Ottawa importing German wine and champagne. In 1914, he competed for Ottawa's Minto ice-skating team and participated in

14351-498: Was also established, with the original aim of recruiting public figures who would be able to assure the return of the republic after the Vichy regime fell. However, the NAP gradually changed direction and allowing itself necessary cooperation with public services and the ability to obtain basic information about German army movements. The NAP-police were created, whose members would warn their comrades about forthcoming arrests. Another branch,

14478-572: Was an utterly insufferable man to work for. In addition, Ribbentrop chose to spend as little time as possible in London to stay close to Hitler, which irritated the British Foreign Office immensely, as Ribbentrop's frequent absences prevented the handling of many routine diplomatic matters. ( Punch referred to him as the "Wandering Aryan" for his frequent trips home.) As Ribbentrop alienated more and more people in Britain, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring warned Hitler that Ribbentrop

14605-488: Was angry with that demand, and walked out of the talks. However, to everyone's surprise, the next day the British accepted Ribbentrop's demands, and the AGNA was signed in London on 18 June 1935 by Ribbentrop and Sir Samuel Hoare , the new British Foreign Secretary. The diplomatic success did much to increase Ribbentrop's prestige with Hitler, who called the day the AGNA was signed "the happiest day in my life". He believed it marked

14732-727: Was appointed ambassador to the Court of St James's , the royal court of the United Kingdom , in 1936 and then Foreign Minister of Germany in February 1938. Before World War II , he played a key role in brokering the Pact of Steel (an alliance with Fascist Italy ) and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (the Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact). He favoured retaining good relations with the Soviets, opposing

14859-553: Was arrested in March with Raymond Aubrac, Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont and Serge Ravanel of the MUR, and only released in May, thanks to the action of his former co-detainee Raymond Aubrac. His release did not allow his return to the staff: too exposed, he was ex-filtered to London. In April, Delestraint returned to Paris, arriving on 11 April. By the 4 June report, Moulin deplores the risks that Delestraint

14986-529: Was blowing up the whole day and I had to do nothing. I had to break – much better!" Another reason for Ribbentrop's rise was Hitler's distrust of and disdain for Germany's professional diplomats. He suspected that they did not entirely support his revolution. However, the Foreign Office diplomats loyally served the government and rarely gave Hitler grounds for criticism, while the Foreign Office diplomats were ultranationalist, authoritarian and antisemitic. As

15113-427: Was led by a steering committee, over which Frenay permanently presided. In March 1943, the other five members were Georges Bidault, Claude Bourdet , Maurice Chevance  [ fr ] , Alfred Coste-Floret  [ fr ] , François de Menthon (former head of Liberté ), et Pierre-Henri Teitgen . In January 1943, Combat contained a total of 14 specialised services and more than 100 permanent agents, paid by

15240-579: Was marked by an endless series of social gaffes and blunders that worsened his already-poor relations with the British Foreign Office . Invited to stay as a house guest of the 7th Marquess of Londonderry at Wynyard Hall in County Durham , in November 1936, he was taken to a service in Durham Cathedral , and the hymn Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken was announced. As the organ played

15367-532: Was opposed to the Foreign Office's pro-China orientation and instead favoured an alliance with Japan. To that end, Ribbentrop often worked closely with General Hiroshi Ōshima , who served first as the Japanese military attaché and then as ambassador in Berlin, to strengthen German-Japanese ties, despite furious opposition from the Wehrmacht and the Foreign Office, which preferred closer Sino-German ties. The origins of

15494-549: Was or that in pressing so hard for colonial restoration, he was trying to score a personal success that might improve his standing with Hitler. In March 1937, Ribbentrop attracted much adverse comment in the British press when he gave a speech at the Leipzig Trade Fair in Leipzig in which he declared that German economic prosperity would be satisfied "through the restoration of the former German colonial possessions, or by means of

15621-422: Was represented on the steering committee of the MUR by Frenay, who was also the commissioner on military affairs of the three networks. The press of the three movements remained independent, and Combat's newspaper continued to exist in its own right. Combat's structure was unchanged by its affiliation to the MUR; it retained a steering committee, and branches for political and military affairs among others. Combat

15748-498: Was taking, working alone when he would do better if assisted. On 9 June 1943 Delestraint, Gastaldo and their deputy Jean-Louis Théobald were arrested in Paris. On 21 June a staff meeting was held to find a successor to Delestraint in Caluire-et-Cuire . Léonard Émile Schwarzfeld, candidate to replace Delestraint, Aubrac, candidate for the leadership in the northern zone, and Lassagne for the southern zone, as well as other leaders of

15875-566: Was that Ribbentrop always was a second-rate man. In 1935, Sir Eric Phipps , the British Ambassador to Germany , complained to London about Ribbentrop's British associates in the Anglo-German Fellowship . He felt that they created "false German hopes as in regards to British friendship and caused a reaction against it in England, where public opinion is very naturally hostile to the Nazi regime and its methods". In September 1937,

16002-544: Was the deputy of Gastaldo, before becoming Delestraint, and the information was entrusted to Albert Lacaze (4th office). Its chief of staff was François Morin-Forestier  [ fr ] , from Combat, staff in which is also integrated Raymond Aubrac . On 27 November 1942, in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or , the constituent meeting of the Southern Zone Coordination Committee was held and the head of

16129-438: Was to please Hitler". In particular, Ribbentrop acquired the habit of listening carefully to what Hitler was saying, memorizing his pet ideas and then later presenting Hitler's ideas as his own, a practice that much impressed Hitler as proving Ribbentrop was an ideal Nazi diplomat. Ribbentrop quickly learned that Hitler always favoured the most radical solution to any problem and accordingly tendered his advice in that direction as

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